cancer par essay

कैंसर पर निबंध (Cancer Essay in Hindi)

यह मूल रूप से एक ऐसी बीमारी है जिसमें शरीर की कोशिकाओं का असामान्य विकास होता है जो शरीर के विभिन्न भागों में फैल जाता है। अगर इस बीमारी का प्रारंभिक अवस्था में पता लग जाता है तो यह रोग ठीक हो सकता है। कैंसर मूल रूप से असामान्य कोशिका/सेल वृद्धि के कारण विकसित होता है। यह शरीर के एक हिस्से में उत्पन्न होता है और इसमें विभिन्न अंगों में घुसने की क्षमता होती है। कैंसर के संभावित लक्षण हैं गांठ, लंबे समय तक खांसी, असामान्य खून बहना, अत्यधिक वजन घटना और अन्दूरनी अंतड़ियों में परिवर्तन।

कैंसर पर छोटा व बड़ा निबंध (Long and Short Essay on Cancer in Hindi, Cancer par Nibandh Hindi mein)

कैंसर पर निबंध – 1 (300 शब्द) – cancer par nibandh.

कैंसर एक ऐसी स्थिति है जो कोशिकाओं के अत्यधिक विकास के कारण होती है और अगर इसके बारे में प्रारंभिक अवस्था में पता लगा तो यह ठीक हो सकता है। हालांकि जैसे जैसे समस्या की गंभीरता बढ़ती जाती है इससे निपटना कठिन होता जाता है। अगर कैंसर की स्थिति दर्दनाक है तो इसके उपचार करने के लिए इस्तेमाल तरीके भी समान रूप से पीड़ादायक हैं। इसलिए सतर्क रहना और समस्या को पहली बारी में उत्पन्न होने से पहले दूर करना महत्वपूर्ण है। इसके लक्षणों को पहचान कर इसकी अनदेखी करना भी बहुत बड़ी भूल है।

लक्षण जिनकी अनदेखी नहीं करनी चाहिए

यहां कुछ लक्षण हैं जो कैंसर का प्रारंभिक संकेत हैं:

बिना किसी कठोर जीवन शैली में बदलाव के अत्यधिक वजन घटना कैंसर के शुरुआती लक्षणों में से एक हो सकता है। यदि यह लगातार कम होता है तो अपने वजन की जाँच करें और ध्यान रखें।

हालांकि विभिन्न कारणों से थकावट महसूस करना आम है पर यदि आप किसी विशेष कारण से थका हुआ महसूस करते हैं तो यह आपके डॉक्टर से परामर्श करने का समय है।

अगर खांसी को कुछ हफ्तों से अधिक समय हो जाता है तो इसको अनदेखा नहीं करना चाहिए क्योंकि यह फेफड़ों के कैंसर का संकेत हो सकता है।

• मल त्याग में परिवर्तन

मल / मूत्र में खून या शरीर में कोई अन्य बदलाव और लंबे समय तक कब्ज, दस्त, दर्द भी कैंसर का संकेत हो सकता है।

• लंबे समय के घाव

लंबे समय तक रहने वाला दर्द जिसका उपचार के दौरान कोई लक्षण नहीं दिखता है उसे भी नजर अंदाज नहीं किया जाना चाहिए। यह त्वचा के कैंसर का संकेत हो सकता है या मुंह के अंदर एक कैंसर का लक्षण हो सकता है।

• गांठ संरचना

स्तन के समीप गठन या स्तन का मोटा होना स्तन कैंसर का संकेत हो सकता है।

हर साल इससे प्रभावित लाखों लोगों के साथ यह बीमारी जंगली आग की तरह फैल रही है। यह जानना जरूरी है कि कैसे इसे रोके और यह सुनिश्चित करे की इसके किसी भी लक्षण को नजरअंदाज नहीं करें। ध्यान रखें, सुरक्षित रहें!

निबंध – 2 (400 शब्द)

कैंसर शरीर के किसी भी हिस्से में कैंसर की कोशिकाओं की असामान्य वृद्धि है। कुछ कोशिकाएं इन असामान्य वृद्धि से अधिक प्रभावित होती हैं। यदि इसका समय पर इलाज नहीं किया गया तो यह शरीर के अन्य भागों में भी फैल सकता है। अगर कैंसर का बाद में पता चला तो यह बहुत खरतनाक साबित हो सकता है। अच्छी खबर यह है कि आप इस समस्या को समय रहते रोक सकते हैं।

कैंसर को रोकने के तरीके

निवारण हमेशा इलाज से बेहतर है। तो यहाँ कुछ ऐसे तरीके हैं जिनसे आप इस स्थिति को रोक सकते हैं:

• खूब पानी पिए

भरपूर पानी पीना स्वास्थ्य लाभ के लिए जाना जाता है। यह मूत्राशय के कैंसर का खतरा कम करने में विशेष रूप से उपयोगी है क्योंकि पानी कैंसर का कारण बनने वाले एजेंटों की एकाग्रता को कम कर सकता है और उन्हें नष्ट कर सकता है। प्रत्येक दिन कम से कम 8 गिलास पानी पिएं। पानी को फ़िल्टर और साफ ज़रूर करें।

• स्वस्थ आहार

स्वस्थ आहार खाने में कोई संदेह नहीं है। विभिन्न फलों, सब्जियों, अनाज और दालों से भरे एक स्वस्थ आहार एक स्वस्थ जीवन शैली की कुंजी है जो विभिन्न प्रकार के कैंसर के विकास के जोखिम को कम रखती है।

• हरी सब्जियां खाएं

हरी सब्जियां खाने का सुझाव इसलिए है क्योंकि ये मैग्नीशियम में समृद्ध होती हैं जो कैंसर का खतरा कम करती हैं। यह विशेष रूप से महिलाओं में पेट के कैंसर के खतरे को कम करता है।

• अपने आहार में ब्राजील नट्स शामिल करें

ब्राज़ील नट्स सेलेनियम से भरा होता है जो मूत्राशय, फेफड़े और कोलोरेक्टल कैंसर के विकास के जोखिम को कम करने का काम करता है। अस्थिर स्नैक्स को अपने भोजन में शामिल करने की बजाए ब्राज़ील नट्स खाना एक अच्छा विचार है।

एक शोध के मुताबिक जो कैफीन युक्त कॉफ़ी के 5 या उससे अधिक कप पीते हैं उनमें कम कॉफ़ी पीने वालों की तुलना में मस्तिष्क, मुंह और गले के कैंसर के विकास की कम संभावना होती है।

कसरत के महत्व पर बार-बार जोर दिया जाता है। कई अन्य स्वास्थ्य लाभ देने के अलावा मध्यम व्यायाम में शामिल होने से नियमित रूप से विभिन्न प्रकार के कैंसर विकसित करने के जोखिम को कम करने में मदद मिलती है।

• भरपेट खाने से बचें

एक हालिया शोध से पता चलता है कि भरपेट भोजन करना सांस लेने की प्रणाली को विफल कर सकता है जिससे विषाक्त कैंसर को पैदा करने वाली हवा बाहर निकलती है।

इन स्वस्थ आदतों का पालन करने के अलावा तंबाकू की खपत को कम करने और शराब का सेवन कम करना महत्वपूर्ण है।

शोधकर्ताओं के अनुसार लगभग 70% कैंसर के ज्ञात कारण जीवनशैली से संबंधित होते हैं और इसका थोड़ा प्रयास करके बचा जा सकता है। एक स्वस्थ आहार का पालन करना और नियमित रूप से व्यायाम करना फिट रहने और इस ख़तरनाक स्थिति को रोकने के लिए आदत बनाना आवश्यक है।

निबंध – 3 (500 शब्द)

कैंसर असामान्य कोशिका/सेल वृद्धि की वजह से होता है जो आम तौर पर शरीर के किसी एक हिस्से में उत्पन्न होकर दूसरी जगह फैल जाता है यदि इसका समय पर इलाज नहीं किया गया तो। कई प्रकार के कैंसर हो जाते हैं जिनमें कुछ सामान्य प्रकार के कैंसर जैसे फेफड़े के कैंसर, प्रोस्टेट कैंसर, स्तन कैंसर, त्वचा कैंसर, किडनी कैंसर और रक्त कैंसर शामिल हैं। लाखों लोगों को हर साल इस घातक बीमारी का सामना करना पड़ता है। कुछ लोग इससे मुकाबला करते हैं जबकि कुछ लोग इसके आगे हार मान जाते हैं।

कैंसर के चरण

कैंसर के चार चरण हैं। अगर इसका प्रारंभिक अवस्था में पता लग जाता है तो इसे सर्जरी और दवा की सहायता से ठीक किया जा सकता है और अगर इसका बाद में पता लगता है तो यह आमतौर पर रोगी के लिए घातक साबित हो सकता है। कैंसर के चार चरणों की विस्तृत जानकारी इस प्रकार है:

प्रथम चरण में कैंसर उभरने की स्थिति में होता है जिसमें यह विकसित होने की कोशिश करता है।

चरण 2 में ट्यूमर का आकार बढ़ जाता है। हालांकि यह आसपास के ऊतकों में अभी तक फैल नहीं पाता है। कभी-कभी कैंसर के चरण 2 का अर्थ है कि कैंसर की कोशिकाएं आगे बढ़ गई हैं और ट्यूमर निकट के लिम्फ नोड्स में फैल गई हैं।

इस चरण में ट्यूमर का आकार बहुत बड़ा हो जाता है और यह आसपास के ऊतकों में फैल सकता है। कैंसर कोशिकाएं इस स्तर के क्षेत्र के लिम्फ नोड्स में भी फैल जाती हैं।

इस चरण में कैंसर अन्य अंग / अंगों में फैल गया है। इसे माध्यमिक या मेटास्टैटिक कैंसर कहा जाता है।

कभी-कभी इन चरणों को ए, बी और सी के नामों से भी विभाजित किया जा सकता है।

कैंसर के चरण आवश्यक क्यों है ?

कैंसर चरण का पता लगाने के लिए यह आवश्यक है क्योंकि यह रोगी के लिए आवश्यक उपचार को समझने में मदद करता है। उदाहरण के लिए यदि कोई रोगी अभी भी कैंसर के पहले चरण में है तो सर्जरी या रेडियोथेरेपी एक इलाज के रूप में मदद कर सकती है। यह एक स्थानीय उपचार है जो केवल शरीर के एक भाग का इलाज करता है।

यदि कैंसर की कोशिकाएं मूल स्थान से टूट गई हैं और लिम्फ नोड्स में प्रवेश कर गई है जिसका अर्थ है कि रोगी कैंसर के तीसरे चरण में प्रवेश कर गया है तो सहायक उपचार का सुझाव दिया जाता है। इसमें आम तौर पर केमोथेरेपी पोस्ट सर्जरी शामिल है। यह प्राथमिक ट्यूमर से टूटी हुई कैंसर की कोशिकाओं को मारने के लिए किया जाता है।

यदि कैंसर शरीर के अन्य भागों में फैल गया है तो स्थानीय और सहायक उपचार पर्याप्त नहीं हैं। इसमें पूरे शरीर को शामिल करने वाले उपचार की आवश्यकता होती है। इस तरह के उपचार को प्रणालीगत उपचार के रूप में जाना जाता है। इसमें केमोथेरेपी, हार्मोन थेरेपी और जैविक उपचार शामिल हैं जो रक्तप्रवाह में फैलते हैं।

इस प्रकार चरनात्मक तरीका कैंसर के आकार और समस्या की गंभीरता का वर्णन करने के साधन के रूप में प्रयोग किया जाता है। जब एक मरीज का कैंसर का इलाज़ किया जाता है तो डॉक्टरों द्वारा कई परीक्षण किए जाते हैं। ये कैंसर के आकार को समझने के लिए किया जाता है जिससे पता चल सके कि यह अन्य अंगों में फैल गया है या नहीं। इससे कैंसर के स्तर को पहचानने में मदद मिलती है जिससे रोगी पीड़ित है।

चरण 1 या 2 में पाए जाने पर कई प्रकार के कैंसर का इलाज किया जा सकता है। हालांकि इस समस्या से निपटना तब मुश्किल हो जाता है जब यह बढ़ जाती है। इस बीमारी के लक्षणों को नजरअंदाज नहीं करना चाहिए और मरीज का समय रहते उपचार करना चाहिए।

निबंध – 4 (600 शब्द)

कैंसर एक घातक बीमारी मानी जाती है। यह अस्वास्थ्यकर जीवनशैली, प्रदूषण, तनाव, विकिरण के जोखिम, संक्रमण, तंबाकू का खपत और अस्वास्थ्यकर भोजन संबंधी विकल्पों सहित विभिन्न कारकों के कारण होती है। कई प्रकार के कैंसर हैं जो मानव शरीर को प्रभावित करते हैं और उनके विकास प्रकार के आधार पर भिन्न होते हैं।

कैंसर के प्रकार

करीब 100 से अधिक कैंसर के प्रकार हैं जो मानव शरीर को प्रभावित कर सकते हैं यहां कुछ उन्हीं सामान्य प्रकारों पर एक नजर डाली गई है और इसके बारे में कुछ महत्वपूर्ण बिंदुओं पर चर्चा की गई है:

• फेफड़ों का कैंसर : फेफड़ों के अस्तर के अंदर कोशिकाओं में इस प्रकार का कैंसर होता है। मुख्य रूप से दो प्रकार के फेफड़ों के कैंसर हैं। ये छोटे सेल और गैर-छोटे सेल फेफड़ों के कैंसर हैं। फेफड़ों के कैंसर के कुछ सामान्य लक्षणों में खून की खांसी, सांस लेने में कठिनाई, सीने में दर्द और वजन घटना शामिल हैं।
• स्तन कैंसर: इस प्रकार का कैंसर महिलाओं में सबसे आम है। हालांकि पुरुष स्तन कैंसर का विकास भी कर सकते हैं। इस प्रकार के कैंसर के शुरुआती लक्षणों में स्तन में एक गांठ, निपल्स से तरल निर्वहन और स्तन के आकार में परिवर्तन शामिल हैं।
• त्वचा कैंसर: त्वचा कैंसर सबसे आम प्रकार के कैंसर में से एक है। यह हर साल एक लाख से अधिक लोगों को प्रभावित करता है। यह किसी भी शरीर के अंग में त्वचा कोशिकाओं को बना सकता है। यह मुख्य रूप से धूप में ज्यादा देर रहने के कारण होता है। त्वचा के कैंसर को अलग-अलग श्रेणियों में विभाजित किया जाता है जैसे कि मूल कोशिका त्वचा कैंसर जो त्वचा की बाहरी परत के अंदर गोल कोशिकाओं में होता है और स्कैमस सेल त्वचा कैंसर जो त्वचा के शीर्ष पर फ्लैट कोशिकाओं में होता है।
• मेलेनोमा: यह एक अन्य प्रकार का त्वचा कैंसर है जो त्वचा के मेलेनोसाइट कोशिकाओं में बनता है। यह भूरे वर्णक मेलेनिन का उत्पादन करता है और त्वचा कैंसर का सबसे खतरनाक प्रकार माना जाता है। यह भी आंतों और आंखों के रूप में वर्णित भागों में पाया जा सकता है।
• प्रोस्टेट कैंसर: यह 50 साल की उम्र से अधिक पुरुषों में होता है। यह प्रोस्टेट ग्रंथि के अंदर ऊतकों में विकसित होता है। यह ग्रंथि पुरुष प्रजनन प्रणाली का एक हिस्सा है। जबकि प्रोस्टेट कैंसर धीरे-धीरे बढ़ता है फिर भी कुछ अपेक्षाकृत तेजी से बढ़ सकता है। कैंसर की कोशिकाएं प्रोस्टेट से शरीर के अन्य हिस्सों तक फैल सकती हैं।
• गुर्दा कैंसर: यह गुर्दे की नलिकाओं में होता है। गुर्दे के कैंसर के दो सामान्य प्रकार रेनल सेल कार्सिनोमा (आरसीसी) और ट्रांज़िशनल सेल कार्सिनोमा (टीसीसी) हैं। किडनी कैंसर आमतौर पर 40 वर्ष से अधिक आयु के लोगों में विकसित होता है। हालांकि एक प्रकार का गुर्दा कैंसर और भी होता है जो कि ज्यादातर छोटे बच्चों को प्रभावित करता है।
• कोलोरेक्टल कैंसर: कोलन और रेक्टल कैंसर की शिकायतें भी बढ़ रही हैं। बृहदान्त्र बड़ी आंत का हिस्सा है और पाचन में मदद करता है जबकि मलाशय बड़ी आंत के आखिर में पाया जाता है।
• मूत्राशय कैंसर: मूत्राशय के कैंसर में मूत्राशय के ऊतकों के भीतर विकसित कैंसर की कोशिकाएं मूत्राशय कैंसर का प्रकार होती है। पीठ के निचले हिस्से में दर्द, पेशाब में दर्द और पेशाब में खून मूत्राशय के कैंसर के कुछ लक्षण हैं।
• ल्यूकेमिया: मूलतः चार प्रमुख प्रकार के ल्यूकेमिया हैं। मायलोयॉयड ल्यूकेमिया, तीव्र लिम्फोसाइटिक ल्यूकेमिया, क्रोनिक मायलोइड ल्यूकेमिया और क्रोनिक लिम्फोसाइटिक ल्यूकेमिया हैं। यह प्रकार आमतौर पर अस्थि मज्जा या ऊतकों के अंदर होता है जो रक्त कोशिकाओं का हिस्सा हैं और इसे रक्त कैंसर कहा जाता है।
• नॉन -हॉजकिन लिंफोमा: इसमें सफेद रक्त कोशिकाओं से जुड़े विभिन्न प्रकार के कैंसर शामिल हैं। यह आमतौर पर लिम्फ नोड्स, वजन घटाने और बुखार का कारण बनता है। यह शरीर के विभिन्न भागों में हो सकता है।

कैंसर से बचने के सुझाव के रूप में नियमित व्यायाम करके और इस समस्या को रोकने के लिए पौष्टिक आहार योजना का पालन करके एक स्वस्थ जीवन शैली का पालन करना शामिल है। अच्छी प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली वाले व्यक्ति में इस बीमारी के विकसित होने की संभावना कम है बजाए किसी गरीब जीवन शैली और कमजोर प्रतिरक्षा के व्यक्ति की तुलना में।

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Essay on Cancer for Students and Children

500+ words essay on cancer.

Cancer might just be one of the most feared and dreaded diseases. Globally, cancer is responsible for the death of nearly 9.5 million people in 2018. It is the second leading cause of death as per the world health organization. As per studies, in India, we see 1300 deaths due to cancer every day. These statistics are truly astonishing and scary. In the recent few decades, the number of cancer has been increasingly on the rise. So let us take a look at the meaning, causes, and types of cancer in this essay on cancer.

Cancer comes in many forms and types. Cancer is the collective name given to the disease where certain cells of the person’s body start dividing continuously, refusing to stop. These extra cells form when none are needed and they spread into the surrounding tissues and can even form malignant tumors. Cells may break away from such tumors and go and form tumors in other places of the patient’s body.

Types of Cancers

As we know, cancer can actually affect any part or organ of the human body. We all have come across various types of cancer – lung, blood, pancreas, stomach, skin, and so many others. Biologically, however, cancer can be divided into five types specifically – carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia.

Among these, carcinomas are the most diagnosed type. These cancers originate in organs or glands such as lungs, stomach, pancreas, breast, etc. Leukemia is the cancer of the blood, and this does not form any tumors. Sarcomas start in the muscles, bones, tissues or other connective tissues of the body. Lymphomas are the cancer of the white blood cells, i.e. the lymphocytes. And finally, melanoma is when cancer arises in the pigment of the skin.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Causes of Cancer

In most cases, we can never attribute the cause of any cancer to one single factor. The main thing that causes cancer is a substance we know as carcinogens. But how these develop or enters a person’s body will depend on many factors. We can divide the main factors into the following types – biological factors, physical factors, and lifestyle-related factors.

Biological factors involve internal factors such as age, gender, genes, hereditary factors, blood type, skin type, etc. Physical factors refer to environmental exposure of any king to say X-rays, gamma rays, etc. Ad finally lifestyle-related factors refer to substances that introduced carcinogens into our body. These include tobacco, UV radiation, alcohol. smoke, etc. Next, in this essay on cancer lets learn about how we can treat cancer.

Treatment of Cancer

Early diagnosis and immediate medical care in cancer are of utmost importance. When diagnosed in the early stages, then the treatment becomes easier and has more chances of success. The three most common treatment plans are either surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

If there is a benign tumor, then surgery is performed to remove the mass from the body, hence removing cancer from the body. In radiation therapy, we use radiation (rays) to specially target and kill the cancer cells. Chemotherapy is similar, where we inject the patient with drugs that target and kill the cancer cells. All treatment plans, however, have various side-effects. And aftercare is one of the most important aspects of cancer treatment.

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104 Cancer Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Cancer is a complex and devastating disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Writing an essay on this topic allows for a deeper understanding of the various aspects of cancer, including its causes, prevention, treatment, and impact on individuals and society. Here are 104 cancer essay topic ideas and examples to guide and inspire your writing:

• The history of cancer research and treatment: From ancient times to modern advancements.
• The role of genetics in cancer development: Exploring inherited and acquired genetic mutations.
• Environmental factors and their association with cancer risk: Analyzing the impact of pollution, radiation, and lifestyle choices.
• The most common types of cancer: In-depth exploration of breast, lung, prostate, colorectal, and other prevalent cancers.
• Childhood cancer: Understanding the unique challenges and treatment options for pediatric patients.
• The emotional and psychological impact of cancer on patients and their families.
• The economics of cancer: Assessing the financial burden on patients and healthcare systems.
• The impact of cancer on caregiver mental health: Examining the emotional toll on those who support cancer patients.
• The role of exercise and nutrition in cancer prevention and recovery.
• The development and effectiveness of cancer vaccines: Discussing breakthroughs and future prospects.
• The influence of lifestyle choices on cancer risk: Tobacco, alcohol, diet, and exercise.
• The stigma surrounding cancer: Addressing societal attitudes and misconceptions.
• Alternative therapies for cancer treatment: Exploring complementary medicine and its potential benefits.
• The ethics of experimental cancer treatments: Balancing patient rights and scientific progress.
• Cancer prevention strategies in low-income countries: Identifying challenges and potential solutions.
• The impact of cancer on workplace productivity: Analyzing the economic consequences for employees and employers.
• Cancer survivors' quality of life: Examining the long-term physical and emotional effects.
• The role of support groups and counseling in cancer care: Assessing their benefits and limitations.
• Cancer and gender: Investigating the disparities in cancer incidence, treatment, and outcomes.
• The psychological impact of cancer on children and adolescents.
• The role of technology in early cancer detection: Discussing advancements in screening methods.
• The impact of cancer on sexual health and intimacy: Addressing the challenges and available support.
• The correlation between cancer and mental health disorders: Analyzing the reciprocal relationship.
• The impact of cancer on fertility and reproductive choices: Exploring the options available to patients.
• The intersection of cancer and chronic diseases: Investigating the complexities of dual diagnoses.
• The role of palliative care in cancer treatment: Discussing end-of-life care and patient comfort.
• The influence of social media on cancer awareness and fundraising campaigns.
• The role of governmental policies in cancer prevention and control.
• Cancer and the elderly population: Addressing unique challenges and treatment approaches.
• The impact of race and ethnicity on cancer disparities: Investigating socioeconomic and cultural factors.
• The effects of cancer on children's education and academic development.
• The role of artificial intelligence in cancer diagnosis and treatment planning.
• Cancer prevention campaigns: Analyzing their effectiveness and potential limitations.
• The impact of cancer on sexual minorities: Investigating disparities in diagnosis, treatment, and support.
• The role of spirituality and faith in cancer patients' coping mechanisms.
• Cancer prevention in the workplace: Assessing occupational hazards and protective measures.
• The correlation between cancer and obesity: Exploring the link and potential interventions.
• The impact of cancer on siblings: Addressing the emotional and practical challenges.
• The role of precision medicine in personalized cancer treatment: Discussing targeted therapies.
• The influence of media portrayal on public perception of cancer and cancer patients.
• The impact of cancer on caregivers' professional lives: Analyzing the challenges and potential support systems.
• Cancer and the LGBTQ+ community: Investigating unique challenges and disparities in healthcare access.
• The role of music and art therapy in cancer care: Assessing their benefits and limitations.
• The correlation between cancer and socioeconomic status: Analyzing the disparities in diagnosis and outcomes.
• The impact of cancer on young adults: Discussing fertility preservation and long-term survivorship issues.
• Cancer and the rural population: Addressing barriers to access and treatment options.
• The role of emotional support animals in cancer care: Investigating their benefits and ethical considerations.
• The impact of cancer on intimate partner relationships: Addressing the challenges and available resources.
• The influence of mindfulness and meditation on cancer patients' well-being.
• The impact of cancer on military veterans: Analyzing the intersection of post-traumatic stress disorder and cancer.
• Cancer and the incarcerated population: Addressing the challenges and potential solutions.
• The role of patient advocacy in cancer care: Discussing the importance of empowering patients.
• Cancer prevention through public health initiatives: Assessing community-based interventions.
• The correlation between cancer and air pollution: Investigating the link and potential policy implications.
• The impact of cancer on body image and self-esteem: Addressing psychological and social consequences.
• Cancer and the transgender population: Exploring unique challenges and healthcare disparities.
• The role of social determinants of health in cancer outcomes: Analyzing the influence of socioeconomic factors.
• Cancer and the homeless population: Addressing the barriers to access and supportive care.
• The impact of cancer on the LGBTQ+ youth: Investigating mental health disparities and support systems.
• Cancer prevention in minority populations: Analyzing cultural factors and tailored interventions.
• The role of exercise in cancer rehabilitation: Discussing the benefits of physical activity during and after treatment.
• Cancer and the refugee population: Addressing the challenges and barriers to healthcare.
• The impact of cancer on veterans' mental health: Analyzing post-traumatic stress disorder and survivorship.
• The correlation between cancer and sleep disturbances: Investigating the link and potential interventions.
• Cancer and the disabled population: Addressing unique challenges and supportive care.
• The role of artificial intelligence in cancer prognosis: Discussing predictive models and decision support systems.
• Cancer prevention through HPV vaccination: Analyzing the impact on cervical and other related cancers.
• The impact of cancer on children's social development and peer relationships.
• Cancer and the prison population: Addressing the disparities in access and treatment.
• The role of telemedicine in cancer care: Discussing remote consultations and monitoring.
• Cancer prevention in the aging population: Analyzing challenges and tailored interventions.
• The correlation between cancer and smoking: Investigating the link and effective cessation strategies.
• Cancer and mental health: Exploring the reciprocal relationship and potential interventions.
• The impact of cancer on the LGBTQ+ elderly population: Addressing unique challenges and supportive care.
• Cancer prevention through lifestyle modifications: Analyzing the role of diet, exercise, and stress management.
• The role of genetic counseling in cancer risk assessment: Discussing the benefits and ethical considerations.
• Cancer and environmental justice: Analyzing disparities in exposure to carcinogens.
• The impact of cancer on adolescents' educational attainment and career prospects.
• Cancer and the indigenous population: Addressing cultural and access barriers to care.
• The role of social media influencers in cancer awareness campaigns: Assessing their impact and ethical considerations.
• Cancer prevention through workplace policies: Analyzing the importance of occupational safety measures.

These essay topic ideas offer a wide range of possibilities for exploring the complex and multifaceted nature of cancer. Depending on your interests and expertise, you can choose a topic that resonates with you and delve into it with extensive research, analysis, and critical thinking. Remember to approach the topic with sensitivity and empathy, as cancer affects millions of lives and demands a compassionate approach to understanding and addressing its challenges.

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What Is Cancer?

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A dividing breast cancer cell.

The Definition of Cancer

Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. 

Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and multiply (through a process called cell division) to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.

Sometimes this orderly process breaks down, and abnormal or damaged cells grow and multiply when they shouldn’t. These cells may form tumors, which are lumps of tissue. Tumors can be cancerous or not cancerous ( benign ). 

Cancerous tumors spread into, or invade, nearby tissues and can travel to distant places in the body to form new tumors (a process called metastasis ). Cancerous tumors may also be called malignant tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, but cancers of the blood, such as leukemias , generally do not.

Benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. When removed, benign tumors usually don’t grow back, whereas cancerous tumors sometimes do. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. Some can cause serious symptoms or be life threatening, such as benign tumors in the brain.

Differences between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells

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Have questions? Connect with a Cancer Information Specialist for answers.

Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways. For instance, cancer cells:

• grow in the absence of signals telling them to grow. Normal cells only grow when they receive such signals. 
• ignore signals that normally tell cells to stop dividing or to die (a process known as programmed cell death , or apoptosis ).
• invade into nearby areas and spread to other areas of the body. Normal cells stop growing when they encounter other cells, and most normal cells do not move around the body. 
• tell blood vessels to grow toward tumors.  These blood vessels supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products from tumors.
• hide from the immune system . The immune system normally eliminates damaged or abnormal cells. 
• trick the immune system into helping cancer cells stay alive and grow. For instance, some cancer cells convince immune cells to protect the tumor instead of attacking it.
• accumulate multiple changes in their chromosomes , such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Some cancer cells have double the normal number of chromosomes.
• rely on different kinds of nutrients than normal cells. In addition, some cancer cells make energy from nutrients in a different way than most normal cells. This lets cancer cells grow more quickly. 

Many times, cancer cells rely so heavily on these abnormal behaviors that they can’t survive without them. Researchers have taken advantage of this fact, developing therapies that target the abnormal features of cancer cells. For example, some cancer therapies prevent blood vessels from growing toward tumors , essentially starving the tumor of needed nutrients.  

How Does Cancer Develop?

Cancer is caused by certain changes to genes, the basic physical units of inheritance. Genes are arranged in long strands of tightly packed DNA called chromosomes.

Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, it is caused by changes to genes that control the way our cells function, especially how they grow and divide.

Genetic changes that cause cancer can happen because:

• of errors that occur as cells divide. 
• of damage to DNA caused by harmful substances in the environment, such as the chemicals in tobacco smoke and ultraviolet rays from the sun. (Our Cancer Causes and Prevention section has more information.) 
• they were inherited from our parents. 

The body normally eliminates cells with damaged DNA before they turn cancerous. But the body’s ability to do so goes down as we age. This is part of the reason why there is a higher risk of cancer later in life.

Each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic changes. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, different cells may have different genetic changes.

Fundamentals of Cancer

Cancer is a disease caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues.

Cancer is caused by changes to DNA. Most cancer-causing DNA changes occur in sections of DNA called genes. These changes are also called genetic changes.

A DNA change can cause genes involved in normal cell growth to become oncogenes. Unlike normal genes, oncogenes cannot be turned off, so they cause uncontrolled cell growth.

 In normal cells, tumor suppressor genes prevent cancer by slowing or stopping cell growth. DNA changes that inactivate tumor suppressor genes can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer.

Within a tumor, cancer cells are surrounded by a variety of immune cells, fibroblasts, molecules, and blood vessels—what’s known as the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells can change the microenvironment, which in turn can affect how cancer grows and spreads.

Immune system cells can detect and attack cancer cells. But some cancer cells can avoid detection or thwart an attack. Some cancer treatments can help the immune system better detect and kill cancer cells.

Each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic changes. Specific genetic changes may make a person’s cancer more or less likely to respond to certain treatments.

Genetic changes that cause cancer can be inherited or arise from certain environmental exposures. Genetic changes can also happen because of errors that occur as cells divide.

Most often, cancer-causing genetic changes accumulate slowly as a person ages, leading to a higher risk of cancer later in life.

Cancer cells can break away from the original tumor and travel through the blood or lymph system to distant locations in the body, where they exit the vessels to form additional tumors. This is called metastasis.

Types of Genes that Cause Cancer

The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes— proto-oncogenes , tumor suppressor genes , and DNA repair genes. These changes are sometimes called “drivers” of cancer.

Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes (or oncogenes), allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not.

Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner.

DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA. Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes and changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous.

As scientists have learned more about the molecular changes that lead to cancer, they have found that certain mutations commonly occur in many types of cancer. Now there are many cancer treatments available that target gene mutations found in cancer . A few of these treatments can be used by anyone with a cancer that has the targeted mutation, no matter where the cancer started growing .

When Cancer Spreads

In metastasis, cancer cells break away from where they first formed and form new tumors in other parts of the body. 

A cancer that has spread from the place where it first formed to another place in the body is called metastatic cancer. The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is called metastasis.

Metastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer. For example, breast cancer that forms a metastatic tumor in the lung is metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer.

Under a microscope, metastatic cancer cells generally look the same as cells of the original cancer. Moreover, metastatic cancer cells and cells of the original cancer usually have some molecular features in common, such as the presence of specific chromosome changes.

In some cases, treatment may help prolong the lives of people with metastatic cancer. In other cases, the primary goal of treatment for metastatic cancer is to control the growth of the cancer or to relieve symptoms it is causing. Metastatic tumors can cause severe damage to how the body functions, and most people who die of cancer die of metastatic disease.  

Tissue Changes that Are Not Cancer

Not every change in the body’s tissues is cancer. Some tissue changes may develop into cancer if they are not treated, however. Here are some examples of tissue changes that are not cancer but, in some cases, are monitored because they could become cancer:

• Hyperplasia occurs when cells within a tissue multiply faster than normal and extra cells build up. However, the cells and the way the tissue is organized still look normal under a microscope. Hyperplasia can be caused by several factors or conditions, including chronic irritation.
• Dysplasia is a more advanced condition than hyperplasia. In dysplasia, there is also a buildup of extra cells. But the cells look abnormal and there are changes in how the tissue is organized. In general, the more abnormal the cells and tissue look, the greater the chance that cancer will form. Some types of dysplasia may need to be monitored or treated, but others do not. An example of dysplasia is an abnormal mole (called a dysplastic nevus ) that forms on the skin. A dysplastic nevus can turn into melanoma, although most do not.
• Carcinoma in situ  is an even more advanced condition. Although it is sometimes called stage 0 cancer, it is not cancer because the abnormal cells do not invade nearby tissue the way that cancer cells do. But because some carcinomas in situ may become cancer, they are usually treated.

Normal cells may become cancer cells. Before cancer cells form in tissues of the body, the cells go through abnormal changes called hyperplasia and dysplasia. In hyperplasia, there is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue that appear normal under a microscope. In dysplasia, the cells look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. Hyperplasia and dysplasia may or may not become cancer.

Types of Cancer

There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of cancer are usually named for the organs or tissues where the cancers form. For example, lung cancer starts in the lung, and brain cancer starts in the brain. Cancers also may be described by the type of cell that formed them, such as an epithelial cell or a squamous cell .

You can search NCI’s website for information on specific types of cancer based on the cancer’s location in the body or by using our A to Z List of Cancers . We also have information on childhood cancers and cancers in adolescents and young adults .

Here are some categories of cancers that begin in specific types of cells:

Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer. They are formed by epithelial cells, which are the cells that cover the inside and outside surfaces of the body. There are many types of epithelial cells, which often have a column-like shape when viewed under a microscope.

Carcinomas that begin in different epithelial cell types have specific names:

Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that forms in epithelial cells that produce fluids or mucus. Tissues with this type of epithelial cell are sometimes called glandular tissues. Most cancers of the breast, colon, and prostate are adenocarcinomas.

Basal cell carcinoma is a cancer that begins in the lower or basal (base) layer of the epidermis, which is a person’s outer layer of skin.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in squamous cells, which are epithelial cells that lie just beneath the outer surface of the skin. Squamous cells also line many other organs, including the stomach, intestines, lungs, bladder, and kidneys. Squamous cells look flat, like fish scales, when viewed under a microscope. Squamous cell carcinomas are sometimes called epidermoid carcinomas.

Transitional cell carcinoma is a cancer that forms in a type of epithelial tissue called transitional epithelium, or urothelium. This tissue, which is made up of many layers of epithelial cells that can get bigger and smaller, is found in the linings of the bladder, ureters, and part of the kidneys (renal pelvis), and a few other organs. Some cancers of the bladder, ureters, and kidneys are transitional cell carcinomas.

Soft tissue sarcoma forms in soft tissues of the body, including muscle, tendons, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and tissue around joints.

Sarcomas are cancers that form in bone and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels , and fibrous tissue (such as tendons and ligaments).

Osteosarcoma is the most common cancer of bone. The most common types of soft tissue sarcoma are leiomyosarcoma , Kaposi sarcoma , malignant fibrous histiocytoma , liposarcoma , and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans .

Our page on soft tissue sarcoma has more information.

Cancers that begin in the blood-forming tissue of the bone marrow are called leukemias. These cancers do not form solid tumors. Instead, large numbers of abnormal white blood cells (leukemia cells and leukemic blast cells) build up in the blood and bone marrow, crowding out normal blood cells. The low level of normal blood cells can make it harder for the body to get oxygen to its tissues, control bleeding, or fight infections.  

There are four common types of leukemia, which are grouped based on how quickly the disease gets worse (acute or chronic) and on the type of blood cell the cancer starts in (lymphoblastic or myeloid). Acute forms of leukemia grow quickly and chronic forms grow more slowly.

Our page on leukemia has more information.

Lymphoma is cancer that begins in lymphocytes (T cells or B cells). These are disease-fighting white blood cells that are part of the immune system. In lymphoma, abnormal lymphocytes build up in lymph nodes and lymph vessels, as well as in other organs of the body.

There are two main types of lymphoma:

Hodgkin lymphoma – People with this disease have abnormal lymphocytes that are called Reed-Sternberg cells. These cells usually form from B cells.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – This is a large group of cancers that start in lymphocytes. The cancers can grow quickly or slowly and can form from B cells or T cells.

Our page on lymphoma has more information.

Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is cancer that begins in plasma cells , another type of immune cell. The abnormal plasma cells, called myeloma cells, build up in the bone marrow and form tumors in bones all through the body. Multiple myeloma is also called plasma cell myeloma and Kahler disease.

Our page on multiple myeloma and other plasma cell neoplasms has more information.

Melanoma is cancer that begins in cells that become melanocytes, which are specialized cells that make melanin (the pigment that gives skin its color). Most melanomas form on the skin, but melanomas can also form in other pigmented tissues, such as the eye.

Our pages on skin cancer and intraocular melanoma have more information.

Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors

There are different types of brain and spinal cord tumors. These tumors are named based on the type of cell in which they formed and where the tumor first formed in the central nervous system. For example, an astrocytic tumor begins in star-shaped brain cells called astrocytes , which help keep nerve cells healthy. Brain tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).

Our page on brain and spinal cord tumors has more information.

Other Types of Tumors

Germ cell tumors.

Germ cell tumors are a type of tumor that begins in the cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. These tumors can occur almost anywhere in the body and can be either benign or malignant.

Our page of cancers by body location/system includes a list of germ cell tumors with links to more information.

Neuroendocrine Tumors

Neuroendocrine tumors form from cells that release hormones into the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system. These tumors, which may make higher-than-normal amounts of hormones, can cause many different symptoms. Neuroendocrine tumors may be benign or malignant.

Our definition of neuroendocrine tumors has more information.

Carcinoid Tumors

Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor. They are slow-growing tumors that are usually found in the gastrointestinal system (most often in the rectum and small intestine). Carcinoid tumors may spread to the liver or other sites in the body, and they may secrete substances such as serotonin or prostaglandins, causing carcinoid syndrome .

Our page on gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors has more information.

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Home > Cancer Research Catalyst > Cancer Survivors: In Their Words

Cancer Survivors: In Their Words

This year alone, an estimated 1.8 million people will hear their doctor say they have cancer. The individual impact of each person can be clouded in the vast statistics. In honor of National Cancer Survivor Month,  Cancer Today would like to highlight several personal essays we’ve published from cancer survivors at different stages of their treatment. 

In  this essay , psychiatrist Adam P. Stern’s cerebral processing of his metastatic kidney cancer diagnosis gives rise to piercing questions. When he drops off his 3-year-old son to daycare, he ponders a simple exchange: his son’s request for a routine morning hug before he turns to leave. “Will he remember me, only a little, just enough to mythologize me as a giant who used to carry him up the stairs? As my health declines, will he have to learn to adjust to a dad who used to be like all the other dads but then wasn’t?” he questions. 

In  another essay from a parent with a young child, Amanda Rose Ferraro describes the abrupt change from healthy to not healthy after being diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia in May 2017. After a 33-day hospital stay, followed by weeklong chemotherapy treatments, Ferraro’s cancer went into remission, but a recurrence required more chemotherapy and a stem cell transplant. Ferraro describes harrowing guilt over being separated from her 3-year-old son, who at one point wanted nothing to do with her. “Giving up control is hard, but not living up to what I thought a mother should be was harder. I had to put myself first, and it was the hardest thing I had ever done,” she writes.

In January 1995, 37-year-old Melvin Mann was diagnosed with chronic myelogenous leukemia, which would eventually mean he would  need to take a chance on a phase I clinical trial that tested an experimental drug called imatinib—a treatment that would go on to receive U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval under the brand name Gleevec. It would also mean trusting a system with a documented history of negligence and abuse of Black people like him: “Many patients, especially some African Americans, are afraid they will be taken advantage of because of past unethical experiments like the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study​,” Mann writes, before describing changes that make current trials safer. Mann’s been on imatinib ever since and has enjoyed watching his daughter become a physician and celebrating 35 years of marriage.

In  another essay , Carly Flumer addresses the absurdity of hearing doctors reassure her that she had a good cancer after she was diagnosed with stage I papillary thyroid cancer in 2017. “What I did hear repeatedly from various physicians was that I had the ‘good cancer,’ and that ‘if you were to have a cancer, thyroid would be the one to get,’” she writes.

In another piece for Cancer Today , Flumer shares  how being diagnosed with cancer just four months after starting a graduate program shaped her education and future career path.

For Liza Bernstein, her breast cancer diagnosis created a paradox as she both acknowledged and denied the disease the opportunity to define who she was. “In the privacy of my own mind, I refused to accept that cancer was part of my identity, even though it was affecting it as surely as erosion transforms the landscape,” she writes . “Out in the world, I’d blurt out, ‘I have cancer,’ because I took questions from acquaintances like ‘How are you, what’s new?’ literally. Answering casual questions with the unvarnished truth wasn’t claiming cancer as my identity. It was an attempt to dismiss the magnitude of it, like saying ‘I have a cold.’” By her third primary breast cancer diagnosis, Bernstein reassesses and moves closer to acceptance as she discovers her role as advocate.

As part of the staff of  Cancer Today , a magazine and online resource for cancer patients, survivors and caregivers, we often refer to a succinct tagline to sum up our mission: “Practical knowledge. Real hope.” Part of providing information is also listening closely to cancer survivors’ experiences. As we celebrate National Cancer Survivor Month, we elevate these voices, and all patients and survivors in their journeys.

Cancer Today is a magazine and online resource for cancer patients, survivors, and caregivers published by the American Association for Cancer Research.  Subscriptions to the magazine are free ​ to cancer patients, survivors and caregivers who live in the U.S. 

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125 Breast Cancer Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best breast cancer topic ideas & essay examples, 💡 most interesting breast cancer topics to write about, 📌 simple & easy breast cancer essay titles, 👍 good essay topics on breast cancer.

• Best Practices in Breast Cancer Care Based on this, the final stage of therapy should include comprehensive support for patients with breast cancer as one of the main health care practices within the framework of current treatment guidelines.
• Breast Cancer: Concept Map and Case Study Each member of the interdisciplinary team involved in treating patients with cancer and heart disease should focus on educational priorities such as:
• Health Psychology: Going Through a Breast Cancer Diagnosis He is unaware that she has been diagnosed with depression and that she is going for breast screening Stress from work is also a contributing factor to her condition.
• Genes Cause Breast Cancer Evidence suggests the role of BRCA1 in DNA repair is more expansive than that of BRCA2 and involves many pathways. Therefore, it is suggested that BRCT ambit containing proteins are involved in DNA repair and […]
• Breast Cancer and Its Population Burden The other objectives that are central to this paper are highlighted below: To determine which group is at a high risk of breast cancer To elucidate the impact of breast cancer on elderly women and […]
• Mindfulness Practice During Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer She discusses the significance of the study to the nursing field and how nurses can use the findings to help their patients cope with stress.
• Breast Cancer: The Effective Care Domain Information about how the patient is seen, how often the patient is seen, and whether she will return for mammograms can be collected and analyzed to verify the successful intervention to extend consistency with mammograms.
• Garden Pesticide and Breast Cancer Therefore, taking into account the basic formula, the 1000 person-years case, the number of culture-positive cases of 500, and culture-negative of 10000, the incidence rate will be 20 new cases.
• Breast Cancer as a Genetic Red Flag It is important to note that the genetic red flags in Figure 1 depicted above include heart disease, hypertension, and breast cancer.
• Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium Analysis Simultaneously, the resource is beneficial because it aims to “improve the delivery and quality of breast cancer screening and related outcomes in the United States”.
• Drinking Green Tea: Breast Cancer Patients Therefore, drinking green tea regularly is just a necessity- it will contribute to good health and physical vigor throughout the day and prevent severe diseases.
• Breast Cancer Prevention: Ethical and Scientific Issues Such information can potentially impact the patient and decide in favor of sharing the information about the current condition and risks correlating with the family history.
• Breast Cancer: Epidemiology, Risks, and Prevention In that way, the authors discuss the topics of breast cancer and obesity and the existing methods of prevention while addressing the ethnic disparities persistent in the issue.
• Breast Cancer Development in Black Women With consideration of the mentioned variables and target population, the research question can be formulated: what is the effect of nutrition and lifestyle maintained on breast cancer development in black women?
• Breast Cancer in Miami Florida The situation with the diagnosis of breast cancer is directly related to the availability of medicine in the state and the general awareness of the non-population.
• Breast Cancer: Genetics and Malignancy In the presence of such conditions, the formation of atypical cells is possible in the mammary gland. In the described case, this aspect is the most significant since it includes various details of the patient’s […]
• Breast Cancer. Service Management The trial specifically looks at the effect on breast-cancer mortality of inviting women to screening from age 40 years compared with invitation from age 50 years as in the current NHS breast-screening programme.
• Fibrocystic Breast Condition or Breast Cancer? The presence of the fibrocystic breast condition means that the tissue of the breast is fibrous, and cysts are filled with the liquid or fluid. The main characteristic feature of this cancer is that it […]
• Coping With Stress in Breast Cancer Patients Therefore, it is important for research experts to ensure and guarantee adherence to methodologies and guidelines that define scientific inquiry. However, various discrepancies manifest with regard to the initiation and propagation of research studies.
• Breast Self-Examination and Breast Cancer Mortality Though it is harsh to dismiss self-exams entirely due to studies that indicate little in deaths of women who performed self-exams and those who did not, the self-exams should not be relied on exclusively as […]
• Breast Self-Exams Curbing Breast Cancer Mortality The results of the study were consistent with the findings of other studies of the same nature on the effectiveness of breast self-examination in detecting and curbing breast cancer.
• Taxol Effectiveness in Inhibiting Breast Cancer Cells The following were the objectives of this experiment: To determine the effectiveness of Taxol in inhibiting breast cancer cells and ovarian cancer cells using culture method.
• Control Breast Cancer: Nursing Phenomenon, Ontology and Epistemology of Health Management Then, the evidence received is presented in an expert way leading to implementation of the decision on the management of the disease.
• Breast Cancer: Effects of Breast Health Education The design of the research focused on research variables like skills, performance, self-efficacy, and knowledge as the researchers aimed at examining the effectiveness of these variables among young women who underwent training in breast cancer […]
• Community Nursing Role in Breast Cancer Prevention However, early detection still remains important in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. The community has thus undertaken activities aimed at funding the awareness, treatment and research in order to reduce the number of […]
• Self-Examination and Knowledge of Breast Cancer Among Female Students Shin, Park & Mijung found that a quarter of the participants practiced breast self-examination and a half had knowledge regarding breast cancer.
• “Tracking Breast Cancer Cells on the Move” by Gomis The article serves the purpose of examining the role of NOG, a gene that is essential in bone development and its role in breast cancer.
• Breast Cancer Survivorship: Are African American Women Considered? The finding of the analysis is that the issue of cancer survivorship is exclusive, developing, and at the same time it depends on what individuals perceive to be cancer diagnosis as well as personal experiences […]
• Gaining Ground on Breast Cancer: Advances in Treatment The article by Esteva and Hortobagyi discusses breast cancer from the aspect of increased survival rates, the novel treatments that have necessitated this and the promise in even more enhanced management of breast cancer.
• Effects of Hypoxia, Surrounding Fibroblasts, and p16 Expression on Breast Cancer The study was conducted to determine whether migration and invasion of breast cancer cells were stimulated by hypoxia, as well as determining whether the expression of p16 ectopically had the potential to modulate the cell […]
• Breast Cancer: Preventing, Diagnosing, Addressing the Issue In contrast to the MRI, which presupposes that the image of the tissue should be retrieved with the help of magnetic fields, the mammography tool involves the use of x-rays.
• Dietary Fat Intake and Development of Breast Cancer This study aimed to determine the relationship between dietary fat intake and the development of breast cancer in women. The outcome of the study strongly suggests that there is a close relationship between a high […]
• The Detection and Diagnosis of Breast Cancer The severity of cancer depends on the movement of the cancerous cells in the body and the division and growth or cancerous cells.
• Breast Cancer: WMI Research and the Current Approaches Although the conclusions provided by the WHI in the study conducted to research the effects of estrogen and progesterone cessation on the chance of developing a breast cancer do not comply with the results of […]
• Breast Cancer Susceptibility Gene (BRCA2) The mechanisms underlying the genetic predisposition to a particular disease are manifold and this concept is the challenging one to the investigators since the advent of Molecular Biology and database resources.
• Prediction of Breast Cancer Prognosis It has been proposed that the fundamental pathways are alike and that the expression of gene sets, instead of that of individual genes, may give more information in predicting and understanding the basic biological processes.
• Breast Cancer Survivors: Effects of a Psychoeducational Intervention While the conceptual framework is justified in analysis of the quality of life, there is the likelihood of influence of the context with quality of life adopting different meanings to patients in different areas and […]
• Providers’ Role in Quality Assurance in Breast Cancer Screening In order to ensure the quality assurance of mammography, the providers involved in the procedure need to be aware of the roles they ought to play.
• Clinical Laboratory Science of Breast Cancer The word cancer is itself so much dreaded by people that the very occurrence of the disease takes half of the life away from the patient and the relatives.
• Induced and Spontaneous Abortion and Breast Cancer Incidence Among Young Women There is also no question as to whether those who had breast cancer was only as a result of abortion the cohort study does not define the total number of women in population.
• New Screening Guidelines for Breast Cancer On the whole, the Task Force reports that a 15% reduction in breast cancer mortality that can be ascribed to the use of mammograms seems decidedly low compared to the risks and harm which tend […]
• Breast Cancer in Afro- and Euro-Americans It is seen that in the age group of more than 50 years, EA was more at risk of contracting cancer, as compared to AA.
• Breast Cancer Assessment in London In light of these developments, it is therefore important that an evaluation of breast cancer amongst women in London be carried out, in order to explore strategies and policy formulations that could be implemented, with […]
• Breast Cancer: At-Risk Population, Barriers, and Improvement Thus, the principal purpose of Part Two is to explain why older women face a higher risk of getting breast cancer, what barriers lead to this adverse state of affairs, and how to improve the […]
• Breast Cancer: Moral and Medical Aspects In addition to the question of the surgery, there is an ethical problem associated with the genetic characteristics of the disease.
• Breast Cancer and AIDS: Significant Issues in the United States in the Late 20th Century Thus, the given paper is going to explain why these activists challenged regulatory and scientific authorities and what they demanded. That is why the enthusiasts challenged their practices and made specific demands to improve the […]
• Breast Cancer Risk Factors: Genetic and Nutritional Influences However, the problems of genetics contribute to the identification of this disease, since the essence of the problem requires constant monitoring of the state of the mammary glands to detect cancer at an early stage.
• Breast Cancer Genetics & Chromosomal Analysis In this paper, the chromosomal analysis of breast cancer will be assessed, and the causes of the disorder will be detailed.
• Breast Cancer: The Case of Anne H. For this reason, even females with a high level of health literacy and awareness of breast cancer, such as Anne H, might still belong to the group risk and discover the issue at its late […]
• Breast Cancer Diagnosis Procedure in Saudi Arabia The fact is that, the health care program in this geographic area is associated with the encouragement of all the women in the area to be subjected to the examination for the breast cancer, as […]
• Breast Cancer and the Effects of Diet The information in noted clause is only a part of results of the researches spent in the field of the analysis of influence of a diet on a risk level of disease in cancer.
• Genetic Predisposition to Breast Cancer: Genetic Testing Their choice to have their first baby later in life and hormonal treatment for symptoms of menopause further increase the risk of breast cancer in women.
• Breast Cancer: Causes and Treatment According to Iversen et al this situation is comparable to the finding of abnormal cells on the surface of the cervix, curable by excision or vaporization of the tissue.
• Monoclonal Antibodies in Treating Breast Cancer The most important function of the lymph glands is that their tissue fluid carries the cancer cells that have been detached from the tumour to the closely located lymph gland.
• Breast Cancer: Women’s Health Initiative & Practices The new standard of care shows evidence that a low-fat diet, deemed insignificant by the WHI study, is beneficial to women for preventing or improving their risks of breast cancer.
• Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Pathophysiology The contemporary understanding of the etiopathogenesis of breast cancer addresses the origin of invasive cancer through a substantive number of molecular alterations at the cellular level.
• Complex Fibroadenoma and Breast Cancer Risk Furthermore, KB decided that she did not need to remove the lump surgically she was advised to document changes after regular breast exams and return to the clinic in case of new concerns.
• Breast Cancer: Health Psychology Plan The goal of the plan is to identify the psychological issues and health priorities of the subject and propose a strategy for addressing them.
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Women With Breast Cancer The treatment of breast CA has developed over the past 20 years, and many treatment centers offer a variety of modalities and holistic treatment options in addition to medical management.
• Breast Cancer Screening in Young American Women It is proud to be at the forefront of widespread public health initiatives to improve the education and lives of young women.
• Screening for Breast Cancer The main goal of this paper is to describe the specific set of clinical circumstances under which the application of screening is the most beneficial for women aged 40 to 74 years.
• Annual Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign It may also need more time to be implemented as the development of the advertisement, and all visuals will take time.
• Breast Cancer Patients’ Life Quality and Wellbeing The article “Complementary Exercise and Quality of Life in Patients with Breast Cancer” examines the role of complementary exercises towards improving the lives of women with breast cancer.
• Breast Cancer Patients’ Functions and Suitable Jobs The key symptom of breast cancer is the occurrence of a protuberance in the breast. A screening mammography, scrutiny of the patient’s family history and a breast examination help in the diagnosis of breast cancer.
• Jordanian Breast Cancer Survival Rates in 1997-2002 This objective came from the realization that the best way to test the efficacy of breast cancer treatment and to uncover intervening factors influencing the efficacy of these treatments was to investigate the rates of […]
• Breast Cancer Awareness Among African Americans There are reasons that motivate women to seek mammography for example the belief that early detection will enable them treat the cancer in early stages, and their trust for the safety of mammogram. Social marketing […]
• Breast Cancer Screening Among Non-Adherent Women This is one of the aspects that can be identified. This is one of the short-comings that can be singled out, and this particular model may not be fully appropriate in this context.
• Breast Cancer: Treatment and Rehabilitation Options Depending on the site of occurrence, breast cancer can form ductal carcinomas and lobular carcinomas if they occur in the ducts and lobules of the breast, respectively. Breast cancer and treatment methods have significant effects […]
• Women Healthcare: Breast Cancer Reducing the levels of myoferlin alters the breast cancer cells’ mechanical properties, as it is evident from the fact that the shape and ability of breast cancer cells to spread is low with reduced production […]
• Breast Cancer Public Relations Campaign Audiences It is clear that the breast cancer campaign will target at women in their 30-40s as this is one of the most vulnerable categories of women as they often pay little attention to the […]
• Health Information Seeking and Breast Cancer Diagnosis Emotional support is also concerned with the kind of information given to patients and how the information is conveyed. It is equally significant to underscore the role of information in handling breast cancer patients immediately […]
• Current Standing of Breast Cancer and Its Effects on the Society It then places particular focus on the testing and treatment of breast cancer, the effects and conditions associated with it, from a financial point of view, and the possible improvements worth making in service or […]
• Breast Cancer: Disease Prevention The first indicator of breast cancer is the presence of a lump that feels like a swollen matter that is not tender like the rest of the breast tissues.
• Breast Cancer Definition and Treatment In the case where “the cells which appear like breast cancer are still confined to the ducts or lobules of the breast, it is called pre-invasive breast cancer”.”The most widespread pre-invasive type of breast cancer […]
• Breast Cancer Incidence and Ethnicity This paper explores the different rates of breast cancer incidence as far as the different ethnic groups in the US are concerned as well as the most probable way of reducing the rates of incidence […]
• Treatment Options for Breast Cancer This type of breast cancer manifests itself in the tubes/ducts which form the channel for transporting milk from the breast to the nipple.”Lobular carcinoma: this type of cancer usually begins in the milk producing regions […]
• Risk Factors, Staging, and Treatment of Breast Cancer This is so because huge amounts of resources have been used in the research and the development of the breast cancer drugs that in effect help the body to combat the cancer by providing additional […]
• Case Management for Breast Cancer Patients In this respect, preventive measures should be taken in order to decrease the mortality rates all over the world in terms of cancer illness and breast cancer in particular.
• The Second Leading Cause of Death is the Breast Cancer
• The Benefits and Effects of Exercise on Post-Treatment Breast Cancer Patients
• Women’s Experiences Undergoing Reconstructive Surgery After Mastectomy Due To Breast Cancer
• Advanced Technology Of The Treatment Of Breast Cancer
• Using Genetic Testing For Breast Cancer
• The role of Perivascular Macrophages in Breast Cancer Metastasis
• The Psychological Aspect Of Coping With Breast Cancer
• An Analysis of an Alternative Prevention in Breast Cancer for Young Women in America
• The Complicated Biology of Breast Cancer
• The Impact Of Tamoxifen Adjuvant Therapy On Breast Cancer
• The Prevalence Of Breast Cancer Among Black Women
• The Embodiment Theory, Holistic Approach And Breast Cancer In The South African Context
• The Long-Term Evolution of Quality of Life for Breast Cancer Treated Patients
• The Signs and Early Prevention of Breast Cancer
• The Effect of Fast Food In Developing Breast Cancer among Saudi Populations
• The Effect Of Breastfeeding On Ovarian And Breast Cancer
• The Best Method Of Medicine For The Treatment Of Breast Cancer: Cam Or Drugs
• The Causes of Breast Cancer – Genetically or Environmentally Influenced
• The Symptoms, Causes and Treatment of Breast Cancer, a Malignant Disease
• The Risks, Characteristics and Symptoms of Breast Cancer, a Malignant Disease
• The Most Common Cancer In The UK: Breast Cancer
• Types Of Preventive Services For A Higher Risk Of Breast Cancer
• The Effect of Raloxifene on Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women
• The Impact of Culture and Location on Breast Cancer Around the World
• Understanding Breast Cancer, Its Triggers and Treatment Options
• The Risk, Development, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Breast Cancer in Women
• The Pathophysiology of Breast Cancer
• The Effects Of DNA Methylation On Breast Cancer
• The Treatment and Management Options for Breast Cancer Patients
• Alternative Forms Of Medicine For Breast Cancer Rates
• The Impact of Nutrition on Breast Cancer and Cervical Cancer
• The Economic Evaluation of Screening for Breast Cancer: A Tentative Methodology
• The Etymology of Breast Cancer, Types, Risk Factors, Early Detection Methods, and Demographics
• What Are The Symptoms And Treatments For Breast Cancer
• Treatments And Treatment Of Breast Cancer Therapy
• The Various Views and Approaches in the Treatment and Management of Breast Cancer
• The Growing Health Problem of Breast Cancer in the United States
• The Importance of Considering Breast Cancer Prevention Aside from Treatment
• The Different Ways That Can Reduce the Risk of Having Breast Cancer
• The Use of Radiation for Detection and Treatment of Breast Cancer
• The Condition Of Breast Cancer And Its Relevant Treatment
• The Relationship between a High-Dairy Diet and Breast Cancer in Women
• Treatment of Solid Tumors including Metastatic Breast Cancer
• Which Is More Effective In Reducing Arm Lymphoedema For Breast Cancer Patients
• The Use Of Telomerase In Diagnosis, Prognosis, And Treatment Of Cancer: With A Special Look At Breast Cancer
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• v.15(1); 2012 Mar

Impact of cancer on everyday life: a systematic appraisal of the research evidence

Ikumi okamoto.

1 Research Fellow, Macmillan Survivorship Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton

David Wright

2 Senior Research Fellow, International Health, NETSCC, External Relations, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton

Claire Foster

3 Reader in Health Psychology and Head of Macmillan Survivorship Research Group, Macmillan Survivorship Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK

Objective  To conduct a systematic appraisal of the published literature reviews related to the impact of cancer on everyday life. This theme was identified as the top priority area for research by participants in the Macmillan Listening Study, which was the first UK‐wide public consultation exercise to identify patients’ priorities for cancer research.

Search strategy  The top priority area was divided into ten sub‐themes, and a modified systematic review was undertaken for each sub‐theme using electronic searches.

Inclusion criteria  Literature review papers were included if they were written in English, involved patients diagnosed ≥18 years, any cancer types and published between 2000 and 2006.

Data extraction and synthesis  Two thousand and two hundred and fifty‐two potentially eligible papers were identified. Abstracts were read by the first author and selected for inclusion in the review. Twenty percentages of the papers were also read independently by other authors. Sixty‐two review papers were finally selected.

Main results  The systematic appraisal revealed that some sub‐themes of the patient‐identified priority area (e.g., how to support family members of cancer patients) were under‐researched, while other sub‐themes (e.g., anxiety and depression experienced by cancer patients) had been explored to some extent. Certain areas of research interest to patients were found to have been explored; however, their significance was limited by the quality of the research.

Conclusion  The systematic appraisal highlights important areas for future research and the need for more effective dissemination of study findings to wider audiences, including service users. This study also indicates the need for further research to enhance the generalizability and/or significance of findings.

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic appraisal of the published literature reviews related to the impact of cancer on everyday life and provide greater detail of this area drawing on current research evidence.

‘The impact of cancer on everyday life’ was the top priority area identified by participants in the Macmillan Listening Study, a UK‐wide public consultation exercise to identify patients’ priorities for cancer research. 1 This study enabled the effective involvement of service users to occur at all stages of the study. Involving service users in setting the research agenda is particularly important as earlier studies have shown that their priorities may differ from those of academics or clinicians. 2 , 3 , 4 In cancer research, the involvement of patients in determining priorities for research has remained under‐developed. 5

In the Listening Study, people affected by various types of cancer, different stages of treatment and varied age were participated in consultation groups held at ten locations across the UK. Research ideas generated in the consultation groups were shared with other participants and clustered into themes by the group, after which participants voted on areas of importance. (Refer to Corner et al. 1 , 5 for a detailed account of research methods and analysis). As a result, patients identified fifteen broad priority areas for research. 5

To take forward the findings of the study and inform funding decisions, it is necessary to review recent research activity for each patient‐identified priority area. This systematic appraisal focused on the top priority area, ‘the impact of cancer on everyday life’, and identified research areas within the top priority area (i) that have already been explored in research, (ii) that remain under‐explored, thus suggesting potentially fruitful areas for future academic enquiry, and (iii) that have been explored before but still need further research for more conclusive results because of methodological limitations with primary studies.

To review recent research activity for the top research priority area, which is itself broad in scope, an approach to appraising literature was adopted that allowed diverse and broad subject areas to be reviewed without compromising rigour, transparency and repeatability.

Standard systematic reviews typically take between 6 and 18 months to complete. 6 Given the breadth of research interests that constitute the top priority area, it was not feasible to undertake a systematic review for all ten sub‐themes derived from the top priority area (See below for the sub‐themes). Consequently, a systematic review process was modified to enable a rigorous, transparent and reproducible appraisal of the literature to be completed within the timescale available. This approach broadly follows the rationales and principles of scoping reviews discussed by Arksey and O’Malley. 7

The following systematic review principles were retained: identifying search engines; formulating search terms; generating inclusion and exclusion criteria; and reviewing abstracts independently. However, the systematic appraisal focused on published literature review papers only rather than primary research papers and did not require a formal process for data extraction or an assessment of quality of literature review. By focusing on review papers, it was possible to explore a broad range of primary research studies. The quality of each literature review paper was not assessed as a broad range of research evidence was sought; therefore, any types of literature review papers, such as review articles that had not undertaken a formal literature review process (e.g., using search engines), were included. However, the thoroughness of each review paper was taken into consideration when using the conclusions of the reviews.

Research sub‐themes for the systematic appraisal

Within the top research priority area, questions and ideas generated by participants in the Macmillan Listening Study were examined and grouped into ten sub‐themes to enable the systematic appraisal to focus on specific aspects of the top priority area. The following shows the ten sub‐themes and the research interests within each identified by the Listening Study participants:

•    •  The psychological impact of cancer on patients and strategies to cope with psychological problems
•    •  The psychological impact of cancer on partners, family and friends
•    •  Influence of one’s positive mental attitude or stress on a patients’ chance of recovery and survival
•    •  How to improve mental attitudes and how to cope with uncertainty while living with cancer
•    •  Effects of particular interventions (e.g., visualization or meditation) on patients
•    •  The extent to which follow‐up services met the needs of those affected by cancer
•    •  The extent to which support provided after treatment impacts on the lives of patients
•    •  How cancer impacts on patients’ lives, preventing them from sleeping, travelling, driving, shopping, taking part in recreational activities, etc., and how this can be managed
•    •  The potential impact that pain has on the quality of life of cancer patients
•    •  The role of diet in the management of cancer and effect of healthy diet on survival
•    •  Benefits of living with a partner or family in terms of cancer recovery
•    •  The relationship between a healthy lifestyle (e.g., exercise) and cancer survival

Search strategy

The following electronic databases were searched: BNI (British Nursing Index), CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane. The database search included papers and literature reviews (systematic, comprehensive, or other) written in English. Literature review papers were identified by examining the title and abstract of each paper, and types of reviews were classified according to papers’ title and/or methodology. Review papers concerning all cancer types published between 2000 and 2006 were included. Examining literature reviews published during this time frame enabled findings to be based on evidence from primary studies conducted over a longer period. Papers were excluded if they involved childhood and adolescent cancers because this was categorized within the Macmillan Listening Study as a separate research priority area. Papers that were biomedical in focus (e.g., drug trials), retrospective data reviews, reviews of treatment outcomes, or reviews of an individual patient case were also excluded.

Systematic appraisal process

The systematic appraisal was conducted in two stages: scoping exercise and literature review.

The aim of the scoping exercise was to refine search terms by examining abstracts and key words obtained as a result of a literature search undertaken on each sub‐theme using the electronic databases and inclusion/exclusion criteria. Initial search terms were identified with reference to the Macmillan Listening Study findings.

Search terms refined by the scoping exercise were used to conduct literature review for each sub‐theme. (The search terms used for the literature review are available from the authors on request.) The same electronic databases were used, and search results were screened in three stages. First, the title and abstract of each paper was read by IO, when duplicates and papers that were not review articles were excluded. Secondly, papers which met the exclusion criteria and which had no abstract were excluded, and papers considered more relevant to other sub‐themes were removed from the original source and added to the other sub‐themes by IO. In this stage, 20% of the papers were also reviewed in the same way by DW and CF independently. Differences were resolved by consensus, and reasons for rejecting papers were recorded. Lastly, selected papers were retrieved and read by IO, and irrelevant ones were excluded by consensus.

A total of 62 review papers were selected. The number of review papers identified for each sub‐theme is illustrated in Table 1 . Types of review papers included in the study are shown in Table 2 .

 The results of the systematic appraisal

*Three papers used in Sub‐theme 3 and 1 paper used in Sub‐theme 1 were included.

†Two papers used in Sub‐theme 10 were also used in this sub‐theme.

 Types of review papers included in the study

*Two ‘systematic review and meta‐analysis’ papers included.

Sub‐theme 1: psychological impact of cancer from the point of diagnosis (seven review papers identified)

According to a conceptual and empirical review on post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following cancer, a significant proportion of cancer patients suffer PTSD symptoms, 8 and a literature review on studies of psychological aspects of lung cancer showed that lung cancer patients have a high risk of psychosocial problems after diagnosis and treatment. 9 One of the findings of a systematic review on depression in patients with advanced cancer and amongst mixed hospice populations was that approximately 15% of palliative care inpatients experienced major depression. 10

Regarding the impact of anxiety over the clinical course of prostate cancer, a systematic review reported that anxiety levels associated with cancer appeared to fluctuate during the course of treatment in patients, 11 and a similar trend was also found by a literature review on psychological functioning in cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. 12 Two literature review articles on age differences in psychological impact of cancer showed that the detrimental psychological impact of cancer was less pronounced in older patients than it was in younger patients; 13 , 14 however, the results were not conclusive because of methodological limitations within each primary study.

Other review papers also identified methodological limitations within each primary paper, including small sample size 10 , 11 or low participation rate. 10 In many primary studies, depression was measured on a variety of scales, making comparison across populations difficult. 11 , 12 , 14 These need to be considered when interpreting the results.

The systematic appraisal revealed that the psychological impact of cancer has been studied to a large extent; however, it did not identify reviews regarding everyday emotional and psychological aspects of having cancer and strategies patients can use to manage these problems in everyday life.

Sub‐theme 2: impact of cancer on family and friends (11 review papers identified)

According to a conceptual and empirical review on the psychosocial aspects of parental cancer in adulthood, a sizable minority of adult children of cancer patients experience psychological distress in terms of anxiety, depression and post‐traumatic stress symptoms. 15 Similarly, a literature review on psychological well‐being in families of elderly cancer patients revealed that their relatives were confronted with physical as well as psychological impairment (i.e., fatigue, sleeping disorders, headache, anxiety and feelings of uncertainty, depressive reactions, hopelessness and helplessness) and that their healthy partners were also exposed to specific stressors requiring significant adaptations. 16

Evidence from studies in another literature review also showed that providing care has an enormous impact on caregivers’ quality of life. 16 , 17 In an integrative review on the psychological responses of spouses whose husbands have undergone prostatectomy, it is highlighted that spouses experience both short‐ and long‐term distress because of their caregiving roles. 18 In terms of partners’ adjustment to breast cancer, however, a critical analysis of intervention studies indicated that despite the considerable descriptive research documenting the need for partner interventions, none of the studies they reviewed were sufficiently rigorous methodologically to enable firm conclusions to be drawn. 19

In terms of the impact of parental cancer on children, a literature review showed two different views; quantitative studies reported disturbed emotional functioning, while qualitative studies reported problems in emotional, social, behavioural, cognitive and physical functioning. 20 Another literature review also reported considerable emotional burden for families and children of young women with advanced breast cancer, and their emotional adjustment and needs were affected by the developmental stage of the child. 21 In terms of improving communication with children and adolescents about a family member’s cancer, a Cochrane review concluded that there have been a few reported studies in this area, and the evidence was weak to suggest that some interventions, such as structured group interventions, may lead to improvement in knowledge and understanding, in coping, anxiety, adjustment and well‐being. 22

These results, however, should be read with caution owing to methodological limitations within each primary study. Most caregiver studies have examined homogeneous populations such as convenience samples of middle‐ and upper‐class White women coping with maternal breast cancer. 15 Moreover, most studies of the caregiving process are cross‐sectional in design, and longitudinal studies involving patients and their caregivers are necessary to evaluate caregivers’ psychosocial outcomes according to changes in their role and the course of patients’ disease. 15 , 16 , 17 A lack of comparison groups also limits the strength of the association between caregivers’ emotional distress and the experience of their family member’s cancer. 15 , 17 Using generic quality of life (QOL) instruments with caregivers can also be problematic because some items are not relevant to caregivers. 17

Although there are a number of studies on the impact of cancer on family caregivers, how to support them has received little attention. 23 , 24 , 25 Furthermore, no review paper on the impact of cancer on friends of cancer patients was identified.

Sub‐theme 3: impact of positive mental attitudes/stress on recovery and survival (eight review papers identified)

Numerous studies have been conducted in this area; however, according to a systematic review and a literature review on influence of psychological coping on survival and recurrence in cancer patients, there is little evidence in this subject. 26 , 27 Similarly, another literature review concluded that there is no convincing evidence to demonstrate that psychological factors affect the initiation or progression of cancer. 28 There has been a systematic review, a Cochrane review, a meta‐analysis, and two literature reviews on the effect of psychological interventions on cancer patients’ survival; however, no firm conclusions could be drawn about this subject. 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33

To make progress in this field of research, further research with sound methods is needed for more conclusive results.

Sub‐theme 4: how to improve mental attitudes (14 review papers identified)

Lin and Bauer‐Wu 34 concluded in their integrative review that patients with an enhanced sense of psycho‐spiritual well‐being are able to cope more effectively with the process of terminal illness and to find meaning in living with cancer and that psycho‐spiritual well‐being can be enhanced by prognostic awareness, family and social support, autonomy, hope and meaning in life.

Our systematic appraisal also demonstrated that there have been many intervention studies conducted in this area. For example, a literature review reported that interventions on patients’ psychological well‐being were not consistently effective, 31 while another literature review suggested that psychosocial interventions could reduce the degree of depression for lung cancer patients. 9 According to a Cochrane review, some evidence for short‐term psychological benefit was observed in some interventions, such as group psychological therapy for women with advanced breast cancer, but in general these were not maintained even to a few months of follow‐up. 33 Similar results with adult cancer survivors were also reported in a meta‐analysis. 35 One of the findings of a systematic review of psychological therapies for cancer patients was that interventions, such as group therapy, education, counselling and cognitive behavioural therapy, might have longer‐term benefits for psychosocial outcomes, although the methodological quality of most of the trials that were reviewed was less than optimal. 32

In terms of the effectiveness of treatment of depression during cancer care, there is no strong conclusion about the effectiveness of antidepressants or psychological interventions for improving depression outcomes; 36 however, this is from a less structured review article, in which the review process was unclear.

Three reviews were identified relating to relaxation training. A meta‐analytical review of randomized intervention‐control studies on the effectiveness of relaxation training showed that relaxation training proved to have a significant effect on emotional adjustment variables, depression, anxiety and hostility. 37 A critical review of studies on the use of mindfulness meditation interventions (one of the mind–body therapies with primary emphasis on experiencing life fully and being in touch with the full range of human emotions and sensory experience) reported that mindfulness meditation improved psychological and physical symptoms in cancer patients. 38 In a systematic review of literature on the effectiveness of Mindfulness‐Based Stress Reduction (a specific, highly structured psycho‐educational and skill‐based therapy package that combines mindfulness meditation with hatha yoga exercises) for cancer supportive care, MBSR was found to have potential as a clinically valuable intervention for cancer patients to improve mood, sleep quality and reductions in stress. 39

These results, however, need to be interpreted with caution. In terms of how to enhance psycho‐spiritual well‐being, half of the reviewed primary studies focus on American patients (mainly Caucasians), and further studies are needed to investigate these issues in a more diverse population. 34 High‐quality trials with a larger sample size and a longer follow‐up are needed to support the effectiveness of interventions on patients’ psychological well‐being. 9 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 35 , 36 Evidence of positive effects of relaxation training on cancer patients is also limited because of the poor methodological quality of each primary study, such as use of convenience samples of cancer outpatients (mostly in the early stages of breast cancer), 38 a relatively small sample size, and self‐reported outcome measures for mood, stress, anxiety, and QOL. 39

The evidence for hypnotherapy in the management of symptoms (e.g., pain, anxiety, and depression) in terminally ill adult cancer patients was evaluated in a systematic review, which highlighted the paucity of robust clinical trials to support its use. 40 Two review papers on music therapy in cancer patients reported that music therapy has a positive effect on anxiety and mood, but because of the lack of randomization with large sample sizes, the results were not generalizable. 41 , 42 In a Cochrane review, massage and aromatherapy massage have been found to provide short‐term benefits on psychological well‐being in patients with cancer; however, evidence was limited because of variations in style of intervention between studies. 43

Despite a significant volume of research in this area, there is insufficient evidence to show whether interventions help patients improve their mental attitudes. More methodologically sound research is needed.

Sub‐theme 5: impact of aftercare on patients (three review papers identified)

Providing cancer‐relevant information to cancer patients improves their ability to cope during the diagnosis, treatment and post‐treatment phases. 44 Rutten et al. 44 conducted a systematic review to summarize cancer patients’ information needs and the sources from which they receive information, and identified that patients want to receive treatment related information, that health professionals are the most frequent source of information and that patients’ information needs change along the continuum of cancer care. A Cochrane review of studies on the QOL of patients with lung cancer showed that some interventions (e.g. nursing interventions to manage breathlessness, nurse follow‐up, counselling) might be effective, 45 although the evidence was not conclusive. Both reviews, however, pointed out methodological limitations with primary studies. In terms of patients’ information needs, only a minority of primary studies employed previously validated instruments, and very few utilized longitudinal study designs, which made it difficult to assess how patients’ needs and information sources may change over time. 44 Many of the interventions tested on lung cancer patients in the trials had a number of different components, any one or combination of which may or may not have produced a positive or negative effect. 45

Collins et al. 46 conducted a structured review of primary research on the effectiveness of follow‐up services for breast cancer patients and found that there is little evidence to indicate what practices are effective in meeting the objectives of follow‐up services for patients treated for breast cancer. Specific service issues, such as how long follow‐up should last, the frequency of appointments and/or which health professional should deliver the service, were also remain unclear. 46

Our systematic appraisal revealed that evidence is limited to demonstrate whether aftercare services meet the needs of cancer patients and how they impact on the lives of patients.

Sub‐theme 6: impact of cancer on patients’ social functioning (two review papers identified)

A literature review on psychological and social sequelae of secondary lymphoedema (a possible side‐effect of breast cancer treatment) (SLE) reported that numbers of women with SLE experience negative impacts on their everyday lives; however, the primary studies reviewed had methodological problems. 47 Regarding social aspects of patients’ lives, primary papers in this review indicated that some women avoided socializing as a consequence of their lymphoedema, resulting in social isolation, and many had to give up or cut down on activities, such as crocheting, tennis, golf, gardening, and walking partly because of the social discomfort of the lymphoedematous arm. 47 A literature review on fatigue in cancer patients during and after treatment reported that the reviewed studies clearly indicated that fatigue was a problem for many cancer patients undergoing treatment. 48 Some primary studies in this review found fatigue to be associated with decreased daytime activity amongst many cancer patients. 48

No systematic review was available for this area; however, the literature review papers we identified indicate that some cancer symptoms affect patients’ social functioning. There is no clear advice for how patients can manage the problem in everyday life.

Sub‐theme 7: impact of pain on quality of life (one review paper identified)

Zaza and Baine 49 critically reviewed the evidence for an association between chronic cancer pain and psychological distress, social support and coping, and reported significant associations between increased pain and increased distress, and moderate associations between increased pain and decreased levels of social activities and social support. In terms of an association between cancer pain and various coping styles, the evidence was inconclusive.

The quality of many primary studies in the review was limited by some problems; details of study methods were unclear or lacking (e.g., sample size calculation, sample size justification or power calculations, definition of the primary outcomes); and there were omissions in the details of study results (e.g., response rates, reporting raw data, reporting statistics used to support summary statements of significance). 49

It is difficult to summarize research in this area using only one review paper; however, the critical review paper we identified suggested that more research is needed on the associations between chronic cancer pain and social support and coping. 49

Sub‐theme 8: role of diet in managing cancer (four review papers identified)

Two literature review papers on the outcome of lifestyle changes in cancer patients included a change of diet as a lifestyle change. These reviews reported that despite a large amount of research in this area, no clear association has been found between diet and cancer recurrence or patients’ survival. 50 , 51 The evidence for the benefits of soy isoflavones for breast cancer survivors is also inconclusive owing to the paucity of scientific data on this population, although this review was less structured with an unclear literature search and review process. 52 The relation between weight loss and disease outcome was discussed in a literature review, which found that in patients with cancer weight loss is a common problem which affects a patient’s response to treatment, as well as survival and QOL. 53 Early identification and assessment of cancer‐related weight loss through nutritional screening is therefore crucial. 53

No systematic reviews were identified for this theme; however, the review articles identified did not show clear association between diet and cancer recurrence or patients’ survival. Most dietary information that can be provided at the moment, therefore, seems to be focused on the avoidance of malnutrition.

Sub‐theme 9: effect of living with a partner or a family on recovery (two review papers identified)

Ballantyne 54 identified that being married was protective in terms of outcomes for breast cancer, although a maladjusted or non‐supportive spouse may harm patient’s well‐being and disease outcomes. These findings, however, should be treated with caution because the literature review process and the design of each study (e.g., whether it was a randomized controlled trial or not) were unknown. A systematic review on QOL amongst long‐term breast cancer survivors has drawn inconclusive evidence for the association between marital status and QOL of long‐term breast cancer survivors. 55

Although the evidence for this research area appeared to be inconclusive, the review articles included here concentrated on breast cancer patients only. Research on patients with other types of cancer is also essential.

Sub‐theme 10: relationship between lifestyle and survival (10 review papers identified)

Kuhn et al. 50 reviewed literature on behavioural changes, including smoking, alcohol consumption, the use of sun screens and exercise, and reported that former smokers have a significantly lower risk of cancer than current smokers and that patients are less likely to experience a recurrence of cancer if they stop smoking. 50 The effect of cessation of alcohol and the use of sun screens on cancer recurrence and survival time remains unclear. In terms of exercise, they concluded that the evidence for the beneficial effect of exercise on cancer survivors is still patchy. 50 In another literature review on lifestyle changes, including exercise in cancer patients, studies reviewed showed that exercise was clearly associated with many benefits for the cancer survivor, but the impact of exercise on survival remains to be determined. 51

The other eight papers reviewed effects of exercise on cancer patients exclusively. Of all, four papers were systematic reviews, 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 which led to the following conclusions: exercise appears to be a safe, feasible intervention that can have a positive effect in ameliorating many symptoms associated with cancer and its treatment; 56 exercise was found to improve QOL, caradiorespiratory fitness, physical functioning, and symptoms of fatigue amongst breast cancer patients. 57 There was a positive effect of exercise on cancer survivors in improving cardiorespiratory fitness during and after cancer treatment, and vigour post‐treatment; 58 physical functioning was found to increase amongst patients who exercised, although there was no evidence to determine the effect of exercise on long term outcomes relating to cancer recurrence or survival; 59 a Cochrane review on the effect of exercise on breast cancer patients also concluded that exercise during adjuvant treatment can improve physical fitness and thus the capacity for performing activities of daily life; however, this review reported that an improvement for other outcome variables (i.e., fatigue, weight, QOL, depression, strength, immune function or mood) was still tenable, because of a lack of evidence. 60 Two literature reviews revealed that physical exercise has promising effects on both physiological and psychological outcomes of cancer patients during and after treatment. 61 , 62

Physical exercise and immune system function in cancer survivors were examined in a comprehensive review, which suggested that physical exercise training may improve a number of immune system parameters that may be important in cancer defence. 63

There have been a large number of studies on the effectiveness of lifestyle factors in cancer patients, and the effectiveness of exercise has particularly attracted researchers’ attention. Our systematic appraisal demonstrates a positive effect of exercise on cancer survivors; however, each review paper noted some limitations within each primary study that need to be considered. Moreover, the evidence on the impact of exercise on long‐term disease outcomes still remains to be determined.

This systematic appraisal identified a number of research areas, identified by cancer patients participating in the Macmillan Listening Study, which have not been adequately explored, indicating that these areas are potentially fruitful areas for further academic enquiry. This study also revealed that some areas within the sub‐themes have already been explored, which suggests that the findings of research could be disseminated more efficiently to a wider audience including service users. This has been recognized in other, 64 , 65 , 66 but it is evident that the need for better dissemination of research findings remains. This appraisal also found that some areas within each of the sub‐themes had been researched before; however, their significance was limited by the scope or quality of the research. This suggests that further research is needed to enhance the generalizability and/or significance of findings. The research areas that are currently under‐researched and that have already been explored are summarized in Table 3 .

 Summary of the research areas that are currently under‐researched and that have already been explored

An effective approach of ensuring that the focus, conduct and dissemination strategies of research reflect the needs of people affected by cancer is to involve patients and others throughout the research process. 67 People affected by cancer can contribute effectively to discussions and decisions about appropriate avenues for future research. 1

All the sub‐themes explored in this study are important issues related to cancer survivorship, which have been recently recognized as an emergent field of research. 68 Research into issues surrounding cancer survivorship should be stimulated and supported as this will provide fruitful insights into policy and governmental actions that may be taken to provide a supportive infrastructure for cancer survivors. 67 The under‐explored areas identified in this study will help provide research areas to be explored to improve services for cancer survivors.

Limitations

The systematic appraisal had several limitations. The findings from the systematic appraisal were based on published literature reviews. It is therefore possible that important and relevant findings from key primary data papers were omitted as they were not included in a literature review. Grey literature was also excluded. The quality of each literature review paper was not assessed. Formal processes for establishing rigour, such as the independent extraction of findings of each review paper, were not employed, resulting in a greater risk of subjective bias. Finally, focusing exclusively on published review papers can generate a bias towards certain types of research. This is attributed to a tendency for systematic literature reviews to use a hierarchy of evidence that rates findings from randomized control trials more highly than qualitative studies. Similarly, the criteria for appraising the quality of quantitative studies are well developed while those for qualitative studies are less so. 69 Consequently, there is a tendency for qualitative studies to be poorly represented in literature reviews, which results in an over‐representation of quantitative studies in this systematic appraisal.

Regarding the literature review process, employing a more flexible approach, such as realist review, 70 can be considered in future. Realist review principles can be helpful to conduct a study of this kind, as it is designed for synthesizing research which has an explanatory rather than judgemental focus as seen in systematic review.

This systematic appraisal of literature reviews has enabled greater understanding of the top priority area for research identified by participants in the Macmillan Listening Study. This has provided a starting point for the development of research projects from the top priority area. A more detailed literature review on each of the sub‐themes will be beneficial before using the findings from this study to inform research activity in future. This systematic appraisal adopted and utilized an effective means of appraising literature relating to a broad range of research interests. We recommend that similar systematic appraisals are undertaken not only for the remaining priority areas from the Listening Study, but also for other research topics that include a wide range of research areas.

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest regarding this study.

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by a grant from Macmillan Cancer Support, UK.

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Essays About Cancer

When it comes to writing an essay about cancer, choosing the right topic is crucial. The topic you choose will determine the depth and breadth of your research, as well as the impact your essay will have on your readers. In this article, we will discuss the importance of choosing the right topic, provide advice on how to choose a topic, and offer a detailed list of recommended essay topics, divided by category.

The topic of your essay is important because it will determine the focus of your research and the angle from which you will approach the subject. A well-chosen topic will allow you to delve deep into a specific aspect of cancer, while also engaging your audience with a fresh and insightful perspective. Additionally, the right topic will enable you to make a valuable contribution to the existing body of knowledge about cancer, whether by shedding light on a lesser-known aspect of the disease or by presenting a novel interpretation of established facts.

When choosing a topic for your cancer essay, consider your interests, expertise, and the potential impact of the topic. Think about what aspect of cancer you are most passionate about, what you have the most knowledge about, and what you believe will be most valuable to your audience. Additionally, consider the current state of research in the field and look for gaps or controversies that you may be able to address in your essay. Finally, make sure to choose a topic that is sufficiently narrow to allow for in-depth analysis, but also broad enough to be of interest to a wide range of readers.

Recommended Cancer Essay Topics

Types of cancer.

• The Role of Genetics in Breast Cancer
• The Impact of Lifestyle Choices on Lung Cancer
• The Challenges of Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer
• Exploring the Link Between HPV and Cervical Cancer
• The Rising Incidence of Skin Cancer in Young Adults

Treatment and Prevention

• The Promise of Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment
• The Role of Nutrition in Cancer Prevention and Recovery
• The Impact of Exercise on Cancer Survival Rates
• Alternative Therapies for Cancer Patients
• The Ethical Dilemmas of Cancer Clinical Trials

Social and Psychological Impact

• The Stigma of Lung Cancer and Its Impact on Patients
• The Support Networks for Families of Children with Cancer
• Cancer Survivorship: Challenges and Triumphs
• The Psychological Effects of Hair Loss in Cancer Patients
• The Role of Palliative Care in Cancer Treatment

Public Policy and Advocacy

• The Economics of Cancer: The Cost of Treatment and Care
• The Role of Government in Funding Cancer Research
• Cancer Awareness Campaigns: Effectiveness and Ethical Considerations
• The Role of Advocacy Groups in Shaping Cancer Policy
• The Impact of Insurance Policies on Cancer Patients' Access to Care

Emerging Trends and Technologies

• The Potential of Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Diagnosis
• The Role of Precision Medicine in Cancer Treatment
• The Promise of Nanotechnology in Targeted Cancer Therapies
• Exploring the Gut Microbiome's Influence on Cancer Development
• The Role of Liquid Biopsies in Early Cancer Detection

With these recommended essay topics, you can explore various aspects of cancer from different perspectives, ensuring that your essay is both informative and engaging. Remember to choose a topic that resonates with you and has the potential to make a meaningful contribution to the discourse on cancer. Good luck!

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Cancer Essay

500+ words cancer essay.

Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. The World Health Organisation estimates that 10 million people will die of cancer in 2020, and more people will die in the coming years if action is not taken. More than 70% of all cancer deaths occur in low and middle-income countries, where resources available for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer are limited or nonexistent. This essay on cancer will help students know about this disease and the prevention method.

Students can also go through the list of CBSE Essays on different topics. It will help them to improve their writing skills and also increase their scores on the English exam. Moreover, they can participate in different essay writing competitions which are conducted at the school level.

What Is Cancer?

Cancer is a group of diseases characterised by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Cancer cells develop because of multiple changes in their genes. These changes can have many possible causes. If the spread of cells is not controlled, it can result in death. There are many known causes of cancer; they include tobacco use, smoking, alcohol, excess body weight, inherited genetic mutations, hormones, and immune conditions. These risk factors may act simultaneously or in sequence to initiate and/or promote cancer growth. There are many types of cancer. Cancer can develop anywhere in the body and is named after the part of the body where it started. For instance, breast cancer that starts in the breast is still called breast cancer, even if it spreads (metastasises) to other parts of the body.

Cancer Prevention

Cancer prevention is achieved through primary, secondary, and tertiary methods. Primary cancer prevention is achieved through two mechanisms: the promotion of health and wellness and the reduction of risks known to contribute to cancer development. Primary prevention aims to reverse or inhibit the carcinogenic process through modifications in a patient’s diet or environment. Secondary cancer prevention includes screening and early detection. Screening for cancer refers to checking for the presence of disease in populations at risk, and early detection is defined as testing for cancer when no symptoms are present.

Secondary prevention seeks to detect cancer at the earliest possible stage when the disease is most likely to be treated successfully. Tertiary cancer prevention is applied to those individuals who have already been diagnosed with malignancy but are now candidates for screening and early detection of secondary malignancies.

How to Fight Cancer?

The promotion of a healthy diet and physical activity is one of the best ways to fight against cancer. Avoid the use of alcohol, tobacco, cigarettes and such items which are hazardous to health. Cancer mortality can be reduced if cases are detected and treated early. So, early diagnosis, screening and treatment reduce the severity of cancer; and it can be cured.

Apart from spreading awareness among people and educating them to know the early signs of this disease. Also, the education will upgrade the information about exercise, dietary habits, sun exposure, smoking cessation, and recommended screening practices. We all can together fight against this disease and make our country cancer-free.

Cancer is a dangerous disease, but it can be cured. Required instruments should be provided to the hospitals so that the screening and initial detection of cancer can be done at the early stage. In national health insurance, the treatment of cancer should be included with an emphasis on providing financial support to the patient and his family. The expensive immune and targeted therapies should not only be for those upper-income people. These facilities should be made accessible to all people at affordable costs. Thus, it will increase access to health services and strengthen the health systems for low and middle-income people.

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• Essay on World Cancer Day 2024 in English for Students

Essay on World Cancer Day 2024

Unlocking insights for students, this ' Essay on World Cancer Day 2024 ' provides a comprehensive understanding of the World Cancer Day theme 2024, 'Close the Care Gap.' Tailored for simplicity, students can freely utilize this essay whenever they seek to raise the significance of World Cancer Day . Let this essay be a helping hand in guiding students in raising awareness and having a united front against the challenges of cancer. Your words have the power to inspire change. Said that, let’s begin with the Essay on World Cancer Day 2024 !

What is Cancer?

Cancer is a bunch of diseases where cells in your body start growing in a weird way and can invade other parts of your body. This is different from non-spreading tumors .

Cancer cells can arise from any type of cell in the body. When cells become cancerous, they begin to divide uncontrollably, forming masses of tissue called tumors . These tumors can interfere with the normal functioning of organs and tissues .

Cancer is a big reason for deaths worldwide, but it's crucial to know that many cancers can be treated and even cured if found early. There are lots of types of cancer, each with its own causes, symptoms, and treatments. Remember, Early detection and treatment can dramatically improve the chances of a successful outcome.

World Cancer Day: Empowering Lives and Closing the Care Gap

World Cancer Day, celebrated annually on February 4th, is a crucial global initiative uniting people in the fight against cancer. This day serves as a reminder that together, we can make a difference. The theme for World Cancer Day 2024 is " Close the Care Gap ," highlighting the disparities in cancer care that exist worldwide.

Cancer is a tough challenge affecting millions of lives, but World Cancer Day empowers us to take control of our health and raise awareness. As students, you can play a crucial role by creating informative posters, organizing educational sessions, and discussing healthy living.

The history of World Cancer Day dates back to 2000, when it was established to promote awareness, education, and research in the battle against cancer. Over the years, it has grown into a global movement, bringing communities together to work towards a world where everyone has access to quality care.

The " Close the Care Gap " theme urges us to address inequalities in cancer care, emphasizing the importance of equal access to treatment. By understanding the significance of this day and actively participating, students can contribute to creating a future where the impact of cancer is minimized and lives are saved through awareness and support. Together, let's empower lives and close the care gap in the fight against cancer .

Current Global Cancer Scenario:

According to the World Health Organization (WHO) , cancer is a significant global health challenge. Millions of people worldwide are diagnosed with cancer each year. The WHO plays a crucial role in collecting data, conducting research, and providing guidance on cancer prevention and treatment . The global cancer scenario emphasizes the need for collaborative efforts to address this health concern on an international scale.

Technology in Cancer:

Technology plays a significant role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Advanced imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT scans, aid in the early detection of tumors. Precision medicine uses genetic information to tailor treatment plans based on an individual's unique characteristics. Telemedicine facilitates remote consultations, allowing patients to connect with healthcare professionals easily. The integration of technology in cancer research accelerates the development of innovative therapies. Overall, technology enhances the effectiveness and accessibility of cancer care on a global scale.

Prevention in the Fight Against Cancer:

Prevention is a key aspect in the battle against cancer. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, can reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer . Vaccinations against infections linked to cancer, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV), are also important preventive measures. Education and awareness campaigns are essential to inform people about lifestyle choices that can contribute to cancer prevention.

Supporting Cancer Patients:

Supporting cancer patients is vital for their well-being. Emotional support from friends and family, along with access to counselling services, can help individuals cope with the challenges of cancer diagnosis and treatment . Support groups provide a sense of community and understanding among those facing similar experiences. Additionally, initiatives by healthcare organizations and charities contribute to improving the quality of life for cancer patients by offering resources, information, and assistance.

World Cancer Day , therefore, demands action. It demands that we call upon our leaders, policymakers, and healthcare systems to bridge these gaps. We need investments in public health infrastructure, accessible screening programs, and affordable treatment options. We need targeted interventions to address the specific needs of underserved communities, breaking down cultural and linguistic barriers that stand in the way of care.

This Essay on World Cancer Day 2024 serves as a powerful tool for students to comprehend, reflect, and advocate for a world where the impact of cancer is minimized. Its insights into the theme " Close the Care Gap " and narratives of resilience empower students to raise awareness. Feel free to utilize this essay whenever needed – in schools, colleges, or any platform. Let it be a catalyst for conversations, actions, and a collective commitment to building a future where cancer is conquerable. Together, as students, let's amplify the voice against cancer and inspire positive change.

FAQs on Essay on World Cancer Day 2024

1. Why is an essay on World Cancer Day 2024 important for students?

This essay provides valuable insights into the theme "Close the Care Gap," fostering awareness and empowering students to actively participate in the fight against cancer.

2. What key information does the essay cover about World Cancer Day 2024?

The essay delves into the significance of World Cancer Day, the theme for 2024, and how students can contribute to closing the care gap, and creating a comprehensive understanding.

3. How can students utilize the information from the essay on World Cancer Day 2024 in their schools or colleges?

Students can leverage the insights from the essay to spark discussions, raise awareness, and actively participate in World Cancer Day activities, contributing to a more informed and compassionate community.

4. Does the essay highlight any stories or examples of resilience in the face of cancer?

Yes, the essay includes narratives of resilience and survival, offering inspiring stories that can motivate and uplift students, showing that cancer is conquerable.

5. Can students share this essay on World Cancer Day with others, and how can it be used beyond World Cancer Day?

Absolutely, students are encouraged to share the essay widely. It serves as a resource for awareness not just on World Cancer Day but throughout the year, offering timeless insights into the ongoing fight against cancer.

Breast Cancer - Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that develops from breast tissue. Essays on this topic could explore the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of breast cancer. Additionally, discussions might delve into the psychological and social impact of breast cancer on patients and their families, the ongoing research towards finding a cure, and the broader societal awareness and support systems available for those affected. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about Breast Cancer you can find at Papersowl. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Micro Needle Thermocouple for Detection of Breast Cancer

Hundreds and thousands of people are affected by cancer each year; it is one of the most fatal diseases and a leading cause of death and disability for humans (Iranifam 2014). There are several types of cancer than can affect different areas of the body, some being less life-threatening than others. A vast amount of patients suffer from late diagnosis or recurrence of their disease in spite of all the advances in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Modern cancer […]

The Role of Histology in the Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is an uncontrolled growth of breast cell that can be benign, not dangerous, but it can also metastasize and invade different and distant tissues in our body. Breast Cancer is the most common cancer in female of any age and although the risk increases, as you get older, many different factors affect the chance of a woman to get breast cancer. I chose this specific topic because breast cancer is something that I’ve dealt with in my personal […]

Corporate Social Responsibility against Cancer

Abstract As an assistant manager at Kenta Law Firm, based in Monroe, I intend to collaborate with the Susan B. Komen Foundation a non-organization corporation that is interested in reducing issues of breast cancer among women. Kenta law firm has noted that a significant populace of Monroe’s youth especially women and young children specifically those who are homeless are suffering from breast cancer. In this CSR partnership, our law firm will collaborate with the Susan B. Komen Foundation in addressing […]

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Why is Screening for Breast Cancer Important

The impact this disease has, on not only the individual but the people around them, is powerful. Even though the tests show cancer, I am thankful that I had the annual test. It is true that stress, anxiety, and money can be saved by waiting until the age of 50 years old because of misinterpretation and overdiagnosis. However, early detection is the key to success in the battle against breast cancer. There are many different options for detection scans that […]

Breast Cancer: Casuses and Treatment

Cancer is defined as “when the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.” (“What is cancer?”, 2017), caused by mutations that lead to the cell cycle to proceed, regardless if the cell is qualified to. The mutations block the use of the G1, G2, and M checkpoints in the cell cycle. These checkpoints are important in “sensing defects that occur during essential processes, and induce a cell cycle arrest in response until the defects are […]

Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy

Breast cancer is always personal. As a physician who counsels women at different steps during the healing process, I am acutely aware of this undeniable fact. Every decision she makes from the point at which she is diagnosed with breast cancer will require her focused engagement and a physician who is central to understanding her need for clarity of options. It is an intimate relationship where trust is a requirement and every woman faced with the many unknowns ahead will […]

Breast Cancer History Research Paper

Breast cancer is a disease in which most commonly occurs in all women no matter their size, shape, race, or ethnicity. About one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer every year, a fatal disease if not discovered early. Early detection of breast cancer is key so that cancerous cells found in the breast do not spread through other parts of the body. With an increasing prevalence in breast cancer today, the evolution of technology has been improved […]

New Healthcare Inventions on Breast Cancer

Abstract Background: The Ki67 labeling index (LI) for breast carcinoma is essential for therapy. It is determined by visual assessment under a microscope which is subjective, thus has limitations due to inter-observer variability. A standardized method for evaluating Ki67 LI is necessary to reduce subjectivity and improve precision. Therefore, automated Digital Image Analysis (DIA) has been attempted as a potential method for evaluating the Ki67 index. Materials and Method: We included 48 cases of invasive breast carcinoma in this study. […]

Understanding Breast Cancer

This paper will clarify what Breast Cancer is. It will explain the symptoms, treatment options, and other useful information regarding this disease. The first thing to know about Breast Cancer is understanding what it is. According to the Cancer.org website, breast cancer begins when cells in the bosom begin to spread out of control. The tumor that is formed from these cells may be detected on an x-ray or can be felt as a lump. Malignancy can advance into neighboring […]

Breast Cancer in African American Women

Summary Despite the fact that Caucasian women in the United States have a higher incidence rate of breast cancer than any other racial group, African-Americans succumb notably worse to the disease and record the highest mortality rate. To comprehend the barriers and challenges that predispose African-American women to these disparities, this research was conducted to get a better understanding from the perspective of oncologists. With diverse ethnicity and gender representation, the participation of seven medical, surgical and radiation oncologists that […]

Essential Breast Cancer Screening Techniques and their Complements

It is with great distress that each year a large number of females suffer and die from breast cancer. Medicine practitioners and researchers have been striving to save lives from breast cancer, and how they manage to do this includes two major parts—diagnosis and treatment. What comes first on the stage of diagnosis is the detection of tumor. Thus, the development of breast imaging techniques is at the highest priority for diagnosing breast cancer, and individuals’ focus is on earlier […]

Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment

The human body is made up of cells. When a cell dies the body automatically replaces it with a new healthy cell, but sometimes the cell is not healthy and grows out of control. These cells group together and form a lump that can be seen on an x-ray. Breast cancer is a tumor in the cells of person’s breast. It can spread throughout the breast to the person’s lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Sometimes it occurs […]

Breast Cancer Diagnosis

I. Executive Summary Breast cancer is concerning a large number of female individuals worldwide. This disease comes from abnormally developed breast tissue, which usually begins in either lobules or ducts of the breast. Generally speaking, breast cancer is divided into two types—non-invasive and invasive. The core criteria to distinguish in between these two types of breast cancers is the location of cancer cells. Cancer cells remain on their initial positions for a non-invasive breast cancer, whereas they grow, or “invade”, […]

Understanding a Breast Cancer Diagnosis

Breast cancer is often known as an aggressive cancer. It forms when cells grow uncontrollably in the tissues of the breast, leading to a tumor. Over 190,000 individuals are diagnosed yearly (Cancer Center). Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death, and the rate increases every year in women, and occasionally in men. Over 12 percent of women in the United States of America will face breast cancer in their lifetime. It is the most common cause of death […]

Breast Cancer in the Era of Precision Medicine

Introduction: Precision medicine is concerned with the diagnosis of patients according to their biological, genetic, and molecular status. As cancer is a genetic disease, its treatment comes among the first medical disciplines as an application of precision medicine. Breast cancer is a highly complex, heterogeneous, and multifactorial disease; it is also one of the most common diseases among women in the world. Usually, there are no clear symptoms, so regular screening is important for early detection. Scientists recently started using […]

Exome Sequencing to Identify Rare Mutations Associated with Breast Cancer Susceptibility

Abstract Background - Breast cancer predisposition has been known to be caused by hereditary factors. New techniques particularly exome sequencing have allowed/ helped us to identify new and novel variants that exhibit a phenotype. Method - In this review we discuss the advantages of exome sequencing and how it could help in understanding the familial breast cancer. In particular, we will discuss about the studies by Noh et al.(1), Thompson et al.(2), and Kiiski et al.(3), on how they have […]

A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for HER2 Breast Cancer by Nanoparticles Combined with Macrophages

Abstract:In recent years, the cell membrane bionic nanoparticles as a new drug delivery system is widely used in small molecule drugs, vaccines and targeted delivery of macromolecular drugs, because of its inherited the specific receptors on the cell membrane and membrane proteins can be used to implement specific targeted delivery, and the tumor showed a good treatment effect on the disease such as model, this topic with a huge bite cell membrane of the role of tumor capture, chemical modification, […]

Essays About Breast Cancer Breast Cancer is one of the most common cancers in women and is a disease by which the cells in the breast area grow out of control. Breast cancer tends to begin in the ducts or lobules of a breast and there are different types of cancer. In the US alone 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer at some stage in their lives. In many academic fields; from science to medicine the study of breast cancer and essays about breast cancer are required as part of the curriculum. An essay on breast cancer can seem daunting due to the amount of research and several varying scientific approaches used to talk about the topic. We offer essay examples, or research paper guidance and free essay samples.  These can be used to gauge how to approach the topic and are an informative look at all factors that contribute to breast cancer and prevention. We also factor breast cancer awareness into our essay samples and ensure essays for both university and college build a strong foundation to understanding the disease, but also draw criticism when necessary and a strong conclusion on whatever element of breast cancer the focus of the essay is on.

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Essay on Cancer

List of essays on cancer, essay on cancer – introduction, types and conclusion (essay 1 – 150 words), essay on cancer (essay 2 – 250 words), essay on cancer – for school students (essay 3 – 300 words), essay on cancer – for medical students (essay 4 – 400 words), essay on cancer – for science students (essay 5 – 500 words), essay on cancer (essay 6 – 600 words), essay on cancer – written in english (essay 7 – 750 words), essay on cancer – for ias, civil services, upsc, ips and other competitive exams (essay 8 – 1000 words).

Cancer is a disease which is related to the abnormal growth of cells in a particular part of the body. Since the last decade, cancer has become one of the most feared diseases of all times, particularly due to the difficult treatment one has to undergo and the limitations of the treatment in curing this disease during later stages of cancer.

Audience: The below given essays are exclusively written for school and college students. Furthermore, those students preparing for IAS, IPS, UPSC, Civil Services and other competitive exams can also increase their knowledge by studying these essays.

Introduction:

Cancer is a group of more than 100 diseases that can develop in almost anywhere in the body. Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

Types of Cancer:

There are various types of cancer. They include:

1] Breast cancer: This is type of cancer that forms in the cells of the breast.

2] Prostate cancer: This is type of cancer that occurs in a man’s prostate. This is a small walnut sized gland that has the duty of producing seminal fluid.

3] Lung cancer: This is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs and this occurs mostly in people who smoke.

4] Leukemia: A cancer of blood forming tissues, hindering the body’s ability to fight infection.

Conclusion:

We have seen various types of cancer but the types of cancer we have are hundreds but we had mentioned just a few. Each type of cancer comes with various symptoms and various ways of curbing it.

Cancer is a disease that has been around for centuries, but it has never had such an impact on public health as it has now. Cancer is the increase in the number of cells in human beings at an abnormal rate. Doctors have been discussing the reasons behind this increase for the past fifty years. One is tempted to think that there are no reasons behind this occurrence and that it is just a natural phenomenon, people die all the time. Right?

The thing is that the number of cancer cases has increased in the past decades and a lot of this increase is attributed to the influence of different types of radiation. Even though most of the really dangerous substances (or sources of radiation) are not allowed near people. What else can be causing such an increase in cancer cases?

Some doctors have made a discovery regarding cancer that can really help us get rid of this problem. Following down the line of the argumentation presented in the famous “China Study” more doctors are advising their patients to change their diet because it can help  in their fight against cancer. Not only that but a proper diet can also be the best prevention.

When you are a student your metabolism is young so you do not feel the bad effect of your habits as much as older people do but as we age the side effects of our bad choices will become obvious. We can teach ourselves to listen to our bodies and to prevent cancer but to do that we, first of all, have to defeat our habits.

Cancer is uncontrolled and unchecked development of abnormal cells in a part of the body. Cancerous cells develop just like another cell in the body. They, however, keep growing and can form a mass then subsequently becomes tumors. Since cells are present in every part of our body, cancer can also grow in all parts of our body.

Causes of Cancer:

One great scientific mystery in our world is the cause of cancer. Scientists from all over have tried and failed in isolating any particular action, substance or environmental factors that can lead to cancer.

However, scientists all over the world agree that cancer is caused by substances known as carcinogens. These substances are introduced to the body when we are exposed to or consume materials containing them. One of the confirmed sources of carcinogens is exposure to radiation from x-ray machines.

Cancer Treatment:

There are various ways to treat a person infected with cancer. These modes of treatment are chosen depending on the type of cancer, the stage of development and the health peculiarities of the cancer patient. In other cases, several modes of treatment are combined to treat a single patient.

Some of the modes of treating cancer are in fly highlighted below:

1. Surgery to remove Cancerous tumors from the body.

2. Radiation therapy to reduce the growth of cells.

3. Chemotherapy for destroying cancer cells.

4. Stem cell transplant.

Prevention of Cancer:

Just as there are no agreed actions, materials and exposure that causes cancer, there are no generally accepted means of preventing cancer. However, there are certain habits that can limit a person’s exposure.

Some of them are highlighted below:

1. Healthy environment and diet.

2. Reduction of exposure from the sun.

3. Keep your weight low.

4. Avoid the use of tobacco.

Early detection of cancer has been hailed as the most potent way of treating this menace. Though scientists are still in the business of searching for a cure, we as humans can prevent cancer by regular medical check-ups.

Cancer is one of the second largest fatal illnesses across the world. One of the horrific words a human being can listen to is being diagnosed with Cancer. The word Cancer brings alarm and anxiety to the listener. Cancer is the abnormal growth of cells in one part of the body which can even spread to other parts if not treated at an early stage. Neoplasms or tumour are the subset of these abnormally grown-up cells which often results in a mass or lump.

What causes Cancer?

Those agents which cause cancer are termed as Carcinogens . These can be classified into physical, chemical and biological. Physical Carcinogens include ultra violet and other ionizing radiations. Food adulterants such as aflatoxin, tobacco smoke, drinking water contaminant such as Arsenic, asbestos etc., are termed as Chemical Carcinogens. Viruses, Bacteria and other parasites which cause infections and eventually lead to Cancer are categorized under Biological Carcinogens. Ageing also causes cancer as the risk of the cellular repair mechanism weakens as we age.

Significant Symptoms of Cancer:

Some of the major symptoms of cancer include unexplained weight loss, extreme fatigue, persistent sores that do not heal, changes in the bladder and bowel movements, odd bleeding and discharges, change in voice due to cancer indication in larynx and lumps and bumps on the skin.

Preventive Measures:

Some of the risk factors which needs to be addressed to prevent cancer may include avoidance of tobacco, being overweight or obese, unhealthy eating with less vegetables and greens, physical in-activity, avoiding pollution etc. Apart from the mentioned, vaccination against HPV and Hepatitis B Virus, controlling hazards while at work, reducing exposure to ultra violet and ionizing radiation etc., can help prevent being infected by Cancer.

Assessing the type of cancer and the stage is very important because every cancer type has a different pattern of treatment from surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy . The treatment that is used to relieve the cancer patient from their pain and enhance the quality of life for the patients and their families is termed as Palliative care.

World Health Organization has partnered with UNO and other non-profit organizations to ensure every country is being made aware of the non-communicable diseases and the prevention of cancer and its control. Insights to develop Centers of Excellence to provide quality treatments and to conduct research on the carcinogenesis should be provided to governments and to help the people.

The abnormal cell growth in our body which spreads to other parts as well is what is termed as cancer. Around four lakh of people in India are known to be affected by this disease every year. More so, around half of them are not able to survive as they are usually detected in the last stages of cancer. Hence it is all the more important to educate the people about this disease and its symptoms so that it can be detected early and the lives of the people suffering from it can be saved.

Cancer can affect any body part. The part that is affected gives it the name, for instance, lung cancer which affects the lungs, skin cancer in which the skin is affected and so on. However, we can broadly divide cancer into four types. The first one is Sarcoma which is known to affect the blood vessels, bones, muscles cartilages and connective tissues. The second type of cancer is Carcinoma which affects the internal organs of the body or the skin. The third type is the Lymphoma. This cancer affects the lymph glands and the lymph nodes. The last type in which cancer can be categorised is Leukaemia which largely affects the parts forming blood such as the bone marrow.

Symptoms of Cancer:

Although no particular cause is known to trigger this disease, some activities have been associated as the cause of different types of cancer. The first and foremost is smoking. Excess smoking affects the entire respiratory system thereby leading to the onset of lung cancer. More so chewing tobacco is also attributed to giving rise to mouth and throat cancer. Similarly, alcohol is attributed to be the cause of stomach, liver and gallbladder cancer. Summarising it, all the ill habits of society and urbanisation have been attributed to this disease. Even radiations coming from X-ray machines can prove harmful and lead to cancer. That is why there are proper laws an protection in place when exposing people to these harmful radiations.

Treatments Available:

If detected in early stages, cancer can surely be curable. Surgery is one of the primary steps of curing this disease. If required, doctors remove the body part affected such as the uterus, gallbladder or the breast. Thereafter, through radiotherapy, the cancerous cells on the other affected parts of the body are killed so that they don’t spread to other parts. Chemotherapy is done using the strong chemical in order to kill the cancerous cells. Other methods such as tumour suppressing genes are used in different types of cancer as may be the need advised by the doctors. Whatever the method, it is extremely difficult to go through the pain and social stigma such as loss hair which comes alongside the treatment of cancer.

Living with this Disease:

It is indeed very difficult to live with this disease as not only this disease is not fully curable but the treatment is so tough that it scares even the toughest of individuals. We, as a society, must support the people suffering from cancer and help in their difficult times. We must not discriminate them and must understand that is already suffering a lot and must not do anything which further aggravates their sufferings.

Cancer is a severe disease in which there is abnormal growth of cell that spreads around the human body. Many people in the world are struggling with this disease. Consistently around 10 million cases are analyzed. These number of cases are expected to increase around 20 million by 2020. It turns into the most widely recognized reasons for death. Due to abnormal cell growth, it develops & affects the overall body weight. Prolonged cough and abnormal bleeding are some symptoms of this severe disease. The developed abnormal cells first make their impact on organs then slowly moved as poison. Cancer disease can be identified in the beginning periods. The medical professionals are still trying to catch this disease.

One of the main causes of cancer is smoking. Other causes include tobacco, consumption of alcohol, obesity, lack of physical activities, exposure to UV radiations, etc. Age factor and changes in genes are yet other factors that cause cancer.

Cancer has different types which can be divided into various forms:

i. Skin Cancer:

It is the most common type of cancer which can be seen in many people. Every year more than 1 million people are affected by skin cancer. Skin cancer happens due to the overexposure from the sun. The thicker ozone layers directly harms our skin, which increases the chances of skin cancer.

ii. Lung Cancer:

This type of cancer is related to the cells inside the lungs. The symptoms of this type of cancer are chest pain & sudden weight loss. It is also known as lung carcinoma. As a process of metastasis, the growth of abnormal cell growth spread inside the lungs. Smoking is a fundamental driver of Lung cases.

iii. Kidney Cancer:

Another name of kidney cancer is renal cancer. Renal Cell Carcinoma and Transitional Cell Carcinoma are the types of kidney cancer. This development of cancer happens after the age of 40 years. Smoking can twofold the danger of kidney malignant growth.

iv. Leukemia:

This cancer starts developing in the bone marrow, which leads to a high number of abnormal white cells. Acute myeloid leukemia or acute lymphocytic leukemia are the sorts of leukemia. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy can be used as the treatment for Leukemia.

Cancer Staging:

It is important to understand the staging factor of this severe disease. Diagnosis of cancer in early stages helps to tackle this disease by proper treatments. During the initial stages of cancer, proper surgeries or radiotherapy can help to overcome cancer. When the broken cancer cells move to other parts of the human body, then advance treatment is suggested by the professionals. But when a patient is in the final stages of cancer, he needs a treatment which covers his whole body. Chemotherapy is a therapy which is used to circulate the bloodstream. Professional doctors use various test techniques to identify the stages of cancer. Stages are used to describe the severity of cancer.

In the initial stage, cancer can be prevented through medication, proper surgeries and light treatment. In the advance stages of cancer, chemotherapy and radiation therapy is useful. Above all, the best way to keep cancer away is to stay away from smoking and tobacco, eat healthy food and a lot of green vegetables, and do some physical exercise daily.

It is very difficult for a cancer patient to fight with the final stages of cancer. To deal with this severe problem cancer symptoms should never be ignored. More than 70% of cases are seen only due to smoking. At every stage, it is essential that everyone must adopt a healthy diet plan & exercise daily to prevent this disease. A person who has a good and healthy lifestyle can fight with cancer more strongly.

Current trends in global health mention cancer. Cancer is currently one of the leading causes of death globally. It is an illness in which abnormal cell growth develops and affects parts of the human body as it advances, it has the potential to spread from one part of the body to the other. It is a chronic illness that imposes a great economic burden on a nation because its management is costly. Cancer occurs in different parts of the body and are classified according to where it has affected. In India, men are mostly acted by lung, oral, lip and neck cancers whereas women are affected by cervical, breast and ovarian cancer. The detection procedure varies with the type of cancer while the treatment varies with the stage of the cancer progression. Mostly early stages of cancer have better prognosis compared to late stages of cancer.

There are modifiable and non-modifiable factors that predispose an individual to cancer. Non modifiable factors include age and genetics. With an increase in age, the rate of cancer incidence increases. The genetic predisposition to cancer increases the incidences of suffering the disease. Modifiable factors include lifestyle habits like drinking and smoking tobacco which increase the incidences of lung, oral, esophageal among other cancers. Diet is also a predisposing factor especially one that is less in vitamin supplements.

Physical inactivity and obesity predispose to cancers of the colon, breast and others. Sexual activity in women with multiple sexual partners predisposes them to cervical cancer due to the transmission of HPV (Human Papilloma Virus). The environment also predisposes to cancer because of the chemicals, radicals and radiations that interact with human beings.

Detection of Cancer:

The detection varies with the type of cancer and so screening is done for each type differently. It is advisable that people get regular checkups of the whole body so that early detection facilitates effective and curative treatment. Screening of cancer is done using detailed examination of the physique, laboratory and histology tests, radiological and magnetic imaging techniques among other methods.

The campaigns against cancer advocate for early detection by teaching the public on the early signs of cancer. In breast cancer awareness for example, the public is made aware of physical examination of the breast and if they detect any abnormal growth or lump, they are to seek further investigation. Early detection is important because it results in successful treatment. In the detection, the cancer staging is done, which is usually four stages, stage one, two, three and four. Stage one has the best prognosis whereas stage four has the poorest prognosis.

Treatment of Cancer:

Once cancer is detected, a range of treatment options is provided. Treatment depends on the types of cancer and the staging. It can be treated by surgery whereby excision of the abnormal growth is done. Surgery is done for non-hematological cancers and those that have not metastasized to other parts of the body. An example of surgery is mastectomy to treat breast cancer.

Chemotherapy is another treatment option that involves the administration of anticancer medication that eliminate the abnormal cells in the body. Another treatment option is radiation therapy that uses ionizing radiations to destroy cancer cells. Radiation is also used to make tumors small. It is used to treat solid tumors and it depends on the sensitivity of the tumor to the radiations. It is targeted at the nucleic acid destruction in the tumor cells.

Consequences of Cancer:

Cancer is a chronic illness that could result in very serious consequences even with treatment. Cachexia is the extreme wasting of the body that causes death in cancer patients. Economic burden to both the individual and the nation is experienced in cancer treatment because the treatment modalities are costly. The economic burden results in decline of the nation’s economy and increased healthcare costs to the population.

Mental illnesses result from cancer because it is a terminal illness and most patients become mentally unstable upon diagnosis. The quality of health is affected in a country when there is high incidences of cancer and the performance is greatly affected, which cause poverty and economic crisis for individuals.

Cancer is a serious illness that impacts the lives of people and the nation negatively. It is evident that cancer has diverse treatment options but the problem is that people do not go for checkups. Checkups are important in early detection, which usually results in successful treatment and less burden of cancer in a nation and in individuals.

Cancer is basically an agglomeration of various diseases that involves the abnormal growth of cells with the ability to spread or invade other body parts. Cancers are quite different from benign tumours in that the latter does not spread or invade other body parts. Some of the many symptoms and signs of cancer include abnormal bleeding, a lump, weight loss that is unusual, prolonged cough and bowel movement change. Even though these listed symptoms and signs of cancer, they might be caused by other things so it is necessary to be diagnosed. Today, we have more than 100 various kinds of cancer that affect us humans.

History of Cancer:

It is believed that cancer has been in existence for a majority if not all of the history of man. Breast cancer was the first form of cancer that was recorded and this happened around 1600 BC in Egypt. Between 460 BC and 370 BC, Hippocrates spent time analysing various types of cancer and referred to them as crayfish or crab. The name was as a result of the crab-like look of the malignant tumour and the lateral extension of the distended veins and tumours.

Factors Causing Cancer:

It has been discovered that the major cause of deaths as a result of cancer is the use of tobacco and it accounts for about 22 percent of the total number of deaths due to cancer. Poor diet, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption and a lack of exercise and physical activities accounts for another 10 percent of deaths caused by cancer. Some other causes and factors that contribute to cancer include environmental pollutants, ionizing radiation exposure and certain infections.

In most developing countries, infections like hepatitis B, Helicobacter pylori, papillomavirus infection of humans, Hepatitis C, HIV and Epstein Barr contribute to fifteen percent of all cancers. All of the factors listed above change the cell genes. There are always a lot of genetic changes before the development of cancer. About 10% of all cancers are as a result of genetic defects that are inherited from a parent. Asides the symptoms and signs that are used to detect cancer, screening tests are also a good way of detecting cancer. Cancer is normally thoroughly investigated using medical imaging; it is then confirmed through biopsy.

Development of Cancer:

A tumour or neoplasm is a collection of cells which have gone through growth that is not regulated and most times form a lump or mass. Every tumour cell exhibits the six important characters that are necessary for the production of the malignant tumour.

The six characteristics are:

1. Cell division and growth without all the signals that are proper.

2. Continuous division and growth even though the signals given are contrary.

3. Cell death that is usually programmed is avoided.

4. The divisions of the cell are quite limitless in number.

5. The construction of blood vessel is promoted.

6. The tissues are invaded and metastases are formed.

Cancer Prevention:

The prevention of a lot of cancers can be ensured by trying to maintain a weight that is healthy, not smoking, consuming a lot of whole grains, fruits and vegetable, avoiding the consumption of a lot of alcohol, reduction in the amount of red and processed meat that is consumed, getting vaccinated against some infectious diseases and the avoidance of too much exposure to sunlight. It is sometimes useful that there is early detection in cases of colorectal and cervical cancer and this can be achieved through screening. The usefulness of breast cancer screening is highly controversial.

The treatment of cancer is usually done by combining surgery, radiation therapy, targeted therapy and chemotherapy. A very important element of care is the management of symptoms and pain. In cases of advanced disease, palliative care is of utmost importance. The extent of the disease at the commencement of treatment and also the form of cancer that is involved go a long way to determine the odds of survival. Using the adopted survival rate at five years, children that were under the age of 15 when they were diagnosed have an average rate of survival of 80% in most developed countries. In the US, the average rate of survival for the five year period is 66%.

90.5 million  people were living with different cancers in 2015. It has been reported that every year, close to 15 million reports of new cancer cases are filed. These do not include the cases of skin cancer. Cancer results in more than eight million deaths every year which is about 15.7% of the total number of deaths every year.

In males, prostate cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer and colorectal cancer are the most widespread cancer types. In females, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer and lung cancer are the most widespread cancer types. Apart from melanoma, if we include skin cancer in the amount of new cases of cancer every year, it is going to be 40% of the total number of cases.

Brain tumours and lymphoblastic leukemia that is acute are the most widespread cancer types in children but in Africa, lymphoma that is no-Hodgkin is the most widespread. The total number of children that are under the age of 15 that ended up being diagnosed with one type of cancer or the other in 2012 is around 165,000.

With an increase in age, it has been seen that the risk of getting cancer also increases significantly and the number and occurrence of cases of cancer in developed countries in more than the number and occurrence of cancer cases in other countries. The change in lifestyle and increase in the number of people living to a very old age in countries that are developing contributes to the increase in the rate of the occurrence of cancer. Cancer is believed to have a financial cost of up to 1.16 trillion dollars every year.

Cancer can be extremely dangerous when it is not discovered early and when adequate and proper care and attention is not given to the treatment. Therefore it is very important to go for regularly screening to find out if there is need for caution or treatment.

Cancer , Diseases , Health

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Living on Scan Time: My life after a cancer diagnosis

Ever since the murky hour when, through an ethereal fog, I made out the silhouette of my surgeon beside the bed where I lay tethered to tubes, ever since I heard him utter the words, “Turns out it was cancer; I was really surprised,” and I pressed my hand to where half my lung used to be, I have been living in Scan Time.   Scan Time is time reordered, narrowed, heightened. Scan Time is time abbreviated, shrunken to digestible, perceptible segments. It comes in the immediate wake of finding out you have cancer—in my case, lung cancer. Now that my tumor and a good chunk of lung have been removed, watchkeeping—scans every three to six months, for at least five years—is my first line of defense against its return.   Appointments are made a half year out; the date on the calendar becomes your benchmark, the point as far in the distance as you will let yourself see. The screens in the waiting rooms at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center flash with a digital message: Scanxiety? We understand that waiting for scans can be hard. Call our social work team now. Everyone grasps that whatever the future is, it hinges on what they find when the all-seeing machine—a Goliathan O-ring that swallows you whole—peers deep inside your body.   You are told not to move once you climb onto the hard plastic bed that makes me think sarcophagus , especially as it glides eerily into the shadowed encasement. And then comes this contender for the world’s most redundant instruction: “Hold your breath,” the disembodied words piped in from what seems an otherworldly station.   In lieu of breathing, you pray mightily that no new ghostly suspicions emerge. And then you wait. And wait.   Should the all-clear be granted, you are etch-a-sketched back to a clean slate.   Scan Time: the lease on your life, meted out in six-month installments.   Turns out, it’s something of a blessing, one that sharpens the focus on the miracle of each moment, peels away the anesthetization to time that, for most of us, is default mode. We live, most of us, thinking ours is a timeline that extends into the far-off far off. And that dulls the noticing of each never-again day.   But when you’re told you’ve got cancer, when you feel the iron weight of that sentence fall with a thunk on your every breath, the bracketed finiteness of time—of life itself—now doled out in measures of half a year per dose, it amplifies everything. Each pulsebeat of living is magnified, glorified. It’s time distilled to its most sacred concentration.   And it draws out a knowing that’s deep and profound, one that’s not too dissimilar to an ancient spiritual practice that understands the holiness in contemplating our death. Or, in my case, contemplating the reduction of time, the days I count on my half-year watch. At first glance, that might sound morbid. But it’s emphatically the opposite.   Memento mori is the age-old practice of remembering that you will die. It’s an ancient philosophical thread, a spiritual practice woven across time and traditions (be they moral or religious traditions) from early Stoicism to medieval Christianity, from ancient Judaism to the central teachings of Buddhism.

St. Benedict of Nursia, in his sixth-century book of precepts known simply as the Rule, exhorted his monks to “keep death daily” before their eyes. It’s an awareness that winds its way through most world religions, although barely so in the West, where we do all we can to push away any whiff of dying or death.   To understand that our days are not infinite, not a bottomless pour, spilling one after another so dizzyingly that we are numb to each dawn’s awakening, is to tight-squeeze our focus on how precious this time of ours is. Pope Francis, in his apostolic exhortation “Laudate Deum,” posed three critical questions: “What is the meaning of my life? What is the meaning of my time on this earth? And what is the ultimate meaning of all my work and effort?”   Those questions take on an inescapable edge when held up in six-month increments. We’re a simpler people than we sometimes pretend. We’re keener at grasping hard truths when they’re pressed up against us. Cancer presses hard truths. Scan Time sharpens focus, propels us deep into seizing the day. Seizing each blessed day.   Once upon a time, I was a nurse who took care of kids with all sorts of cancers. Back in the days before scanners were part of every oncologist’s medical tool kit, I remember more than anything how those kids somehow eclipsed the cancer in their lives. They shoved it out of the viewfinder, didn’t let it intrude on however many days were counted in their too-short lives. Theirs was an innate genius—not a day dithered away—that echoes across the decades.   I remember how kids with an amputated leg and a hospital-issued pair of crutches clocked how swiftly they could race down the hall, without crashing into medicine carts­­—or their nurses. Or how, as soon as the retching from chemo ended, they’d order up midnight pizzas and hunker down in the supply closet for a tête-à-tête with their IV poles and their bald co-conspirators. Or how, one Halloween, one of my favorites, a 12-year-old with a tumor lodged in her spine that left her paralyzed from the waist down, didn’t let that stop her from slopping papier-mâché all over her bedsheets, as she crafted me a green, tempera-painted pumpkin head and crowned me her Irish Pumpkin Queen.   Those children made time count. And they didn’t need scans to prompt it. All these years later, I draw on their wisdom, though I lean on the scanner—a machine that might see what is inside me but not what lies down the road.   Scan Time, I’ve realized, propels me to live sacramentally, to hold time to the light, to behold its shimmering brilliance, the facets of my life I consider most indispensably sacred. And to enfold myself in each anointed hour.

I might be mesmerized by a butterfly. Might sit down to pen that long-overdue confession. Might devote my perishable days to those few souls I cannot bear to leave behind, revel in the litany of whimsies we’ve long promised we’d get to, indulge with abandon. Or maybe I’ll travel to pockets of the world where my heart and my hands—and my long-expired nursing license—might be put to good use.   Scan Time is palliative, too; it offers something of a balm. Where the arithmetic of five-year-survival rates sets me to trembling as I weigh cold, hard probabilities, I’m washed in some iteration of calm when I set my sights on half a year at a time. Like a mountain climber trekking past mile marker after mile marker, I keep my eyes on the immediate path and don’t try to peek around circuitous, unseeable bends.   Yet underpinning each round is the knowing this might be the last, the one with expiration. One of these rounds, you suppose, the call won’t be so freeing. And time then will shift again. Day after day the distilling comes, until each last minute holds all that you love, all that desperately matters.

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Journal of Materials Chemistry B

Radioactive hybrid semiconducting polymer nanoparticles for imaging-guided tri-modal therapy of breast cancer.

Due to the rapid progression and aggressive metastasis of breast cancer, its diagnosis and treatments remain a great challenge. The simultaneous inhibitions of tumor growth and metastasis are necessary for breast cancer to obtain ideal therapeutic outcomes. We herein report the development of radioactive hybrid semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNH) for imaging-guided tri-modal therapy of breast cancer. Two semiconducting polymers are used to form SPNH with a diameter of around 60 nm via nano-coprecipitation and they are also labeled with iodine-131 (131I) to enhance the imaging functions. The formed SPNH show good radiolabeling stability, excellent photodynamic and photothermal effect under 808 nm laser irradiation to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) and heat. Moreover, SPNH can generate 1O2 with ultrasound irradiation via their sonodynamic property. After tail intravenous injection, SPNH can effectively accumulate into subcutaneous 4T1 tumors of living mice as verified via fluorescence and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. With the irradiation of tumors using 808 nm laser and US, SPNH mediate photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) to kill tumor cells. Such a tri-modal therapy leads to an improved efficacy in inhibiting tumor growths and suppressing tumor metastasis compared to the sole SDT and combinational PDT-PTT. This study thus demonstrates the applications of SPNH to diagnose tumors and combine different therapies for effective breast cancer treatment.

• This article is part of the themed collections: Journal of Materials Chemistry B HOT Papers and Journal of Materials Chemistry B Emerging Investigators 2024

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J. Gu, D. Cheng, H. Li, T. Yu, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, X. Wang, X. Lu and J. Li, J. Mater. Chem. B , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D4TB00834K

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Two decades of studies suggest health benefits associated with plant-based diets

But researchers caution against broad diet recommendations until remaining knowledge gaps are filled.

Vegetarian and vegan diets are generally associated with better status on various medical factors linked to cardiovascular health and cancer risk, as well as lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and death, according to a new review of 49 previously published papers. Angelo Capodici and colleagues present these findings in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on May 15, 2024.

Prior studies have linked certain diets with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. A diet that is poor in plant products and rich in meat, refined grains, sugar, and salt is associated with higher risk of death. Reducing consumption of animal-based products in favor of plant-based products has been suggested to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, the overall benefits of such diets remain unclear.

To deepen understanding of the potential benefits of plant-based diets, Capodici and colleagues reviewed 48 papers published between January 2000 and June 2023 that themselves compiled evidence from multiple prior studies. Following an "umbrella" review approach, they extracted and analyzed data from the 48 papers on links between plant-based diets, cardiovascular health, and cancer risk.

Their analysis showed that, overall, vegetarian and vegan diets have a robust statistical association with better health status on a number of risk factors associated with cardiometabolic diseases, cancer, and mortality, such as blood pressure, management of blood sugar, and body mass index. Such diets are associated with reduced risk of ischemic heart disease, gastrointestinal and prostate cancer, and death from cardiovascular disease.

However, among pregnant women specifically, those with vegetarian diets faced no difference in their risk of gestational diabetes and hypertension compared to those on non-plant-based diets.

Overall, these findings suggest that plant-based diets are associated with significant health benefits. However, the researchers note, the statistical strength of this association is significantly limited by the many differences between past studies in terms of the specific diet regimens followed, patient demographics, study duration, and other factors. Moreover, some plant-based diets may introduce vitamin and mineral deficiencies for some people. Thus, the researchers caution against large-scale recommendation of plant-based diets until more research is completed.

The authors add: "Our study evaluates the different impacts of animal-free diets for cardiovascular health and cancer risk showing how a vegetarian diet can be beneficial to human health and be one of the effective preventive strategies for the two most impactful chronic diseases on human health in the 21st century."

• Diet and Weight Loss
• Diseases and Conditions
• Colon Cancer
• Endangered Plants
• Veterinary Medicine
• Colorectal cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Polyphenol antioxidant
• Stomach cancer
• Cervical cancer
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Story Source:

Materials provided by PLOS . Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference :

• Angelo Capodici, Gabriele Mocciaro, Davide Gori, Matthew J. Landry, Alice Masini, Francesco Sanmarchi, Matteo Fiore, Angela Andrea Coa, Gisele Castagna, Christopher D. Gardner, Federica Guaraldi. Cardiovascular health and cancer risk associated with plant based diets: An umbrella review . PLOS ONE , 2024; 19 (5): e0300711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300711

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