social media and graphic design research paper

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Article Contents

Theory supporting visual media, utility of infographics, creating effective infographics, conclusions.

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Creating Effective Infographics and Visual Abstracts to Disseminate Research and Facilitate Medical Education on Social Media

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Jennifer O Spicer, Caroline G Coleman, Creating Effective Infographics and Visual Abstracts to Disseminate Research and Facilitate Medical Education on Social Media, Clinical Infectious Diseases , Volume 74, Issue Supplement_3, 15 May 2022, Pages e14–e22, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac058

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Presenting information in a visual format helps viewers digest complex concepts in an efficient, effective manner. Recently, infographics have been used on social media and other digital platforms to educate health professionals, trainees, and patients about medical and public health topics. In addition, visual abstracts, visual representations of a research article’s written abstract, have been increasingly used to disseminate new research findings to other health professionals. In this review article, we will define infographics and visual abstracts, describe why they are useful, outline how to create them, and explain how researchers, educators, and clinicians can use them effectively. We share resources and a stepwise approach that allows readers to create their own infographics and visual abstracts for research dissemination, medical education, and patient communication.

With the advent of social media, using visual methods of communication has become increasingly important. Many scientists and health professionals feel comfortable preparing figures, tables, and slideshow presentations but may be less familiar with creating newer visual media, such as infographics and visual abstracts. Learning how to develop these visual tools will enhance their ability to share their scientific work and educate other health professionals and the general public.

Infographics are visual representations of information using a combination of charts, icons, or illustrations with minimal text. Visual abstracts, also known as graphical abstracts, are similar to infographics, but this term specifically refers to concise visual summaries of the main findings of an article. They were first popularized by Andrew Ibrahim [ 1 ] and have now been adopted by many journals [ 2 ]. Although some journals have staff who create visual abstracts, most require authors to submit their own. Visual abstracts are frequently posted on social media to highlight an article’s main findings. In this article, we will use the term “infographic” as an all-encompassing term referring to any visual used to represent information, including visual abstracts. We will use the term “visual abstracts” only when discussing content specific to visual abstracts. In this review, we will discuss the utility of infographics, outline principles for creating them, and provide resources for those interested in developing this skill.

Visuals help us interpret complex information more quickly than text alone [ 3 , 4 ]. Intuitively, most of us understand this based on our experiences watching slideshow presentations. Simple slides with relevant graphics and limited text make it easier to digest complex information. Presenting information in a visual manner decreases the cognitive load, or “mental energy,” required to interpret information [ 5 ]. Cognitive load theory describes 3 components that contribute to this mental energy: (1) intrinsic load, which refers to the inherent complexity of a topic; (2) extraneous load, which refers to external factors that affect learning (eg, distracting images not relevant to the topic); and (3) germane load, which refers to the mental energy expended to organize and understand content [ 6 ]. The cognitive theory of multimedia learning explains why adhering to certain multimedia principles reduces cognitive load and enhances learning [ 5 , 7 ].

Well-crafted visuals reduce intrinsic load, optimize germane load, and eliminate extraneous load. Intrinsic load is reduced when using visuals because images allow our brains to store information differently, as explained by dual coding theory [ 8 ]. Dual coding theory describes how our brain processes information using 2 channels—a verbal channel for processing language and a nonverbal channel for processing other stimuli, such as images or sounds [ 9 ]. When we see a picture of something, our brain stores that information as a visual image but also as a word in our language center, thus making it easier to remember and retrieve information in the future. Therefore, including images is more effective than just using text, as highlighted by data visualization experts, such as Edward Tufte, Stephanie Evergreen, and David McCandless; however, it is important for visuals to include only relevant information to avoid adding extraneous load. Carefully organizing materials within visual materials facilitates comprehension, thus optimizing germane load. For example, consider John Snow’s famous epidemiological map of the London cholera outbreak ( https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/mar/15/john-snow-cholera-map ) or Florence Nightingale’s polar area diagram of causes of death ( https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~327826~90096398:Diagram-of-the-Causes-of-Mortality-;JSESSIONID=1d4a4d62-1b43-4dd3-8cb6-d77e1ee66910 ) among the British Army. Figure 1 demonstrates multimedia principles relevant to infographics [ 5 , 7 ].

Explanation and illustration of multimedia design principles that can decrease cognitive load. Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INSTIs, integrase strand transfer inhibitors; NNRTIs, nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors; NRTIs, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors. Image created with BioRender.com.

Infographics can be used for a variety of purposes. Educators, clinicians, and public health professionals frequently use them to communicate established knowledge to learners, patients, and the general public. Researchers, in contrast, may benefit more from creating visual abstracts to share and disseminate new research findings.

Educators, Clinicians, and Public Health Professionals

Adhering to research-based principles for multimedia learning when developing slideshow presentations has been shown to result in superior knowledge retention [ 10 ]. These same principles can be applied to the development of infographics to facilitate understanding of new content. Medical educators can use infographics to provide a succinct overview of a topic, making it easier for learners to learn and retain information. Creating a summary image for a topic helps learners progressively add new details to an underlying mental framework, thus scaffolding their learning. For examples, educators, such as the Clinical Problem Solvers ( https://clinicalproblemsolving.com/ ), have created visual summaries of information such as illness scripts and diagnostic schema that are widely shared over social media.

Learners, however, can also benefit from creating infographics themselves. For example, asking learners to create a visual abstract of a recent journal article to present at journal club helps them identify and summarize the important information, thus enhancing retention. When creating visual summaries of information, learners organize and build connections between content, and this elaboration on their knowledge facilitates information retention [ 11 ]. In addition, students learn how to communicate scientific information more effectively [ 12 ].

Clinicians and public health professionals can also use infographics to communicate with patients. Using infographics for patient education has been shown to improve health knowledge and outcomes [ 13 , 14 ]. Public health organizations—such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ( https://www.cdc.gov/socialmedia/tools/InfoGraphics.html ), the World Health Organization ( https://www.who.int/multi-media ), and the American Public Health Association ( https://www.apha.org/news-and-media/multimedia/infographics )—develop and share infographics to educate the general public. Infographics have the added benefit of being easily understood regardless of primary language or level of education.

Researchers

Research impact has traditionally been defined by the “prestige” of the journal in which an article is published (ie, the impact factor) and the number of citations that an article receives. More recently, however, altmetrics (short for “alternative metrics”) have been recognized as a method to measure how widely an article is disseminated over social media, which increases its visibility to other health professionals and the general public [ 15 ].

Using images increases the impact of content shared on social media. Most studies focus on Twitter, and they have shown that adding images to posts increases altmetrics, including the number of people who view a post (ie, “impressions”), interact with a post by “liking” it or clicking on it (ie, “engagement”), or share a post (ie, “retweet”) [ 16 , 17 ]. This increased visibility increases the number of people who click on the article link [ 16 , 18 ], although this does not always translate to increased full-text views of the article [ 19 ]. Using visual abstracts in tweets, has been shown to result in more interaction than just using a key figure from the article [ 16 , 17 ]. Thus, using visual abstracts and disseminating them on social media is one way to increase the attention that a research article receives, especially if the post is on an account with a large number of followers.

One concern that has been raised with visual abstracts is the tendency for them to oversimplify an article [ 2 , 20 ]. This is a valid concern; however, it is similar to what already occurs with a written abstract. The visual abstract is meant to serve as a preview on an article, similar to a written abstract, not as a replacement for reading the full article [ 1 ]. To avoid misrepresenting articles, it has been suggested that visual abstracts should be part of the peer review process or approved by the author or journal as a fair representation of the data [ 2 , 20 ].

Developing effective infographics requires combining principles from the fields of scientific communication and graphic design. The goal is to create visual material that communicates information accurately yet facilitates rapid understanding of key points. The sections below outline how to build infographics, as summarized in Figure 2 . These recommendations are based on a compilation of research-based findings from graphic design and scientific communication literature and recommendations from others with experience in building infographics [ 1 , 2 , 21–23 ]. Those readers familiar with design thinking will recognize the similarities between those principles—empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test—with the process we recommend here [ 24 ].

Illustration of the steps used to create an infographic or visual abstract. Note that although this figure is also used as the visual abstract for the current article, this practice is not typically recommended.

Outline the Content

The first step in creating an infographic is defining the primary goal, the main message, and the target audience. The primary goal refers to the conceptual rationale for creating the infographic. Is it intended to summarize a topic or article, explain an abstract concept, compare and contrast 2 entities, outline a process, describe changes over time, contextualize a statistic, and/or persuade viewers to perform a certain action? The underlying purpose determines what supporting content should be included and how it should be organized.

Next, summarize the key message in a single sentence. What is the one “take home” point someone should understand after looking at it? All keywords should be included in this message, just as the title of a manuscript should include all key search terms. This sentence can later be used as a social media post or summary sentence within the infographic. This step is critical before developing the visual design, because it is easy to be distracted from the primary message of the infographic during the design process.

Finally, consider the target audience for the infographic. The content of the infographic, including the language and depth of content, will differ depending on whether the primary audience is a layperson, a learner, or an expert in a field. For those creating materials for an audience without a scientific background, the CDC’s Health Communication Playbook provides helpful guidelines to improve communication [ 25 ]. The CDC Clear Communication Index ( https://www.cdc.gov/ccindex/widget.html ) is a tool containing 24 questions based on scientific communication literature that can be used to evaluate health communication materials and determine whether they need to be revised to enhance understanding [ 26 ]. The CDC also has a tool on their Web site that translates medical jargon into more accessible language ( https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/everydaywords/ ).

After determining the primary goal, main message, and audience, write a short list of supporting information that needs to be included in the infographic. Include Only critical details needed to support the main point. Brevity is key, especially if the infographic is being shared on social media.

Sketch the Layout

Once the content has been outlined, it is time to develop an initial layout for the infographic. Graphic design is a complex field with a wealth of evidence-based research supporting principles of effective design. Most health professionals do not have formal training in graphic design principles, but exploring some readable books on the topic can provide tips [ 27–29 ].

An organized layout is a key component of an effective infographic. The structure of the layout should match the primary goal of the infographic, as demonstrated in Figure 3 . Use shapes, such as boxes, to group content and structure material within the layout. Orient the boxes along a grid, using horizontal and vertical lines to establish sections, to align the content and promote organization and cohesion [ 28 ]. Leave unfilled space—termed “white space” or “negative space”—between objects to avoid clutter and allow viewers to focus on the primary content; however, ensure that spacing is consistent. Finally, establish a visual hierarchy to ensure that viewers know how to navigate through the infographic. Viewers tend to scan content similarly to how they would read narrative prose, although their viewing patterns are affected by item complexity. Size, shape, color, and images can all affect viewers’ interpretation of the visual hierarchy. Add elements such as numbers, arrows, and headings to guide viewers on the order in which they should read content.

Examples of potential layouts for infographics based on their underlying primary goal. The image in example 1 was created by Emma Levine, MD, for the Clinical Problem Solvers ( https://clinicalproblemsolving.com/ ) and has been reused with their permission. The image in example 2 was created by Miriam Ahmed, PharmD, and has been reused with her permission.

Looking at examples of other infographics can provide some initial ideas on a general layout. Infographics and visual abstracts can be found by searching these terms within a Web-based search engine or by searching the hashtags #infographic, #VisualAbstract, or #GraphicalAbstract on social media sites. GrepMed ( https://www.grepmed.com/ ) is a searchable collection of community-sourced medical images and infographics. The Febrile podcast has created summary infographics on infectious diseases topics discussed on their podcast ( http://febrilepodcast.com/infographics/ ), and the Clinical Problem Solvers create infographics of their diagnostic schemas and illness scripts on their Web site, including some topics in infectious diseases ( https://clinicalproblemsolving.com/ ). Many medical education sites, public health organizations, podcasts, and journals host collections of infographics or visual abstracts on their Web sites. The Visual Abstract Database ( https://visualabstract.pro/ ) contains a gallery of visual abstracts from a variety of journals. Figure 4 shows an example layout for a visual abstract.

Sample layout for a visual abstract.

When developing the layout, resist the temptation to open slideshow software on a computer. Instead, use a pencil and a blank sheet of paper to create rough sketches. Drawing frees the user from default parameters present in slideshow software, thus promoting creativity and preventing frustration that may occur when trying to determine how to accomplish specific goals within a software program. The drawing does not have to be perfect. It just needs to outline a general idea for the design.

Choose a Platform

After sketching an initial draft on paper, transfer it to a digital format to refine it. Many software platforms exist that include premade infographic templates and graphics that can be included in the illustrations ( Table 1 ). A few of the platforms have a free version, although many require a subscription to be able to download and publish infographics. Microsoft Powerpoint, Keynote, and GoogleSlides are commonly used and have all of the tools necessary to create an infographic.

Examples of Software Programs Available for Developing Infographics a

The examples in this table are not an exhaustive list of options.

$ indicates less than $200 per year and $$ indicates more than $200 per year.

The number of $ signs correlates with the cost of the product.

Select a Color Scheme

Color choice is often a personal preference. Although some colors tend to evoke specific emotions or meanings, those interpretations vary based on an individual’s culture, personal history, and preferences [ 30 , 31 ]. David McCandless has created an infographic highlighting how colors are interpreted differently based on culture [ 32 ], which can influence implicit interpretations of visualizations. When choosing a color combination, also consider accessibility, as approximately 10% of the population has some type of color vision deficit, most commonly the inability to distinguish between red and green [ 33 ]. It is generally recommended to use 3–5 colors, including at least 1 light, 1 dark, and 1 emphasis color [ 28 , 29 ]. Many Web sites exist that can aid in the selection of a cohesive color combination using principles of color theory. For example, the Adobe Color site ( https://color.adobe.com ) will create a color palette from an image or a base color, and the color codes can then be used in another software program; moreover, it can even simulate how color palettes will appear to individuals with common color vision deficiencies.

Color use within infographics should be purposeful and planned. Ensuring color contrast is essential. A light background with dark text and graphics is often easier to read than light text on a dark background; color text on a color background is more difficult to read and should be avoided [ 29 , 34 ]. Graphic designers often advocate the 60-30-10 rule of color use, which advocates for using a dominant (often neutral) color for 60% of the space, a secondary color for 30%, and an accent color for 10% [ 35 ]. Any additional color use should be limited and applied meaningfully to help individuals better interpret the data presented [ 29 ].

Incorporate Graphics

After sketching the layout, consider how to present content visually, prioritizing graphics over words. Any image included should serve a purpose and not be merely decorative. Including irrelevant graphics distracts learners from the primary message and hinders learning [ 5 , 7 ]. In general, it is best to use the simplest graphic possible while including any necessary details, as filtering out any extraneous elements improves comprehension [ 28 , 36 ]. Any text included should be brief, using minimal words while maintaining clarity.

Examples of graphics include icons, medical illustrations, timelines, tables, charts, and graphs. Each type serves a different purpose, and a single infographic often includes multiple graphic elements ( Figure 5 ). Of note: if tables, graphs, or charts are used, they should be much simpler than those presented in a scientific manuscript and should only contain critical results.

Examples of how graphic elements can be incorporated into infographics.

Icons and medical illustrations are commonly used in infographics. Icons are simplified pictorial representations of objects that may be in color or black and white. Icons are available for free in many of the software programs previously mentioned; however, other Web sites, such as the Noun Project ( https://thenounproject.com/ ) and FlatIcon ( https://www.flaticon.com/ ), have additional icons available free or through a subscription service, depending on how they will be used. When choosing an icon, ensure that the meaning is clear or relevant words are nearby. Cultural conventions may affect the interpretation of icons and result in different interpretations [ 37 ]. More complex medical illustrations are also available on other Web sites, including Servier Medical Art ( https://smart.servier.com/ ), a free service, and BioRender ( https://biorender.com/ ), which provides more options but requires a paid subscription. Choosing consistent images (ie, similar styles of icons or illustrations) in a single infographic improves cohesiveness and aesthetics.

Other graphic elements can be used to communicate more complex concepts. Flowcharts or numbered illustrations are helpful for explaining a process. Tables and bar graphs are helpful for making comparisons, such as outcomes across 2 groups in a study, and these are more easily interpreted than pie charts, which should generally be avoided [ 38 ]. Line graphs can be used to show trends in data. Two-dimensional graphics should be used instead of 3-dimensional ones, as the latter increase complexity and make it more difficult for individuals to make visual comparisons [ 38–40 ].

If using a chart, it is important to ensure that the chart type selected matches the primary goal of the visual (eg, comparing 2 entities or showing change over time). Selecting the best method for data presentation is a skill, and there are resources to help guide chart selection based on the intended goal [ 27 , 38 ]. Figures from a manuscript should not just be reused in an infographic. All extraneous information should be removed from the graph, including unnecessary numbers, words, and lines, in order to emphasize the main point. Simplicity is key.

Finally, check the copyright license before using an image. Most software programs allow use of their images and products on social media sites and in publications, although some require a subscription to download materials. Web sites containing collections of icons and illustrations have information on their sites regarding how images can be used. If searching for images using an internet search engine, check the license of the images before using them. Some images have Creative Commons copyright licenses that allow reuse with minimal restrictions.

Ask for Feedback

After creating an infographic, it is helpful to ask for feedback from others to confirm that the message is clear and concise. Having someone from the target audience review the infographic is essential to ensure that it is interpreted accurately, especially for infographics developed for patients or the general public [ 41 ]. Collaborating with a graphic artist can result in an even better product [ 42 ].

Infographics provide a powerful method for communicating complex information. Researchers, educators, clinicians, and public health professionals should consider how they can use infographics and visual abstracts to communicate information to their target audience. Sharing infographics on social media results in wider dissemination of materials, increasing the impact of health professionals beyond their local institution. When designing an infographic, consider research-based principles of scientific communication and graphic design.

Acknowledgments. The authors thank Varun Phadke, MD, who provided input on an early draft of the manuscript.

Supplement sponsorship. This supplement is supported by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.

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In the modern era, digital marketing is gaining more importance and people are driven towards social media. These made digital marketing include social media platforms as an essential part to market their products and services. Social media platforms have rapidly emerged and gained more value and help to create and share information, interests, ideas, as well as one own expression through their platforms. Here we will see various social media platforms available on the internet and learn their impact on the market. The impact of social media trends is very important to understand the market, companies' position, and branding. Since social media marketing is a new and specialized method of marketing, some of its areas may be unknown to business owners. This makes social media marketing challenging for people thus many are skeptical about using digital marketing strategies to grow their business. Thus, in this research, we have discussed various challenges and opportunities which will give a clear picture to all the readers.

Muneeba Khan

In the present, we see there is radical change in how business operates and how people interact. Those days have been passed away when pure brick models work for business to thrive in the current scenario. It makes difficult for a business to grow without using social media strategy. Social media had become really significant gradient in today's marketing mix in general and in promotion mix in particular. Adapting some form of marketing online through social media is a key node for all businesses. Social media has a positive impact and a positive influence on the company as well as the customers. Social media is becoming an essential tool for marketers, which is at a very minimum investment. This study understands the benefits, impact and importance of social media on business performance and growth.

2nd Cambridge Academic Design Management Conference

Sara Gancho , Rachel Cooper , Martyn Evans

Social Media is becoming increasingly important as a global information space, holding more than a billion users, it is transforming the way we interact with everything. Little has been said about the importance of Design as a research tool in social media and its influence on how we communicate with brands and markets by shaping it into a different and new type of market, that both users and brands are trying to understand. A lot has been researched about social media: what is it used for, what companies can gain from using it, how to engage with costumers in social media, different social media strategies one can use. However, design and designers have been ‘left out’ of the often vague and dispersed literature. This paper aims to collect that information in the form of a literature review, followed by an online survey done with design and marketing experts. Aiming to clarify these two areas: social media and design management and possibly enrich future research.

Ekonomia i Prawo

Agnieszka Werenowska

e-Revista LOGO v.3 n.1 2014 ISSBN 2238-2542

Sara Gancho , Rachel Cooper

This article is a brief discussion into the role of design when branding for social media. It talks about some of the problems of branding today and how communication is changing the relationship between companies and consumers. In the context of branding for social media it understands how design strategy can help brands better engage with their clients and improve their overall experience. Brands must be visionary and embrace the different realms of potential that awaits them with Design. Two examples are given and their approach on how Design can help in the overall brand’s social media strategy.

shalini bariar

Advancement in technology in recent years has transformed the purpose of communication and encouraged the emergence of new communication channels based on internet technology, that have fashioned bold new approaches in the management of the marketing mix. The growing importance of social media marketing has come with a revolution in the IMC approach. The low cost and greater benefits have been the major reason for the success of the social media marketing. The study reveals how the consumer awareness generated by social media leads to success in the marketing communications. The continuous updates about the products on the social media generate interest which leads to higher customer involvement and hence enjoys the top of mind recall.

IAEME Publication

“Where people interact freely, sharing and discussing information about their lives.” Social media has become a platform that is easily accessible to anyone with internet access. It is growing at an explosive rate with millions of people all over the world generating and sharing content on a scale hardly imaginable a few years ago. Increased communication for organizations fosters brand awareness and often, improved customer service. Additionally, social media serves as a relatively inexpensive platform for organizations to implement marketing campaigns.The success and recognition of the business brand are the most crucial points which must be kept in mind while making a business plan. Today no one can deny the role of social media marketing to set and market throughout the globe. Social media is getting popular these days to promote various brands. The World is full of new media and digital communication technologies. There are many ways to promote the brand with the help of social media. The impact of promotion through social media is immense and gives a combination of speed and relevance. Brand awareness is one of the important factors which boost up the sales ratio of the product of the company. The present paper is an attempt to find out the purpose and benefits of using social media in present seconiro . The paper also highlights some important social media networks and gives a glimpse of the hindrances of the same

The brand management landscape has changed due to the digital media platforms which provide real-time interaction and high dynamism. Furthermore, the emergence of social media has left a profound impact on the procedure adopted by companies to maintain a relationship with the customers. However, the industries have not been able to explore the field of social media marketing to its full potential and their understanding of digital marketing strategies for the purpose of branding has been limited. It is crucial to gain a deep understanding of the transformation in the field of marketing as it exercises direct influence on the sustainability of the brand. However, the literature in the field of social media advertising and impact on the brand management is still in the nascent stage. Therefore, present study will aim at reviewing all the digital platforms, with special focus on the social media advertisement which are utilised for brand advertisement. The success of the social media advertisement will be measured by reviewing the behaviour of millennials towards the digital media and brands. The results will extend to the current knowledge in the field pertaining to the digital advertising tools, social media advertisement, and brand management. Moreover, the study will provide insight to the brand managers regarding the power of digital marketing and social media advertisement.

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• DOI: 10.6007/ijarbss/v14-i6/21933
• Corpus ID: 270769201

The Application of Animation Journey to The West Expression Design for Social Media

• Senshen Guo , Gregory Anak Kiyai
• Published in International Journal of… 26 June 2024
• Business, Art, Computer Science

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Social media news deserts: digital inequalities and incidental news exposure on social media platforms, deep learning-based classification of the polar emotions of "moe"-style cartoon pictures, how to engage consumers through effective social media use - guidelines for consumer goods companies from an emerging market, transmedia storytelling: addressing futures communication challenge with video animation, motion graphic animation video as alternative learning media, social media engagement and organic post effectiveness: a roadmap for increasing the effectiveness of social media use in hospitality industry, an analytical study of information extraction from unstructured and multidimensional big data, identification and prioritisation of effective criteria in the selection of outdoor advertising using the ahp technique, types of sampling in research, utilization of an animated electronic health video to increase knowledge of post- and pre-exposure prophylaxis for hiv among african american women: nationwide cross-sectional survey, related papers.

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Public trust in the federal government, which has been low for decades, has increased modestly since 2023 . As of April 2024, 22% of Americans say they trust the government in Washington to do what is right “just about always” (2%) or “most of the time” (21%). Last year, 16% said they trusted the government just about always or most of the time, which was among the lowest measures in nearly seven decades of polling.

When the National Election Study began asking about trust in government in 1958, about three-quarters of Americans trusted the federal government to do the right thing almost always or most of the time.

Trust in government began eroding during the 1960s, amid the escalation of the Vietnam War, and the decline continued in the 1970s with the Watergate scandal and worsening economic struggles.

Confidence in government recovered in the mid-1980s before falling again in the mid-’90s. But as the economy grew in the late 1990s, so too did trust in government. Public trust reached a three-decade high shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks but declined quickly after. Since 2007, the shares saying they can trust the government always or most of the time have not been higher than 30%.

Today, 35% of Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents say they trust the federal government just about always or most of the time, compared with 11% of Republicans and Republican leaners.

Democrats report slightly more trust in the federal government today than a year ago. Republicans’ views have been relatively unchanged over this period.

Since the 1970s, trust in government has been consistently higher among members of the party that controls the White House than among the opposition party.

Republicans have often been more reactive than Democrats to changes in political leadership, with Republicans expressing much lower levels of trust during Democratic presidencies. Democrats’ attitudes have tended to be somewhat more consistent, regardless of which party controls the White House.

However, Republican and Democratic shifts in attitudes from the end of Donald Trump’s presidency to the start of Joe Biden’s were roughly the same magnitude.

Among Asian, Hispanic and Black adults, 36%, 30% and 27% respectively say they trust the federal government “most of the time” or “just about always” – higher levels of trust than among White adults (19%).

During the last Democratic administration, Black and Hispanic adults similarly expressed more trust in government than White adults. Throughout most recent Republican administrations, White Americans were substantially more likely than Black Americans to express trust in the federal government to do the right thing.

Note: For full question wording, refer to the topline . White, Black and Asian American adults include those who report being one race and are not Hispanic. Hispanics are of any race. Estimates for Asian adults are representative of English speakers only.

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