It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015).
Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill.
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading. To do this, you add the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that… You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources. |
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that… In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585–586)... |
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources. : Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022). Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year – if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list. |
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Example with one author:
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Example with two or three authors:
Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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For an in-depth discussion of why citation matters and how to avoid plagiarism, see the following guide:
Looking for assistance with finding and evaluating sources? Check out this guide from the Vassar Libraries. If you have any questions about finding, evaluating, or citing sources, Ask a Librarian !
Citation styles are formats and rules established and modified by institutions and associations of scholars in various academic disciplines. Style guides contain comprehensive guidelines that cover most citation situations. Preferred citation styles vary across fields and disciplines.
APA (American Psychological Association) - prevalent in social sciences, e.g. Psychology, Education, Sociology
Chicago Manual of Style - use the Quick Guide for basic examples or see chapter 14 for examples of citations for a variety of sources
Turabian (simplified Chicago style) - used in humanities, social & natural sciences
MLA (Modern Language Association) - used in literature & other humanities
ACE (Council of Science Editors) - used in the sciences · print copy
ACS (American Chemical Society) · print copy · online
APA (American Psychological Association) - used in the sciences & social sciences
Council of Science Editors · print copy · online
Citing Government Publications · print copy · online
Citing Music Sources · Music Library Citation Styles page Chicago · MLA -->
This collection of books about writing is kept in the Main Library, Room 123, on the shelf facing the South Wing Reading Room.
Abbott, Andrew. 2014. Digital Paper: A Manual for Research and Writing with Library and Internet Materials . Chicago; London: The University of Chicago Press. Call Number: LB1047.3.A22 2014
American Psychological Association. 2010. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Call Number: Reference BF76.7 .P83 2010
Becker, Howard Saul. 2007. Writing for Social Scientists: How to Start and Finish Your Thesis, Book, or Article . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Call Number: Reference H61.8 .B43 2007
Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. 2008. The Craft of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Call Number: Reference Q180.55.M4 B66 2008
Burchfield, R.W. 1996. The New Fowler’s Modern English Usage. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Call Number: Reference PE1628 .F65 1998
Burroway, Janet, Elizabeth Stuckey-French, and Ned Stuckey-French. 2015. Writing Fiction: A Guide to Narrative Craft. Boston: Pearson. Call Number: PN355 .B79 2015
The Chicago Manual of Style 2010 . 16th ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Call Number: Reference Z253 .U69 2010
Clark, Roy Peter. 2008. Writing Tools: 50 Essential Strategies for Every Writer. New York; London: Little, Brown. Call Number: Reference PN145 .C63 2008
Coghill, Anne M. and Lorrin R. Garson. 2006. The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information. 3rd ed, Washington, D.C.: Oxford University Press. Call Number: QD8.5.A25 2006
Dillard, Annie. 1989. The Writing Life. New York: Harper & Row. Call Number: Reference PS3554.I398 Z478 1989
Fish, Stanley Eugene. 2011. How to Write a Sentence: And how to Read One. New York: Harper. Call Number: Reference PE1441 .F57 2011
Gibaldi, Joseph and Modern Language Association of America. 2003. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: Modern Language Association of America. Call Number: Reference LB2369 .G53 2009
------------------, ed. 2008. MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing . New York: Modern Language Association of America. Call Number: Reference PN147 .G444 2008
Graff, Gerald and Cathy Birkenstein. 2006. "They Say I Say": The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing. New York: W.W. Norton. Call Number: Reference PE1431 .G73 2006
Harris, Joseph. 2006. Rewriting . Logan: Utah State University Press. Call Number: PE1404.H363 2006
Harvey, Michael. 2013. The Nuts & Bolts of College Writing . 2nd ed. Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett Pub. Co. Call Number: Reference PE1408 .H3927 2013
Hayot, Eric. 2014. The Elements of Academic Style. New York: Columbia University Press. Call Number: PE1404.H3943 2014
King, Stephen. 2010. On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. New York, NY: Scribner. Call Number: Reference PS3561.I483 Z475 2010
Kumar, Amitava. 2020. Every Day I Write the Book: Notes on Style . Durham: Duke University Press. Online.
Lamott, Anne. 1995. Bird by Bird: Some Instructions on Writing and Life. New York: Anchor Books. Call Number: Reference PN147 .L315 1995
LaRocque, Paula. 2003. The Book on Writing: The Ultimate Guide to Writing Well. Oak Park, IL: Marion Street Press. Call Number: Reference PN4775 .L288 2003
Longknife, Ann and K.D. Sullivan. 2012. The Art of Styling Sentences. New York: Barron’s. Call Number: PE1441.L57 2012
Miller, Scott A. 2014. Writing in Psychology. New York: Routledge. Call Number: Reference BF76.7 .M55 2014
Prose, Francine. 2006. Reading Like a Writer: A Guide for People Who Love Books and for those Who Want to Write Them. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. Call Number: Reference PE1408 .P774 2006
Rosenblatt, Roger. 2011. Unless it Moves the Human Heart: The Craft and Art of Writing. New York: Harper Collins. Call Number: PN145.R565 2011
Scientific Style and Format: the CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 2014. Chicago: Council of Science Editors in cooperation with the University of Chicago Press. Call Number: Reference T11 .S386 2014
Strunk William, Jr., E.B. White, and Maira Kalman. 2005. The Elements of Style. New York: Penguin Books. Call Number: Reference PE1408 .S772 2005
Trimble, John R. 2011. Writing with Style: Conversations on the Art of Writing. Boston: Prentice Hall. Call Number: Reference PE1408 .T69 2011
Truss, Lynne. 2004. Eats, Shoots & Leaves: the Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. Call Number: Reference PE1450 .T75 2004
Turabian, Kate L., Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. 2013. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Call Number: Reference LB2369 .T8 2013
Walker, Janice and Todd Taylor. 2006. The Columbia Guide to Online Style. New York: Columbia University Press. Call Number: Reference PN 171 .F56 W35 2006
Walsh, Bill. 2000. Lapsing Into a Comma: a Curmudgeon’s Guide to the Many Things That Can Go Wrong in Print—and How to Avoid Them. Chicago: Contemporary Books. Call Number: Reference PN 147 .W33 2000
Yagoda, Ben. 2013. How to Not Write Bad: The most Common Writing Problems and the Best Ways to Avoid Them. New York: Riverhead Books. Call Number: Reference PE1408 .Y34 2013
———. 2007. When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It: The Parts of Speech for Better and/or Worse. New York: Broadway Books. Call Number: Reference PE1199 .H33 2007
Zinsser, William Knowlton. 2006. On Writing Well: The Classic Guide to Writing Nonfiction. New York: HarperCollins. Call Number: Reference PE1429 .Z5 2006
Published on November 4, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on January 17, 2024.
On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you’ve cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text.
Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page:
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Setting up the apa reference page, apa alphabetization guidelines, which sources to include on the reference page, annotated bibliography, creating apa references.
References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. If the author is unknown, order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles: “the”, “a”, or “an”).
Word processors like Word or Google Docs and citation generators can usually order the reference list automatically. However, ordering becomes challenging when citing multiple works by the same author or works by authors with the same last name.
Our in-depth article on ordering references in APA Style explains what to do in these situations.
Only include references for sources cited in the body text (with an APA in-text citation ). Don’t include references for:
For some student papers, it’s common to describe or evaluate the source in an annotation . These annotations are placed on a new line below the corresponding reference entry. The entire annotation is indented 0.5 inches.
If an annotation consists of multiple paragraphs, the first line of the second and any subsequent paragraphs is indented an additional 0.5 inches.
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
The format of an APA reference differs depending on the source type. Play around with the options in the Scribbr Example Generator to get familiar with APA Style.
With Scribbr’s free APA citation generator you can easily cite your sources according to the new 7th edition guidelines. It’s accurate, fast, and easy to use. Give it a try!
APA Citation Generator
Check out Scribbr’s citation examples to learn more about citing each type of source, ranging from books and journals to podcasts and tweets !
Periodicals
Reports and gray literature
Books and reference works
Audiovisual works
Online media
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Streefkerk, R. (2024, January 17). Setting Up the APA Reference Page | Formatting & References (Examples). Scribbr. Retrieved July 2, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-reference-page/
Other students also liked, ordering works on the apa reference page, apa title page (7th edition) | template for students & professionals, apa format for academic papers and essays, scribbr apa citation checker.
An innovative new tool that checks your APA citations with AI software. Say goodbye to inaccurate citations!
Here is a list of helpful tips when using scholarly books for research.
Below are some tips for using articles during the research process.
Below are some helpful hints on using a website as a source:
COMMENTS
Citing a website in MLA Style. An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author's name, the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL. The in-text citation usually just lists the author's name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to ...
Revised on January 17, 2024. APA website citations usually include the author, the publication date, the title of the page or article, the website name, and the URL. If there is no author, start the citation with the title of the article. If the page is likely to change over time, add a retrieval date. If you are citing an online version of a ...
This guide explains all of the important steps to referencing a website/web page in your APA research papers. The guidance below follows APA style, 7th edition. ... An APA citation of web page reference includes the month, day, and year if it's a site that is updated with new information frequently. Blog posts, newspaper articles, posts from ...
If a source has no author, start the MLA Works Cited entry with the source title.Use a shortened version of the title in your MLA in-text citation.. If a source has no page numbers, you can use an alternative locator (e.g. a chapter number, or a timestamp for a video or audio source) to identify the relevant passage in your in-text citation. If the source has no numbered divisions, cite only ...
Name the website in the text of your paper and provide the URL in parentheses. Notes: Use the webpage and website category for your source only if there is no better category for it. Do not use it if a source is simply available online, e.g., if a journal article is available from an online database, use a journal article format for your reference.
Provide the name of the news website in the source element of the reference. Link to the comment itself if possible. Otherwise, link to the webpage on which the comment appears. Either a full URL or a short URL is acceptable. 3. Webpage on a website with a government agency group author.
The manual way to cite a website. To cite a website by hand just follow the instructions below. For the 3 most popular styles-APA, MLA 8, and Harvard-this is as follows: In APA style. You need to locate these details for the website: page or article author, page or article title, website name, published date, access date, page URL (web ...
To reference a website in Harvard style, include the name of the author or organization, the year of publication, the title of the page, the URL, and the date on which you accessed the website. In-text citation example. (Google, 2020) Reference template. Author surname, initial. ( Year) Page Title.
Citing a Website Article (APA) Format: Author(s).(Year, Month Day). Title of article in italics.Website Name. URL . Note: Cite an online source as a website only if no other type of source applies to it. For instance, many magazines and newspapers publish articles on their websites - in cases like this, you would cite the article as if it were an online magazines or newspaper article (not a ...
3. Type the title of the web page in sentence case. Type a space after the period that follows the date, then type the title of the web page, which will usually appear as a header at the top of the page. Use sentence case, capitalizing only the first word and any proper nouns. Place a period at the end of the title.
Reference List. Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats. Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list ...
Wikipedia articles often update frequently. For this reason, the date refers to the date that the cited version of the page was published. Note also that the manual recommends linking to the archived version of the page, rather than the current version of the page on the site, since the latter can change over time.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays, research papers, and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises). Add a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
The Chicago/Turabian style of citing sources is generally used when citing sources for humanities papers, and is best known for its requirement that writers place bibliographic citations at the bottom of a page (in Chicago-format footnotes) or at the end of a paper (endnotes). The Turabian and Chicago citation styles are almost identical, but ...
First, to cite a website in general, but not a specific document on that website, see this FAQ. Once you're at the level of citing a particular page or document, the key to writing the reference list entry is to determine what kind of content the page has. The Publication Manual reference examples in Chapter 7 are sorted by the type of ...
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Enter the website's URL into the search box above. You'll get a list of results, so you can identify and choose the correct source you want to cite. It's that easy to begin! If you're wondering how to cite a website in APA, use the structure below. Structure: Author Last Name, First initial.
When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors' names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ' et al. ': Number of authors. In-text citation example. 1 author. (Davis, 2019) 2 authors. (Davis and Barrett, 2019) 3 authors.
In-text citations are quick references to your sources. In Harvard referencing, you use the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets. Up to three authors are included in a Harvard in-text citation. If the source has more than three authors, include the first author followed by ' et al. '.
When no individual author name is listed, but the source can clearly be attributed to a specific organization—e.g., a press release by a charity, a report by an agency, or a page from a company's website—use the organization's name as the author in the reference entry and APA in-text citations.. When no author at all can be determined—e.g. a collaboratively edited wiki or an online ...
the page, paragraph or section number—what you cite will depend on the information available as many electronic or online sources don't have pages. identify the format of the source accessed, for example, E-book, podcast etc. provide an accurate access date for online sources, that is, identify when a source was viewed or downloaded.
There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database. For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library's ...
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York: Modern Language Association of America. Call Number: Reference LB2369 .G53 2009-----, ed. 2008. MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. New York: Modern Language Association of America. Call Number: Reference PN147 .G444 2008 . Graff, Gerald and Cathy Birkenstein. 2006.
On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text. Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page: Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page (centered). Order the references alphabetically. Double-space all text.
Look for books with a list of references. Research based books will have a list of references that you can look at to find more sources on a particular idea/concept/topic. Take notes. While you can't write in a book, it's always a good idea to have a notebook or a Word document on your computer in which to take notes for research.