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• Correspondence
• Published: 04 October 2023

The expectations and requirements of research papers in electronics

• Mario Lanza   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4756-8632 1  

Nature Electronics volume  6 ,  page 718 ( 2023 ) Cite this article

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With micro- and nanoelectronic devices and circuits, the most important technical requirements are related to performance metrics (mobility and subthreshold swing for transistors, and switching energy and endurance for memristors), reproducibility (yield, variability, reliability and stability) and fabrication processes (the use of a competitive device structure and size, the use of industry-compatible materials and the feasibility of scaling to the wafer level) 1 , 2 . But expecting authors of a research manuscript to fulfil all the potential requirements is unfair. The reason being that no other article published in any journal has ever accomplished such a thing. Nevertheless, referees can, on occasion, have unrealistic expectations — and demands — for an individual research paper. Here I highlight key technical issues that are often raised during the peer-review process of such papers.

Industry, which relies on silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology, typically avoids the use of materials with high diffusivity (silver, gold and iridium) because they could contaminate adjacent devices. However, this point needs to be considered in the right context because the materials allowed in each fabrication step of a microchip are different. In the front-end-of-line (FEOL), the restrictions are much more stringent because the contaminants could arrive at (and short) the transistors; in the back-end-of-line (BEOL), these restrictions could be much more relaxed because the distance to the transistors is higher and anti-diffusion barriers are often employed at the interface between the field oxide and the metallic interconnections. There are, for example, commercial memories that use iridium electrodes in the BEOL 3 , and gold liners are often used at the last metallization layer 4 . Companies also often employ gold electrodes in their prototypes 5 , 6 . Therefore, from a technical point of view, it all depends on where the device is integrated in the microchip.

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International Roadmap for Devices and Systems More Moore (IEEE, 2020); https://irds.ieee.org/editions/2020

International Roadmap for Devices and Systems Beyond CMOS (IEEE, 2020); https://irds.ieee.org/editions/2020

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Automotive Standard Analog: Robustness and Performance (STMicroelectronics, 2022); https://go.nature.com/3rpWeXs

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Saitoh, M. et al. In IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) 375–378 (IEEE, 2020); https://doi.org/10.1109/IEDM13553.2020.9372106

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The Role of Microprocessors in Future Automotive Electronics 901131

After the introduction to automotive electronics in the mid 1970s, microprocessor-based automotive technology matured quickly in the 1980s as semiconductor manufacturers and automotive designers learned to work together to solve ever more challenging automotive problems. As we enter the 1990s, it is clear that microprocessor technology has become an essential technology for future automotive electronics. As advances in semiconductor technology allow more functions on a single chip, issues of reduced design cycle times have become a serious challenge. This paper explores these and other problems and discusses how semiconductor and automotive manufacturers can work together to develop solutions .

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Automotive Electronics: Microprocessors “Under the Hood”

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Open Call for Papers on Automotive Electronics

The increasing use of electrical systems and electronic sensors and devices in vehicles and automobiles has resulted in new developments for vehicle application. Primary electronic systems found in automotive designs, inclouding critical systems, are developed to ensure better performance, reduced operating cost, and higher lifetime of future automotive systems. However, research on advanced automotive electronic technologies is still much required to design a new generation of vehicles more environmentally friendly, safer and easy to drive.

The IEEE VTM automotive electronics area is divided into three major sections:

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This journal area aims to be a leading peer-reviewed platform and an authoritative source of original technical and research contributions in automotive electronics and its related industry drivers, such as cost, reliability, and systems integration.

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Vehicular electronic components, sensors and actuators development Automotive and vehicle sensors and actuators, vehicle sensors network architecture, passive and semiconductor components, control units, operation management, digital modules in control units, air flow sensor, brake assist sensors, temperature sensors, electromechanical parking brake sensors, parking sensors, electronic throttle control, sensors and actuators in the electronic fuel injection system, vehicles electric and electromechanical actuators.

Automotive electronic system design, modeling and control Vehicle system architecture, vehicles controllers, active chassis systems, collision avoidance systems, convenience and safety systems, cruise control, data processing, vehicle On-Board Diagnostics (OBD), antilock braking system (ABS), traction control system (TCS), electronic brake distribution (EBD), electronic stability program (ASP), parking assistance (PA), automatic transmissions, collision avoidance, positioning and navigation, automotive communication protocols, automotive bus systems, communication network architectures.

Vehicle powertrain and energy storage systems development, control and management Engine control, Electrical aspects of hybrid and electric powertrains, including the design, modeling, control, and management. Battery and other energy storage devices including hydrogen technologies and recharge infrastructures. Vehicle dynamics, engine and electric propulsion systems, active differentials, regenerative braking, parallel, series and mild hybrid electric vehicle design, practical considerations, and specification of new trends in automotive powertrains including 48-volt systems.

Field Emission Electronics

• © 2017
• Nikolay Egorov 0 ,
• Evgeny Sheshin 1

Saint Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg, Russia

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MIPT , Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, Russia

• Describes the practical construction and applications of field emission cathodes and devices
• Presents the different types of field emission cathodes
• Discusses interdisciplinary questions
• Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics (MICROELECTR., volume 60)

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Table of contents (8 chapters)

Front matter, basic principles.

• Nikolay Egorov, Evgeny Sheshin

Experimental Equipment and Technique

Modern developments in theoretical research of field emission, simulation of structure and parameters of field emission cathodes, field emission cathodes, carbon-based field-emission cathodes, computation of field-emission cathode-based electron guns, field emission cathode-based devices and equipment, back matter.

• Field Emission Cathode
• Electron Gun
• Field Emission Cathode Devices
• Field Emission from Carbon Nanomaterials
• Field-emission cathode-based electron guns

About this book

This book is dedicated to field emission electronics, a promising field at the interface between “classic” vacuum electronics and nanotechnology. In addition to theoretical models, it includes detailed descriptions of experimental and research techniques and production technologies for different types of field emitters based on various construction principles. It particularly focuses on research into and production of field cathodes and electron guns using recently developed nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes. Further, it discusses the applications of field emission cathodes in new technologies such as light sources, flat screens, microwave and X-ray devices.

Authors and Affiliations

Nikolay Egorov

Evgeny Sheshin

About the authors

Nikolay Egorov is Doctor of Science in physics and mathematics, professor and head of the department of Electromechanical and Computer Systems Modelling in St.Petersburg State University. He’s an author of more than 300 research papers, 4 monographies. He’s a cavalier of Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" of II class, laureate of St.Petersburg University prize for best research and medal of honour of  German national organization for hydrogen and fuel technologies (NOW). He’s also a member of the International Steering Committee of the International Vacuum Electron Sources Conference (IVESC) and the editorial board of HYdrogen - POwer THeoretical and Engineering Solutions International Symposium (HYPOTHESIS).

Bibliographic Information

Book Title : Field Emission Electronics

Authors : Nikolay Egorov, Evgeny Sheshin

Series Title : Springer Series in Advanced Microelectronics

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56561-3

Publisher : Springer Cham

eBook Packages : Physics and Astronomy , Physics and Astronomy (R0)

Copyright Information : Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Hardcover ISBN : 978-3-319-56560-6 Published: 09 June 2017

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-319-85942-2 Published: 02 August 2018

eBook ISBN : 978-3-319-56561-3 Published: 01 June 2017

Series ISSN : 1437-0387

Series E-ISSN : 2197-6643

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XIV, 568

Number of Illustrations : 307 b/w illustrations, 21 illustrations in colour

Topics : Electronic Circuits and Devices , Electronics and Microelectronics, Instrumentation , Optical and Electronic Materials , Nanotechnology and Microengineering , Semiconductors

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Liquid adhesives market to reach $56.7 billion, globally, by 2033 at 4% cagr: allied market research.

The global liquid adhesives market is driven by rise in industrial growth. One of the primary drivers of the liquid adhesives market is industrial growth. As industries expand, there is a proportional increase in the demand for bonding materials. Liquid adhesives find extensive applications across diverse sectors, including automotive, aerospace, construction, electronics, packaging, healthcare, and consumer goods. Expansion of manufacturing activities in these industries drives the consumption of adhesives for bonding various substrates such as metals, plastics, composites, and ceramics.

WILMINGTON, Del. , May 14, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Allied Market Research published a report, titled, " Liquid Adhesives Market  by Formulation (Water-based, Solvent-based, and Others), Substrate (Paper, Plastic, Glass, Wood, and Others), and End-User Industry (Automotive and Transportation, Building and Construction, Electronics, Packaging, Medical, and Others): Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2023-2033" . According to the report, the "Liquid Adhesives Market" was valued at $38.3 billion in 2023, and is estimated to reach $56.7 billion by 2033, growing at a CAGR of 4% from 2023 to 2033.

Prime determinants of growth

The global liquid adhesives market is driven by rapid technological advancements. Technological advancements play a pivotal role in driving innovation in the liquid adhesives market. Manufacturers continuously invest in R&D to enhance the performance characteristics of adhesives, including bonding strength, flexibility, durability, curing time, and environmental sustainability.

For instance, the development of hybrid and reactive adhesives that combine the advantages of different chemistries, such as cyanoacrylate and epoxy, polyurethane, has led to superior bonding solutions suitable for diverse applications. Also, advancements in nanotechnology have enabled the formulation of adhesives with enhanced properties such as improved adhesion on difficult-to-bond substrates, resistance to extreme temperatures and chemicals, and reduced curing times.

Furthermore, the growing emphasis on sustainability and environmental regulations has spurred the development of eco-friendly adhesives with low or zero volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and reduced environmental impact. Water-based adhesives, solvent-free formulations, and bio-based alternatives are gaining traction as environmentally responsible bonding solutions. However, environmental and health issues associated with the use of liquid adhesives may restrain the growth of the liquid adhesives market.

Download Sample Pages of Research Overview: https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/request-sample/A323507

Report coverage & details:

The shaped segment to maintain its lead position during the forecast period.

By formulation, the water-based segment accounted for the largest market share  in 2023, contributing to nearly half of the global liquid adhesives market revenue. Water-based adhesives are considered environmentally friendly as compared to solvent-based alternatives as they have lower volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, reduced toxicity, and a smaller environmental footprint. Furthermore, rise in environmental awareness and stringent regulations aimed at reducing air pollution and promoting sustainable manufacturing practices have led to the adoption of water-based adhesives across various industries.

The paper segment to maintain its lead position during the forecast period.

By substrate, the paper segment accounted for the largest share in 2023, contributing to more than one fifth of the global liquid adhesives market revenue. Liquid adhesives offer versatility in bonding various substrates, including paper, cardboard, wood, fabric, plastics, and metals. Paper, being a common material used in packaging, printing, crafts, and office supplies, benefits from the adhesive's ability to bond effectively to its surface. Furthermore, liquid adhesives are typically easy to apply on paper surfaces using applicators such as brushes, rollers, or nozzles. This ease of application enables precise control over the adhesive application, facilitating clean and efficient bonding.

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The medical segment to maintain its lead position during the forecast period.

By end-user industry, the medical segment accounted for the largest share in 2023, contributing to nearly one-third of the global liquid adhesives market revenue. Liquid adhesives play a crucial role in wound closure and surgical procedures, offering alternatives to traditional sutures, staples, and tapes. Moreover, surgical adhesives provide rapid and secure wound closure, minimizing tissue trauma, reducing the risk of infection, and promoting faster healing. Furthermore, the development of biocompatible and bioresorbable liquid adhesives tailored for medical applications has expanded the use of adhesives in surgical specialties such as orthopedics, cardiovascular surgery, neurosurgery, and plastic surgery.

Asia-Pacific   to maintain its dominance by 2032.

Region-wise, Asia-Pacific held the highest market share in terms of revenue in 2023, accounting for more than two-fifth of the global liquid adhesives market and is projected to register the highest CAGR of 4.6% during the forecast period. The Asia-Pacific region is experiencing robust industrial growth, driven by factors such as rise in population, expanding middle class, increase in consumer demand, and favorable government policies. Furthermore, growing manufacturing sectors, including automotive, electronics, packaging, construction, textiles, and consumer goods, drive the demand for liquid adhesives used in assembly, bonding, packaging, and product finishing applications.

In addition, rapid urbanization and infrastructure development in countries such as China , India , Indonesia , Vietnam , and the Philippines fuel the demand for liquid adhesives in construction and building materials. Liquid adhesives are used in various construction applications, including flooring installation, tile fixing, wall paneling, insulation, waterproofing, and structural bonding, contributing to the growth of the liquid adhesive market in the Asia-Pacific region.

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Leading Market Players: -

Avery Dennison Corporation

Beardow Adams

DIC Corporation,

H.B. Fuller Company,

Henkel AG & Co. KGaA

Huntsman Corporation

Pidilite Industries Ltd

The report provides a detailed analysis of these key players in the global liquid adhesives market. These players have adopted different strategies such as new product launches, collaborations, expansion, joint ventures, agreements, and others to increase their market share and maintain dominant shares in different regions. The report is valuable in highlighting business performance, operating segments, product portfolio, and strategic moves of market players to showcase the competitive scenario.

Similar Reports:

Liquid Chlorine Market: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2021–2031

Industrial Adhesives Market: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2020–2027

Wood Adhesives Market: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2023–2032

Bioadhesives Market: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2021–2028

Liquid Hydrogen Market: Global Opportunity Analysis and Industry Forecast, 2023–2032

Allied Market Research (AMR) is a full-service market research and business-consulting wing of Allied Analytics LLP based in Portland, Oregon . Allied Market Research provides global enterprises as well as medium and small businesses with unmatched quality of " Market Research Reports " and "Business Intelligence Solutions." AMR has a targeted view to provide business insights and consulting to assist its clients to make strategic business decisions and achieve sustainable growth in their respective market domain.

Pawan Kumar , the CEO of Allied Market Research, is leading the organization toward providing high-quality data and insights. We are in professional corporate relations with various companies and this helps us in digging out market data that helps us generate accurate research data tables and confirms utmost accuracy in our market forecasting. Each and every data presented in the reports published by us is extracted through primary interviews with top officials from leading companies of domain concerned. Our secondary data procurement methodology includes deep online and offline research and discussion with knowledgeable professionals and analysts in the industry.

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SOURCE Allied Market Research

AP gets rare look as Ukraine tries to slow Russia with drones on new front

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From the sky, the Ukrainian drone unit commander had a bird’s-eye view of Russia’s renewed offensive playing out in the country’s war-ravaged northeast.

Enemy forces have captured a string of Ukrainian villages over the past few days after opening a new front along the border with the Russian region of Belgorod. In the village of Strilecha, long depopulated due to its proximity to the border, a Russian infantry unit rolled in with ease, said one drone operator.

“I saw that the infantry just walked into the village,” said Borchik. “There were a lot of them.” Members of the unit spoke on the condition that only their call signs be used in line with Ukrainian military protocols.

In many other places this week, Russian troops were locked in intense battles with Ukrainian soldiers.

Russia’s ground offensive has opened a new front and put more pressure on Ukraine’s overstretched forces, who are using bomb-laden drones to destroy military vehicles. The Associated Press had access to a position on the overstretched front lines with Ukrainian drone operators, and watched as a serviceman destroyed a Russian vehicle from afar with a remote-controlled aircraft.

Despite such blows against Russia, Ukraine is entering a two-month period expected to be its most difficult since the war began.

“This is just the beginning,” said Manul, the call sign of the Ukrainian drone operator. The AP team was allowed to spend time with the drone unit on condition that the exact location not be revealed.

A RARE LOOK Analysts paint a bleak picture. By stretching Ukrainian forces thin ahead of an expected summer offensive, Russia increases the chances of a breakthrough even if Western supplies are delivered in full.

Precious reserves were meant to halt Russia’s advance elsewhere along the 1,000-kilometer (620-mile) frontline but rotated out to stabilize the new front and limit Moscow’s advance. Now Ukrainian soldiers are concerned Russia will open more fighting along its border with Ukraine to stretch limited manpower and exploit the window of time before promised Western military aid arrives.

Meanwhile, Manul’s unit keeps watch around the clock of a highway in the Kharkiv region and dispatches drones to destroy military vehicles that are meant to bolster the Russian advance along the border.

The push against Kharkiv compels Ukraine to commit troops to defend its second-largest city, “and given the size of the Russian group of forces in the area, this will draw in reserves of critical material, from air defences to artillery,” wrote Jack Watling, RUSI’s Senior Research Fellow for Land Warfare.

THE FRONT LINE Russia can then apply pressure in other areas of the front line, including the mostly static southern front in the Zaporizhzhia region. After Ukraine commits reserves in these directions, Russia can push in further toward Donetsk and Luhansk, Watling wrote.

The capture of Donestsk and Luhansk is Moscow’s stated aim. Russia’s operation, which has seen village after village fall to Moscow’s control, is the most significant border incursion since the full-scale invasion. Russian troops have faced little resistance.

“Today I saw that the (Russian) infantry just walked into the village,” said Borchik, the drone operator of the ACHILLES battalion of the 92nd brigade.

Signs of an impending offensive were clear, Ukrainian soldiers said. A large accumulation of Russian troops, including newly formed groups, by the border signaled a fresh attack was imminent.

At the same time, improved Russian intelligence gathering managed to exploit another enduring Ukrainian disadvantage: The shortage in personnel.

SHORTAGE OF PERSONNEL When it came time to launch the offensive, Moscow knew Ukrainian forces would be spread desperately thin and have to rotate in units fighting heavy battles in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, known as the Donbas.

“We lack the infantry. Not many people mobilize,” Borchik said. “We are running out of people and crews need to be replenished.”

“Plus, the Russians have information. I don’t know how, but it’s being leaked when one brigade leaves and a new one enters. And in that moment the Russians storm in,” he said.

That was how Russian forces captured the Donetsk settlement of Ocheretyne last month. Moscow’s troops capitalized on the moment between one brigade’s departure and another’s entry, when the line is at its weakest.

With 50,000-70,000 troops amassed in the Belgorod direction, nowhere near enough to seize Kharkiv region, it is clear to Ukrainian commanders that the operation seeks to divert their forces from other parts of the frontline.

“It will significantly complicate things,” he said.

The night they arrived, the unit destroyed many light military vehicles and trucks moving along the highway. The following night, there were fewer, a sign the Russians wised up about the presence of a drone unit within firing range.

“We burned their equipment, so they are driving less now. Maybe they found another path,” he said.

ANOTHER PATH Borchik is now waiting to see what countermeasures the Russians will deploy to evade their drones.

Moscow has gained the upper hand by using electronic warfare to neutralize Ukrainian craft.

“I think they will use radio-electronic warfare here … so that we fly less,” he said. “And they will look for ways to further drag out more reserves.”

Russian troops are deploying new frequencies to evade Ukrainian jammers, while finding other ways to muffle Ukrainian drone frequencies. Recently, Russian troops unveiled tanks equipped with a shell-like contraption, ostensibly to protect it from marauding suicide drones.

“Destroying such equipment is much more difficult,” said Borchik.

Associated Press journalist Volodymyr Yurchuk contributed to this report.

For more coverage of the war in Ukraine, visit: https://apnews.com/hub/russia-ukraine

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