;
A third group of nurses who are sometimes accused of having “left” nursing (and “joined” medicine) are those who have selected advanced practice specialties. Although they are educated in schools of nursing, have nursing licenses, have “nurse” in their specialty titles (nurse midwife, nurse anesthetist, nurse practitioner, etc), and are under the jurisdiction of state boards of nursing, they are sometimes not identified with the profession. By definition, physicians and advanced nurse practitioners are not the same:
Doctors, at their core, are scientists; they study diseases and how to cure them. Nurse practitioners, at their core, are healers. The vast majority began their careers as registered nurses, and focus their care on wellness of the whole body and mind. That's not to say that doctors never take a more holistic approach to health, or that Nurse Practitioners don't use scientifically tested treatments—there's plenty of overlap—but their basic approach to patient care differs at the philosophical level. 2
In addition, their biggest professional support continues to come from nursing organizations and nurse leaders who advocate for them and for laws/regulations that allow them to practice at the top of their licenses ( Table 4 ).
While most nurse leaders recognize the natural fit between nurses and health care roles that do not quite fit the stereotypes, many members of the public do not realize the variety of ways that nursing is practiced. They might be surprised to learn that there are organizations such as The American Association of Nurse Attorneys (TAANA) and the National Nurses in Business Association (NNBA).
They may know that nursing specialties include hospice, camp, cruise ship, public health, dialysis, correctional (prison), and flight nursing. These roles are still considered hands-on. Some community members may have crossed paths with nurses who are health coaches or who serve as occupational nurses, with responsibility for the health and safety of workers in industry. It is less likely that they are aware that nurses serve as informaticists, who combine the sciences of nursing and analytics; telehealth clinicians, who triage patients and help them discern next steps for care they may need; forensic nurses, with special training in protection of evidence, who care for the victims of trauma or violence in the criminal justice system; case managers, who coordinate an individual's care across the confusing landscape of a fragmented health system; or nurse writers, who compose educational/academic materials, author articles for journals or magazines, write history books, or even develop television and movie scripts that involve health care.
Nurses perform all of these roles and more. Some are also lobbyists for patients and the professionals who care for them. Some serve on boards, where they can bring the voice of these groups to decision tables. Others have determined that their knowledge and passion for healing individuals, communities, and nations can be most influential when they serve as elected officials. Table 5 describes nurse who have served (or are currently serving in) the Congress of the United States.
was a member of the United States House of Representatives from March 1998 until January 3, 2017. She represented California's 24th District. She worked for 20 y as a nurse and health advocate for public schools. She was a strong supporter of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. She founded the Congressional Nursing Caucus and the School Health and Safety Caucus. She also co-founded, among others, the Congressional Caucus on Women's Issues, the Biomedical Research Caucus, the House Cancer Caucus, the Heath and Stroke Coalition, and the Caucus on Infant Health and Safety. |
, from the 14th District of Illinois, was elected in January 2019. Her nursing history includes working with the Medicaid Plan in Chicago, acting as senior advisor at the US Department of Health and Human Services, and assisting communities across the country to prevent and respond to disasters, bioterrorism threats, and public health issues. She has also taught advanced practice students. |
elected by the 30th District of Texas was previously the chief psychiatric nurse at the VA hospital in Dallas. She assumed office on January 3, 1993, after 16 y in that position. Before being elected to Congress, she served in the Texas State House and the Texas State Senate. She chairs the Committee on Science and Technology and sits on the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. |
There are multiple books that chronicle the history of nursing. Some record the life stories of individual nurses, such as Mary Eliza Mahoney, Edward Lynn, Clara Barton, John Hogan, Catherine McCauley, Walt Whitman, Juan Ciudad, and, of course, Florence Nightingale. Others, such as in the beautiful book by Patricia Donahue, Nursing, the Finest Art: An Illustrated History , 15 trace the history of a profession essential to the well-being of humanity.
The calendar is about to turn to the year 2020, which has been declared the Year of the Nurse and Midwife by the World Health Organization. Governments around the world have endorsed this, recognizing that the goal of universal health care will not be accomplished without these professionals. 2020 is also the 200th anniversary of the birth of Florence Nightingale and the third year of the international “Nursing Now” campaign, which has a goal of increasing worldwide health by improving the profile and status of nurses. Acknowledging the variety of roles that nurses play in their quest for universal “wellness” can help with that objective.
Today's nurses continue to use their intelligence, skill, experience, passion, and holistic concern for all people in more diverse arenas than ever before. This article is followed by a series of first-person accounts of jobs that might not, at first consideration, look like nursing roles. The nurse authors of these narratives are a very small sample of those who have pursued education and opportunities that took them away from the bedside, but who retain their identity as nurses. Every one of them speaks about how their nursing education (including training based on the Nursing Process—see Table 6 ) and experience as direct caregivers have provided the foundation for their lives and current work. They have not “left” their profession. They have carried nursing—embodied by their intellect, healing energy, love, and desire to improve the wellness of the world—with them ... because they are nurses.
I. Assessment | The nurse gathers information about the patient's psychological, physiological, sociological, and spiritual status. This is done through patient interviews, physical examinations, patient and family history, and general observation. |
II. Diagnosis | The nurse makes an educated judgment about potential or actual patient health problems. Multiple diagnoses are sometimes made for a single patient. These include present problems and risks of future problems. |
III. Planning | Nurse and patient agree on diagnoses. A plan of action is then developed. Each problem is assigned a clear, measurable goal. Nurses refer to standardized terms and measurements for tracking patient wellness. |
IV. Implementing | Nurse follows through on plans of action, which are specific to each patient. Actions include monitoring, direct care, performance of technical procedures, educating and instructing patients and family, and referring or contacting patient for follow-up. |
V. Evaluating | Nurse evaluates whether goals for wellness have been met. Possible outcomes are improvement in patient condition, stabilized patient condition, or the patient's condition deteriorated. If the patient has shown no improvement or wellness goals have not been met, the process begins again from the first step. |
diverse nursing roles; nursing process; nursing specialties
Nurse leader competencies: today and tomorrow, a complexity-informed model to guide nurse manager practice, understanding nurse perception of leader empathy, virtual nursing: the new reality in quality care, international nursing: constructing an advanced practice registered nurse....
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This sample nursing research paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted nursing profession, examining its historical development, theoretical foundations, and the current state of nursing education and practice. The paper delves into the evolution of nursing roles, the impact of significant figures in the field, and the progression towards advanced nursing practices. It also scrutinizes the ethical and legal frameworks that govern nursing, highlighting the importance of these considerations in daily practice. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges and opportunities that the future holds for nursing, including technological advancements, changes in healthcare delivery, and the ongoing development of nursing as a profession. Through a synthesis of scholarly literature, this paper aims to offer a nuanced understanding of the critical role nurses play in healthcare and the dynamic nature of nursing as it adapts to meet the changing needs of society.
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This sample nursing research paper seeks to clarify the domain of nursing within the broader context of healthcare, charting its historical progression and delineating the contemporary role of nurses within healthcare systems. Nursing, traditionally rooted in care and compassion, has evolved into a complex, evidence-based discipline integral to healthcare delivery (Alligood, 2017). Its domain extends beyond bedside care into realms of research, policy, and education, reflecting a breadth of influence on patient outcomes and healthcare efficacy.
The historical trajectory of nursing is rich and varied, with its modern form shaped significantly by the pioneering work of figures such as Florence Nightingale, whose emphasis on sanitary conditions during the Crimean War set a precedent for the integration of environmental factors in patient care (Dossey, 2010). As the profession has developed, so too have the educational and regulatory frameworks that support it, transitioning from informal apprenticeships to advanced degree programs and licensure requirements (Judd & Sitzman, 2014).
In contemporary healthcare systems, nurses function as the linchpin of patient services, providing not only direct patient care but also engaging in health promotion, disease prevention, and advocacy across a variety of settings. Their roles have expanded to include leadership positions where they influence healthcare policies and contribute to interdisciplinary teams aimed at improving healthcare quality and accessibility (Institute of Medicine, 2010). The role of nurses continues to adapt, driven by changes in healthcare needs, advances in medical knowledge, and shifts in societal expectations.
Influential figures have been instrumental in shaping the trajectory of nursing. Florence Nightingale, often revered as the pioneer of modern nursing, introduced principles of hygiene and sanitation during the Crimean War, dramatically reducing mortality rates (McDonald, 2001). Her subsequent establishment of the first secular nursing school at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London set the foundation for formal nursing education. Another seminal figure, Clara Barton, known for her role in founding the American Red Cross, emphasized the importance of nursing in public health and disaster response (Pryor, 1988). These pioneers not only advanced nursing practice but also elevated the status of nursing to a respected profession.
The emergence and development of nursing education and professional standards have further defined nursing as a critical component of the healthcare system. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the establishment of nursing schools that not only imparted technical skills but also instilled a professional ethos. The American Nurses Association, formed in 1911, and the International Council of Nurses, established in 1899, began setting professional standards and advocating for the rights of nurses and the nursing profession worldwide (Dock & Stewart, 1938). As the 20th century progressed, nursing education expanded to universities, embracing scientific research and evidence-based practice, which has continued to elevate the profession’s standards and scope of practice.
The theoretical underpinnings of nursing serve as the scaffolding for the profession, offering guidance and a framework for nursing practice, research, and education. Florence Nightingale’s Environmental Theory, which emphasizes the importance of the patient’s environment in healing, laid the groundwork for modern nursing theory (Nightingale, 1860). Subsequent nursing theories have expanded on this foundation, integrating concepts from health, personhood, environment, and nursing itself. For instance, Virginia Henderson’s Need Theory focuses on the nurse’s role in assisting patients to achieve independence and wholeness through the fulfillment of basic human needs (Henderson, 1966).
The utilization of these theories in clinical practice is not merely academic; it directly influences patient care. Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, for instance, centers on the relationship between patient and nurse and proposes that caring can promote health better than a simple medical cure (Watson, 1979). This theory has been employed in various healthcare settings, shaping patient-nurse interactions by fostering a holistic approach to care that encompasses physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being.
The progression from basic nursing practice to advanced practice is also deeply intertwined with theoretical knowledge. Advanced practice nurses, including nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, and nurse anesthetists, draw upon a rich theoretical foundation to inform their decision-making and practice. For example, Patricia Benner’s Novice to Expert Theory outlines the stages of clinical competence, providing a framework for the continual growth and development that characterize the journey from novice nurse to expert practitioner (Benner, 1984). This theoretical model not only guides nurses in their personal professional development but also underscores the value of experience and education in delivering high-quality, nuanced patient care.
In essence, nursing theories are not static constructs but are dynamic and integral to the ongoing development of nursing as a science and an art. They provide a lens through which nurses can understand their practice, contribute to patient outcomes, and advance the field of nursing.
Educational pathways and licensing for nurses.
The educational journey for nurses is a cornerstone of the healthcare profession, ensuring that the individuals caring for patients possess the necessary knowledge and skills. This journey typically begins with foundational programs that lead to initial licensure. Prospective nurses may choose between several educational pathways, such as diploma programs, which historically were the most common route, associate degree programs (ADN), which offer a balance of time-efficiency and thorough preparation, and bachelor’s degree programs in nursing (BSN), which have become increasingly favored in recent years (Institute of Medicine, 2010). The BSN programs, in particular, are gaining prominence due to research indicating that a higher level of education among nursing staff is correlated with better patient outcomes, including lower mortality rates and improved quality of care (Aiken et al., 2014). Following the completion of these academic programs, graduates must successfully pass the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX-RN for registered nurses) to practice as licensed professionals. This examination serves as a critical gatekeeper, ensuring that all practicing nurses meet a standardized competency level to provide safe and effective patient care.
The field of nursing is one characterized by lifelong learning, with ongoing education seen as both a professional responsibility and a personal commitment to excellence in patient care. Advanced practice nurses (APNs), including nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, nurse anesthetists, and nurse midwives, often require a master’s degree (MSN) or doctoral degrees (DNP or PhD) to specialize and practice independently or in advanced roles (Institute of Medicine, 2010). Specialized areas such as pediatrics, gerontology, oncology, and cardiac care not only require advanced knowledge but also specific clinical skills that are often acquired through additional certification programs and clinical practice hours. These specialized roles are integral to the healthcare system, providing targeted care that addresses the specific needs of diverse patient populations. The demand for specialization is anticipated to grow, particularly as healthcare becomes more complex and the population ages, necessitating a workforce adept in specialized care (Buerhaus et al., 2017).
The role of professional nursing organizations is pivotal in fostering a nurse’s career development. These organizations, such as the American Nurses Association (ANA), Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI), and the International Council of Nurses (ICN), provide members with access to a wealth of resources that are essential for professional growth and development. They offer opportunities for continuing education, professional networking, and leadership development, all of which are critical for career advancement (Matthews, 2012). In addition to educational benefits, these organizations advocate for the profession’s interests, influencing policy and legislation that affect nursing practice and healthcare delivery. Active participation in these organizations can elevate a nurse’s professional profile, open doors to leadership positions, and contribute to the advancement of the nursing profession as a whole.
In conclusion, nursing education and professional development are essential components of a robust healthcare system. As the demands of healthcare evolve, so too must the educational and professional development opportunities available to nurses. Ensuring that nurses have access to quality education and ongoing professional development is critical not only for their personal career advancement but also for the provision of high-quality patient care.
The practice of nursing is deeply entrenched in ethical and legal principles that guide the profession in providing safe, compassionate, and competent care to patients. Nursing ethics, a subset of bioethics, involves dilemmas and decisions nurses must navigate in their daily practice, often relating to issues such as patient autonomy, informed consent, confidentiality, and the allocation of healthcare resources (Fry & Johnstone, 2002). Nurses are commonly faced with ethical issues like end-of-life care decisions, handling cases of potential abuse, and respecting patients’ wishes even when they conflict with the family’s desires or the healthcare team’s opinions (ANA, 2015).
Legal responsibilities in nursing practice are equally important, as nurses must operate within the boundaries of the law to protect their patients, themselves, and their employers. In the United States, for instance, nurses must adhere to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), which governs the confidentiality and security of patient health information (Annas, 2003). Furthermore, nurses are legally obligated to report any suspected abuse or neglect and must maintain a high standard of care to avoid negligence claims.
The critical nature of ethical decision-making and adherence to legal standards in nursing cannot be overstated. Ethical decision-making models can assist nurses in systematically approaching difficult decisions, allowing them to consider all aspects of a situation before taking action (Butts & Rich, 2013). The American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics provides a foundational framework for nurses to carry out their responsibilities in a manner consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession (ANA, 2015).
In essence, the convergence of ethics and law in nursing practice serves as the bedrock upon which the integrity of the profession stands. It is imperative for nurses to continually educate themselves on ethical principles and legal requirements, which are ever-changing as societal norms evolve and new health care laws and regulations emerge.
Nursing practice encompasses a broad range of responsibilities that vary significantly across different healthcare environments. In hospitals, nurses are involved in direct patient care, administering medications, monitoring vital signs, and collaborating with physicians to provide comprehensive care plans (Blegen, Goode, & Spetz, 2013). In community settings, nurses may focus more on health promotion and disease prevention, conducting screenings, and educational programs. In long-term care facilities, nurses often manage chronic conditions, support rehabilitation, and provide end-of-life care. The scope of practice is also influenced by state laws and licensure requirements, which delineate the level of autonomy a nurse has in performing procedures and making clinical decisions (Huston, 2013).
Nursing care methodologies are guided by the principles of evidence-based practice, which involves integrating clinical expertise with the best available evidence and patient preferences (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). This approach ensures that nursing interventions are not only scientifically sound but also tailored to individual patient needs. For instance, patient-centered care models emphasize the importance of understanding the patient’s experience and values, leading to personalized care plans that can result in higher patient satisfaction and better adherence to treatment recommendations.
The impact of nursing on patient care outcomes is well-documented. Research has consistently shown that higher staffing levels of nurses with baccalaureate education are associated with lower rates of hospital-acquired conditions, such as infections, falls, and pressure ulcers, and lower patient mortality rates (Aiken et al., 2014). Furthermore, the presence of advanced practice nurses, such as nurse practitioners, has been associated with improved management of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, leading to better patient outcomes (Kleinpell et al., 2014).
In conclusion, the scope of nursing practice is diverse, adapting to the unique demands of various healthcare settings. Nursing care methodologies grounded in evidence-based practice are fundamental to delivering high-quality care. The positive effects of nursing on patient care outcomes underline the importance of investing in a well-educated nursing workforce and supporting nurses in their practice to ensure optimal patient care.
Responsibilities of advanced practice nurses (apns).
Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs) are registered nurses who have achieved advanced levels of education and training. Their responsibilities extend well beyond those of a registered nurse (RN) and are characterized by a higher degree of clinical autonomy and expertise. Nurse Practitioners (NPs), one of the four primary APN roles, provide a full spectrum of healthcare services, including the diagnosis and management of acute and chronic illnesses. Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs) offer expertise in specialized areas such as oncology, pediatrics, or geriatrics, and focus on improving health care systems and outcomes. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) provide anesthesia and related care before, during, and after surgical procedures, while Certified Nurse-Midwives (CNMs) offer primary care for women, including gynecological and obstetric services (American Association of Colleges of Nursing [AACN], 2006).
APNs are expected to lead initiatives to improve health care quality and patient safety. They are involved in developing and implementing evidence-based practices, conducting research, and contributing to health policy. In primary care settings, NPs often serve as patients’ primary healthcare provider, coordinating care, counseling on preventive health measures, and managing overall patient wellness. This level of responsibility has proven particularly vital in rural and underserved urban areas, where APNs frequently serve as the most accessible health care providers (Stanley, 2005).
The contribution of APNs to healthcare delivery is substantial, with research consistently demonstrating positive patient outcomes under their care. Studies have shown that patients under the care of NPs often experience lower hospital readmission rates, shorter hospital stays, and higher satisfaction with care. Similarly, CNSs have been shown to significantly improve patient outcomes through their expert interventions and system changes in specialty and acute care settings (Begley et al., 2010).
The role of APNs extends into the management of chronic diseases, where their patient-centered approach and emphasis on education and self-care have resulted in improved management of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory diseases. Their unique blend of clinical expertise and holistic care aligns well with contemporary healthcare delivery models that emphasize patient engagement and chronic disease management (Kaplan & Brown, 2017).
The regulatory framework for APNs is complex and varies by jurisdiction. In the United States, for example, the scope of practice for APNs is determined at the state level, leading to a patchwork of regulations that can vary widely. Some states grant “full practice” status, allowing APNs to evaluate patients; diagnose, initiate, and manage treatments; and prescribe medications independently. Other states have “reduced” or “restricted” practice, requiring collaboration, supervision, or team management by another health provider, such as a physician (Pearson, 2015).
Ongoing debates regarding the scope of practice for APNs often center on patient safety, access to care, and the utilization of the full capabilities of APNs. Proponents of expanding APN practice authority argue that such measures are essential to address the shortage of primary care providers, especially in underserved areas. Conversely, opponents express concerns about ensuring consistent quality of care across diverse healthcare settings (Auerbach et al., 2012).
As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, it is likely that the roles and regulations governing APNs will also change. The future may see a greater harmonization of scope-of-practice laws to reflect the growing body of evidence supporting the safety and effectiveness of APN care. Professional organizations like the AACN and the American Nurses Association (ANA) continue to advocate for the removal of practice barriers for APNs, emphasizing the need for healthcare policy to adapt to the modern realities of healthcare delivery and to optimize the contributions of these skilled professionals.
In summary, Advanced Practice Nurses hold crucial roles in the healthcare delivery system, with their advanced clinical skills and education significantly impacting patient care outcomes. As the demand for high-quality healthcare increases, the responsibilities and autonomy of APNs are likely to expand, necessitating a regulatory environment that supports their full contribution to patient care.
The nursing profession, while deeply rewarding, is not without its challenges. Contemporary issues in nursing span a variety of complex and interrelated themes, from addressing the nursing shortage to managing the stress and burnout associated with increasingly high patient loads and administrative duties (Kovner, Brewer, & Djukic, 2009). The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted these challenges, placing unprecedented demands on nurses and the healthcare system at large.
Despite these challenges, the future of nursing is ripe with potential for innovation and growth. Technological advancements are rapidly transforming healthcare, and with it, the nursing profession. Telehealth, electronic health records, and advanced medical devices are creating new realms of practice and opportunities for improving patient care. Nurses are poised to play a crucial role in the integration and optimization of these technologies within healthcare delivery (Risling, 2017).
The prospects for professional growth and leadership within nursing are also expanding. There is a growing recognition of the need for nurses to occupy decision-making roles in healthcare policy and administration. Leadership programs and doctoral education, including the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree, are preparing nurses to lead change in healthcare, ensuring that nurses have a voice in shaping the policies and practices that affect their profession and the care of their patients (Institute of Medicine, 2010).
Furthermore, the push towards interprofessional education and collaborative practice models is creating new avenues for nurses to lead in the coordination of patient care. As patient advocates and care coordinators, nurses are uniquely positioned to bridge the gap among various healthcare disciplines, contributing to more holistic, patient-centered care (Institute of Medicine, 2010).
Nurses are also expanding their roles in public health, community outreach, and global health initiatives, addressing broader social determinants of health and working to reduce health disparities. The expertise of nurses in health promotion, disease prevention, and emergency preparedness is increasingly vital in the face of global health challenges such as pandemics, climate change, and population aging (Kovner et al., 2009).
In conclusion, while nursing faces a set of substantial challenges, the profession is also presented with numerous opportunities for innovation, growth, and leadership. The future will likely see nurses stepping into more diverse roles, leveraging technology to improve patient care, and taking on greater leadership in health policy and system design. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, the nursing profession will remain an indispensable pillar, adapting to meet the changing needs of patients and communities worldwide.
Nursing’s role in global health is both vast and essential, encompassing a wide range of activities from direct patient care to participation in policy development and implementation. Nurses are often at the forefront of international health initiatives, working with communities to address health concerns, improve access to care, and reduce health disparities. Their involvement is crucial in areas such as infectious disease control, maternal and child health, and non-communicable disease management. Global health nursing not only refers to the work done by nurses within their own countries but also includes their contributions on an international scale, such as through humanitarian relief efforts or health education programs in low-resource settings (Benton, Ferguson, & Pérez, 2016).
International nursing standards and practices are developed to ensure a consistent and high-quality level of nursing care across different countries and healthcare systems. These standards, often set by professional nursing organizations like the International Council of Nurses (ICN), guide the education, licensure, and practice of nurses globally. They serve as a framework for the delivery of culturally sensitive and evidence-based care and are integral to the advancement of the nursing profession worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) also contributes to setting global standards for nursing and midwifery, recognizing the critical role these professionals play in achieving international health goals (World Health Organization, 2020).
Cultural competence in nursing is increasingly recognized as a critical component of healthcare delivery in a globalized world. As populations become more diverse, nurses must be equipped with the skills and knowledge to provide care that respects cultural differences and values. This includes understanding how cultural backgrounds can influence health beliefs, practices, and patient interactions. Developing cultural competence involves a combination of education, self-awareness, and experiential learning, and is an ongoing process. Culturally competent nurses are better able to establish trust with patients, leading to improved health outcomes and patient satisfaction (Campinha-Bacote, 2011).
In summary, the impact of nursing on global health is profound and multifaceted. Nurses contribute significantly to healthcare delivery in diverse cultural contexts, and their role in the international healthcare landscape continues to expand. As they advocate for and implement global health initiatives, nurses are also instrumental in setting international standards and practices. Moreover, cultural competence remains a critical skill for nurses as they navigate the complexities of a global patient population. The future of global nursing is one of increased interconnectivity, cultural understanding, and collaboration across borders to meet the health challenges of the 21st century.
Leadership theories applicable to nursing.
Leadership within nursing is not just a positional role but a pivotal function that influences healthcare delivery at all levels. Various leadership theories have been adapted to the nursing context to promote effective management and guide professional practice. Transformational leadership, which fosters an inspiring vision and encourages team members to exceed their own interests for the sake of the group or organization, is particularly resonant in nursing (Doody & Doody, 2012). This leadership style aligns well with the collaborative nature of healthcare, encouraging nurses to take initiative and contribute innovatively to patient care. Similarly, servant leadership, which emphasizes the leader’s role as a caretaker who prioritizes the needs of others, including team members and patients, is another model that has proven effective in nursing settings. It promotes a people-first approach, crucial in the patient-centered environment of healthcare.
Nurse leaders are responsible for the management of healthcare teams, often navigating complex dynamics to ensure cohesive and efficient functioning. Effective team management involves conflict resolution, delegation, communication, and advocacy. Nurse administrators also play a critical role in resource management, which includes staffing, budgeting, and ensuring that the clinical setting is equipped to provide high-quality care (Marquis & Huston, 2015). They must be adept at balancing fiscal responsibility with the ethical imperative to provide the best possible patient care, which can involve making tough decisions about resource allocation in a healthcare landscape often characterized by scarcity and competing needs.
Strategic planning in nursing is essential to foster quality improvement and advance healthcare goals. Nurse leaders are integral to this process, as they help to set objectives, outline strategies, and implement plans that aim to improve patient outcomes and care delivery processes. Quality improvement in nursing can encompass a wide array of initiatives, from reducing hospital-acquired infections to improving patient satisfaction scores or streamlining discharge processes. Through the use of quality improvement models such as Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles or Six Sigma, nurse leaders can systematically analyze current practices, identify areas for improvement, and measure the impact of implemented changes (Sherwood & Barnsteiner, 2012).
In summary, nursing leadership and administration are critical to the functioning and advancement of healthcare services. Nurse leaders and administrators must be well-versed in leadership theories that can be applied effectively within healthcare environments. They are tasked with the important responsibilities of managing diverse healthcare teams, efficiently utilizing resources, and leading strategic initiatives for quality improvement. As the healthcare industry continues to evolve, the roles of nurse leaders and administrators become increasingly vital in shaping the future of patient care and nursing practice.
The integration of information technology into healthcare has had a transformative effect on the nursing profession. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have become a standard in modern healthcare facilities, significantly impacting the way nurses manage and record patient care. EHRs enhance communication between healthcare providers, improve access to patient information, and facilitate more accurate and efficient documentation (Hebda & Czar, 2013). Moreover, information technology has streamlined many processes, such as medication ordering and lab results retrieval, reducing the potential for errors and allowing nurses more time for direct patient care.
Telehealth has emerged as a rapidly expanding sector within nursing, propelled by advances in technology and the need for accessible healthcare. Telehealth nursing allows patients to receive care remotely, increasing access for those in rural or underserved areas. It also enables continuous patient monitoring and management of chronic conditions, improving patient outcomes while reducing hospital visits and readmissions (Rutledge et al., 2017). For nurses, telehealth has opened new roles and responsibilities, including serving as telehealth coordinators or specialists, requiring them to develop new skill sets for the effective delivery of remote care.
Innovation in nursing care is continually advancing, with new technologies being applied to improve patient outcomes and nursing workflows. Wearable health devices and sensors can now provide real-time data on patient vitals, allowing for immediate interventions when necessary. Robotics in nursing, although still in its early stages, is beginning to assist in tasks ranging from patient transport to surgery, potentially revolutionizing the future of nursing practice. Furthermore, artificial intelligence (AI) applications in nursing are being explored for their ability to analyze vast amounts of health data to assist in clinical decision-making (Topol, 2019).
In conclusion, technology and innovation are driving significant changes in nursing practice, offering opportunities to enhance patient care and improve the efficiency of healthcare delivery. As the adoption of these technologies continues to grow, nursing education and professional development programs will need to evolve to equip nurses with the necessary competencies to thrive in a technologically advanced healthcare environment.
Community health nursing is a vital branch of nursing that focuses on the health needs of entire populations. It operates on the principles of social justice, equity, and the social determinants of health, aiming to provide and improve access to care, particularly for the most vulnerable populations. This practice is characterized by a holistic approach that considers the multifaceted aspects of health, including physical, psychological, social, and environmental factors. Community health nurses work in various settings, from schools and community centers to homes and neighborhood clinics, delivering care that is culturally sensitive and tailored to the specific needs of the community (Maurer & Smith, 2013). They engage in comprehensive care that includes health education, advocacy, and policy development to facilitate environments that promote good health.
Nurses play an integral role in public health initiatives, often serving as the primary link between healthcare systems and communities. They are involved in designing and implementing programs that target major public health concerns such as infectious diseases, obesity, substance abuse, and mental health. Their involvement is not limited to the provision of direct care but also includes policy advocacy and collaboration with governmental and non-governmental organizations to address health disparities and influence health policy (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2015). Public health nurses may also participate in emergency preparedness and response, playing critical roles in managing and mitigating the effects of natural disasters, epidemics, and bioterrorism threats.
The strategies employed by nurses in disease prevention and health promotion are grounded in evidence-based practice and public health science. Nurses conduct screenings and immunization clinics, provide counseling and education on healthy lifestyle choices, and support chronic disease management programs. They also utilize community assessment techniques to identify health risks and develop targeted interventions that can prevent disease and promote health across populations (Allender, Rector, & Warner, 2014). By focusing on prevention, nurses contribute to the reduction of healthcare costs and the burden of disease, ultimately improving the overall health and well-being of the communities they serve.
In conclusion, public health and community nursing are essential components of the healthcare system, emphasizing prevention, health promotion, and the well-being of populations. Nurses in this field are advocates, educators, and leaders in health initiatives, committed to improving community health and shaping health policies. As society continues to face complex health challenges, the role of public health and community nurses will remain critical in fostering healthy and resilient communities.
The role of research in nursing practice development.
Research in nursing is pivotal for the development and enhancement of nursing practice. It forms the backbone of clinical decision-making, ensuring that nursing care is based on the latest and most reliable evidence. Engaging in research activities empowers nurses to validate and refine existing knowledge and to discover new insights into patient care, disease management, health promotion, and prevention (Polit & Beck, 2017). Moreover, nursing research drives the profession forward by fostering a culture of inquiry and lifelong learning among nurses. It enables practitioners to stay abreast of advancements in healthcare, thereby continually improving practices and patient care outcomes. This dedication to research also helps elevate the nursing profession by demonstrating the complexity and scientific rigor involved in nursing practice, which is critical for gaining recognition and respect from interdisciplinary team members and stakeholders.
Nursing research encompasses a variety of methods tailored to the specific questions being addressed. Quantitative research methods, such as experimental and quasi-experimental designs, provide a means to test hypotheses and establish causal relationships. Surveys and epidemiological studies are also common quantitative methods that allow for the examination of trends, attitudes, and the prevalence of health-related issues within populations. On the other hand, qualitative research methods, including phenomenology, grounded theory, and ethnography, enable researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the human experience related to health, illness, and nursing care (Creswell & Creswell, 2017). These methodologies can reveal the complexities of patient behaviors, the meanings individuals ascribe to health experiences, and the social context of health and illness.
Mixed-methods research, which combines both quantitative and qualitative approaches, has gained popularity in nursing research. This methodological approach provides a comprehensive perspective, allowing for the exploration of multifaceted health phenomena. It enables nurse researchers to address research questions with a broader scope, enhancing the depth and breadth of understanding required to inform practice. By employing a mixed-methods approach, researchers can corroborate findings across different methods, increasing the validity and reliability of the results (Creswell & Creswell, 2017).
The application of evidence-based practice (EBP) is a hallmark of modern nursing care. EBP involves a systematic process of appraising and incorporating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences. It is an ongoing, dynamic process that requires the ability to ask relevant clinical questions, search for and critically appraise the literature, implement appropriate interventions, and evaluate outcomes (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011). The use of EBP allows nurses to provide care that is not only scientifically justified but also aligned with the values and needs of patients, resulting in higher quality and more personalized care.
Nursing education programs now emphasize the importance of EBP, equipping future nurses with the skills needed to integrate research findings into their clinical practice. Furthermore, many healthcare organizations have developed EBP guidelines and protocols to standardize care and ensure that all patients receive the most effective treatments. Nurse leaders and managers play a critical role in fostering an organizational culture that values EBP, by providing resources, facilitating training, and encouraging the dissemination and implementation of research findings.
Healthcare organizations that prioritize EBP often establish dedicated roles or departments focused on research and quality improvement. These departments work to translate research findings into practice, develop policies, and evaluate the impact of care interventions on patient outcomes. They also collaborate with academic institutions and research organizations to conduct clinical trials and other research studies within the clinical setting.
Despite the recognized value of EBP, there are several challenges to its full integration into nursing practice. These include a lack of time, limited access to research resources, and insufficient training in research methods and critical appraisal skills. Addressing these barriers is crucial for the advancement of nursing practice and requires a concerted effort from educational institutions, healthcare organizations, and the nursing profession itself.
The future of nursing research and EBP is promising, with advancements in technology providing new avenues for research dissemination and education. Online databases, digital libraries, and mobile applications are making research findings more accessible than ever before. Virtual reality and simulation technologies offer innovative ways to educate nurses on EBP and to evaluate the impact of care without risking patient safety.
As nursing continues to advance as a research-based profession, it is likely that more nurses will engage in research activities and contribute to the body of knowledge that underpins nursing practice. The integration of EBP into all levels of nursing care will continue to be a priority, ensuring that patients receive care that is not only compassionate and patient-centered but also empirically sound.
In summarizing the central themes of this comprehensive examination of nursing, it is clear that the nursing profession serves as a linchpin within the health sector. From the historical context to the modern evolution of nursing practices, this paper has underscored the dynamic and essential role that nurses play in patient care and the broader healthcare system. Nurses not only provide hands-on care but also engage in critical thinking, leadership, and advocacy that shape healthcare delivery and policy (Institute of Medicine, 2010).
The scope of nursing practice, as discussed, has expanded far beyond its traditional boundaries, now encompassing advanced practice roles, a commitment to public health, and a central role in global healthcare initiatives. Nurses are at the forefront of integrating evidence-based practice into clinical settings, ensuring that patient care is guided by the best available evidence and patient values. The profession has risen to the challenge of embracing technological advancements and innovations, from telehealth to sophisticated health informatics systems, which have revolutionized the way nursing care is delivered and documented (Huston, 2013).
Looking to the future, nursing is poised to continue its trajectory of growth and influence. As the demands of healthcare evolve with an aging population, emerging global health threats, and complex chronic health conditions, the need for skilled, compassionate, and innovative nurses is more pronounced than ever. The profession must continue to advocate for advanced education, research opportunities, and practice environments that enable nurses to practice to the full extent of their education and training.
Nursing’s future will also be characterized by a continued emphasis on interprofessional collaboration, as patient care becomes more integrated and team-based. Nurses will undoubtedly take on leadership roles in these teams, utilizing their expertise in patient care coordination and holistic care to improve health outcomes and patient experiences (American Nurses Association, 2015).
In conclusion, the field of nursing is not static but continually advancing, driven by research, technological innovations, and an unwavering commitment to patient care. As this paper has demonstrated, nursing is central to the health sector, and its future trajectory is one of greater impact, with the potential to shape the face of healthcare in the years to come.
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Journal of Research in Nursing publishes quality research papers on healthcare issues that inform nurses and other healthcare professionals globally through linking policy, research and development initiatives to clinical and academic excellence. View full journal description. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
Nursing Research is a peer-reviewed journal celebrating over 60 years as the most sought-after nursing resource; it offers more depth, more detail, and more of what today's nurses demand. Nursing Research covers key issues, including health promotion, human responses to illness, acute care nursing research, symptom management, cost-effectiveness, vulnerable populations, health services, and ...
This study aimed to analyze and explore the nursing effects of integrated medical and nursing care intervention in correction surgery for children with concealed penis. Junting Li, Qifei Deng, Shengfang Zhao and Jingjing Sun. BMC Nursing 2024 23 :436. Research Published on: 26 June 2024. Full Text.
Clinical Nursing Research (CNR) is a leading international nursing journal, published eight times a year.CNR aims to publish the best available evidence from multidisciplinary teams, with the goal of reporting clinically applicable nursing science and phenomena of interest to nursing. Part of CNR's mission is to bring to light clinically applicable solutions to some of the most complex ...
The Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN) disseminates developments and advances relevant to all spheres of nursing practice. Covering all areas of nursing - community, geriatric, mental health, pediatric - this international nursing journal promotes idea sharing between different cultures to provide a rich insight into nursing intervention and models of service delivery worldwide.
1. INTRODUCTION. Nursing is the largest profession in health care, with continued growth expected over the next several years (Grady & Hinshaw, 2017).Nursing science plays a critical role in addressing health challenges, generating new knowledge and translating evidence to practice to improve patient outcomes (Grady, 2017; Powell, 2015).Furthermore, nursing science integrates biobehavioural ...
Evidence-Based Nursing systematically searches a wide range of international healthcare journals applying strict criteria for the validity of research and relevance to best nursing practice. Content is critically appraised and the most relevant articles are summarised into succinct expert commentaries, focusing on the papers` key findings and implications for nursing practice.
Applied Nursing Research presents original, peer-reviewed research findings clearly and directly for clinical applications in all nursing specialties. Regular features include "Ask the Experts," research briefs, clinical methods, book reviews, news and announcements, and an editorial section. Appli…. View full aims & scope.
Journal Announcements. The Research in Nursing & Health 2-year Impact Factor for 2022 is 2.0. Wiley, Inc. applauds the authors who published outstanding papers in 2020 and 2021 that were highly cited in 2022. Wiley, Inc. commends the editorial staff for supporting authors to publish work that merits citation.
Nursing Research and Practice focuses on all areas of nursing and midwifery. The journal focuses on sharing data and information to support evidence-based practice. As part of Wiley's Forward Series, this journal offers a streamlined, faster publication experience with a strong emphasis on integrity. Authors receive practical support to ...
Nursing Research is a peer-reviewed journal celebrating over 60 years as the most sought-after nursing resource; it offers more depth, more detail, and more of what today's nurses demand. Nursing Research covers key issues, including health promotion, human responses to illness, acute care nursing research, symptom management, cost-effectiveness, vulnerable populations, health services, and ...
Clinical research aims to deliver health care advancements that are "safe, beneficial, and cost-effective." 1 It applies a methodical approach to developing studies that generate high-quality evidence to support changes in clinical practice. This is a stepwise process that attempts to limit the chances of errors, random or systematic, that can compromise conclusions and invalidate findings ...
Background Transitions in healthcare delivery, such as the rapidly growing numbers of older people and increasing social and healthcare needs, combined with nursing shortages has sparked renewed interest in differentiations in nursing staff and skill mix. Policy attempts to implement new competency frameworks and job profiles often fails for not serving existing nursing practices. This study ...
Editor's choice. Evidence for Nurse Education. Health promotion and public health. Mental health. Nursing issues. Pain management. Research made simple. Women's Health and Midwifery. Discover the key topics collections published by Evidence-Based Nursing.
Attempts to shape nursing work have lacked understanding of how nurses contribute to healthcare, with negative consequences. For example, the recent introduction of Nursing Associate roles (Department of Health and Social Care, 2017) in the UK, ostensibly to be a compassionate, patient-facing role and reduce costs, overlooks evidence that replacing registered nurses with other providers leads ...
Introduction. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the world will need an additional 10.6 million nurses and midwives by the year 2030 (World Health Organization, 2020).Since the pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January 2020, the nursing shortage issues have been magnified and exacerbated from physical and emotional stress, and moral distress (Turale et al., 2020).
Nursing research is a growing field in which individuals within the profession can contribute a variety of skills and experiences to the science of nursing care. There are frequent misconceptions as to what nursing research is. Some individuals do not even know how to begin to define nursing research. According to Polit and Beck (2006), nursing ...
Nursing student's experiences of their clinical practice provide greater insight to develop an effective clinical teaching strategy in nursing education. The main objective of this study was to investigate student nurses' experience about their clinical practice. Focus groups were used to obtain students' opinion and experiences about their clinical practice. 90 baccalaureate nursing students ...
A nursing research paper is a work of academic writing composed by a nurse or nursing student. The paper may present information on a specific topic or answer a question. During LPN/LVN and RN programs, most papers you write focus on learning to use research databases, evaluate appropriate resources, and format your writing with APA style. You ...
Methods refer to the processes by which data are collected in the research study. A research publication should have a methods section that outlines these processes ( Singh, 2016 ). Methodology is the study of how research is done. It is the way we discover about procedures, and the way in which knowledge is gained.
Choosing a nursing research paper topic is an exciting opportunity to explore your interests, contribute to the nursing profession, and make a meaningful impact on patient care. By following these expert tips, you can navigate the process of selecting a research topic with confidence and clarity. Reflect on your interests, consider current ...
The Association for Leadership Science in Nursing (ALSN, formerly CGEAN, Council on Graduate Education for Administration in Nursing), which is "where academia and practice collaborate to advance the science of leadership in nursing.". ALSN has a focus on nursing administration and leadership as well as research at both the graduate and ...
This sample nursing research paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted nursing profession, examining its historical development, theoretical foundations, and the current state of nursing education and practice. The paper delves into the evolution of nursing roles, the impact of significant figures in the field, and the ...