case study 01 lyrics

Daniel Caesar - CASE STUDY 01 Album Lyrics

Member-only story

Case Study 01 — Album Review

A look at daniel caesar’s second studio album.

Josh Herring

Modern Music Analysis

After being “cancelled” by mainstream consumers after a drunken IG live , many missed out on a classic R&B album. Even after demanding to be cancelled (and succeeding by most standards), Daniel Caesar went out and created an amazing album which didn’t receive the love it deserves — ultimately, due to the timing of its release. However, if…

Written by Josh Herring

Album reviews and speculative fiction | Subscribe to my substack: https://joshherring.substack.com/

Text to speech

• EXPERIMENTAL
• DOCUMENTARIES
• MUSIC INDUSTRY
• ALBUM REVIEWS
• GEAR REVIEWS
• Photo Journals
• Artist to Watch
• Under The Crust
• Flashback Friday
• Suicide Sundaes
• Weekend Selector
• Mashup Mondays
• Artist Remixed
• Wobble Wednesday
• Night Rumours
• Indie Sabbath
• Straight No Chase
• Straight From the Teet

• Acoustic R&B
• Alternative R&B
• Ambient R&B
• Future R&B

Daniel Caesar – Case Study 01

• July 1, 2019

Vicky Inoyo

At his debut at 24, R&B artist Daniel Caesar already had a stacked resume. His first album Freudian released in 2017 is now certified gold and includes collaborations with H.E.R , Syd , and Kali Uchis . Freudian also won R&B/Soul Recording of the Year in 2018 and his hit song “Best Part” with H.E.R scored Daniel Caesar a Grammy this year for the Best R&B Performance. Diving deeper into understanding him as an artist, Caesar has been transparent about being inspired by multiple music legends. The young Canadian artist has been recognized to draw inspiration from Frank Ocean , The Doors , Kanye West , and Beyonce . His soul and gospel background also helps us to understand why his angelic vocals, when paired with such intimate lyrics, makes him one of the most popular R&B singers and songwriters today. 

Just last week, Daniel informed fans through Instagram that he will be dropping his sophomore album. The time has now come for Case Study 01 .

The 10 track album kicks off with “ENTROPY”, a song where Daniel showcases his wide range of vocals over smooth guitar sounds and melodious chords. On this track, Daniel admits how his thought process about him as a person has transformed throughout his lifetime. Hence the following verse:

So maybe my ego's out of control

Can that be avoided? I don't know?

I hated myself when I was a boy

Now that I don't, they tryna take my joy

Nevertheless, Daniel explores various thought processes on this song which is very fitting considering the word entropy is defined as a l ack of order or predictability.

It wouldn't be a Daniel Caesar album without a few love songs. On the second track, “CYANIDE”, the artist takes intimacy to a whole new level. Not only does Daniel express his attraction to his alluring lover in detail, but, he also hits such high vocals igniting chills when one hears the song for the first time. Daniel Caesar’s sensual lyrics accompanied by a sweet melody and heavenly harmonies in the background make “CYANIDE’ a standout.

You give me your love, it's unrequited

The thought of you gets me excited

I guess I'll come to your crib, uninvited

A few of your favorite vices, girl I know you like it

Girl, you came through like ( Lightning )

You light up my life, you’re like ( Lig htning)

Danny be good? That's ( Unlikely, likely )

Immediately after, the artist hits us with another romantic track titled “Love Again” that mirrors the vibes we loved on Daniel Caesar’s first album Freudian . And as if the throwback couldn't get any better, the classic R&B singer Brandy has joined Daniel Caesar on this love song. Contrary to the explicitly sensual lyrics on “CYANIDE”, Brandy and Caesar address the hardships that come with being in love on this track.

I wake from my slumber 

I wish I could call you up

Miss how’d you put your love on me 

Boy you’ve got my number 

Wish I could feel your touch 

Wish you could follow up on me

“LOVE AGAIN” puts words to all the emotions we feel when we just can't seem to let go of someone we were once so deeply in love with, even if that special someone has moved on.

FRONTAL LOBE MUZIK

Now, if you are someone who is just confused when it comes to love, Daniel has made a track for you as well and this time it’s with Pharrell Williams . Their song “FRONTAL LOBE MUZIK” explores how strong the power of being in love can be to where it creates contradicting emotions for some of us. 

[Chorus: Pharrell Williams]

You know how I feel

I'm in love with you still, yeah

It helps, but it kills

Your lovin', your lovin'

It hurts, it heals

It breaks but it builds, ooh, yeah

Your power and your will

Your lovin', that's your lovin'

[Verse 2: Daniel Caesar]

Wanna feel it, something I can feel

I know the things that I been feelin', they ain't real

Look, my whole life they been beggin' me to chill

Got it weighin' on my conscience just a lil'

I wanna venture into the unknown

Never got sh*t poppin' layin' 'round at home

Never got no p*ssy actin like a p*ssy

Let my nuts hang, God damn, look where that sh*t took me

On this song, Daniel Caesar also explores moments in his life before he gained so much popularity in the music industry. Additionally, Pharell gives us insight into the juxtaposition that exists within his romantic relationships. Ultimately, “FRONTAL LOBE MUZIK” expands on all of the feelings that come with being in love, going through a heartbreak, and achieving celebrity status. 

• TOO DEEP TO TURN BACK

As the album progresses, a few songs take a depressing yet surprisingly relatable turn. Caesar’s song “TOO DEEP TO TURN BACK” is also a guitar driven track produced by Jordan Evans and Matthew Burnett that is sprinkled with high bells to create a comforting sound to the ear. Additionally, later in the song comes haunting back vocals matched with light drums beats. Daniel’s lyrics during this song addresses the pressures that come with wanting to achieve greatness. The artist infuses his gospel background into his lyrics as he describes the challenges he has faced in life as well as overcoming such obstacles.

Good God, Jehovah, what's this I see?

My mortality's staring back at me

Niggas think I'm scared

Niggas think I'm a bitch

But I ain't come prepared and I ain't know what this is

I've slept like Jacob, a rock for a pillow

Run swift like Elijah, away from the middle

Seen the world, overindulged maybe a little

But now your boy's up, and I'm fit as a fiddle

• ARE YOU OK?

The dynamic album ends with the 6-minute song “ARE YOU OK?” that takes listeners on a journey through Daniel’s thoughts on a break-up. The track first confronts the “happy mask” one puts on for society even though they may be battling several negative emotions on the inside. Daniel then takes on the perspective of that one person who can see through your mask and knows you are not doing your best. “ARE YOU OK?” also addresses the perspective of people that believe you are doing great for yourself despite your true emotions, hence the lyrics “Me and my n*ggas getting paper. Highly blessed and highly favored. We ain't asking for no favors.” The song takes a pause at 4 minutes and then picks back up with Daniels bone-chilling vocals and lyrics that seem to be an apology letter to an old lover. In hindsight, “ARE YOU OK?” is a song full of soul-stirring melodies that explores several feelings that come with relationships, thus making this track ultimately therapeutic.

Daniel Caesar has announced his Case Study 01 Tour that will be touching down in the United States, Canada, and Asia starting in July.

Connect with Daniel Caesar: Soundcloud | Twitter | Facebook | Spotify

Related Topics

• Case Study 01
• Daniel Caesar
• Pharell Williams

You May Also Like

Somewhere in Between debuts heartfelt "Mr & Mrs" single

• June 28, 2024

Loki Moon shares a captivating alt-r&b single,"Sleepwalker"

• June 27, 2024

SlickBoy Nae delivers a new single, “PGFTS”

Miss Freddye drops "Slippin' Away" channels heartache and mastery

Maeesha shares R&B collection of love songs 'If Only U Knew'

Eric Penn details an "American Fairytale" with fresh new single

• June 26, 2024

Nao Yoshioka & Devin Morrison explore funk & soul bliss on powerful new single "Nobody Chase Me"

• June 21, 2024

Bohardt drops a radiant beacon of hope with new single "Tomorrow"

• June 19, 2024

Input your search keywords and press Enter.

• Skip to main content
• Keyboard shortcuts for audio player

Daniel Caesar Shares 'CASE STUDY 01' Album In Surprise Release

Maya Eaglin

Daniel Caesar's surprise release of his sophomore album CASE STUDY 01 boasts features from Brandy, Pharrell, John Mayer and more. Alberto E. Rodriguez/Getty Images hide caption

Daniel Caesar's surprise release of his sophomore album CASE STUDY 01 boasts features from Brandy, Pharrell, John Mayer and more.

With little advanced notice, Daniel Caesar releases his sophomore album CASE STUDY 01, boasting features from Pharrell , Brandy and John Mayer . This fresh selection of songs still has that romantic Daniel Caesar sound — especially in the chord progressions in "Open Up" and "Too Deep To Turn Back" — but many of these new tracks offer a switch-up from the dreamy acoustics heard on the artist's previous releases, Freudian and Pilgrim's Paradise.

Daniel Caesar: Tiny Desk Concert

Caesar enters a realm of a more electric and beat-heavy sound with these new 10 songs. As with most of his discography, the lyrics in the album continue to follow the winding emotional path that Caesar conveys through his music. What separates Ceaser from other artists is his relatable range of emotions paired with tastefully written metaphors and imagery.

"So, what's the price? We're like mosquitoes to light in a sense / I feed off of bioluminescence / Love and intent / So it's a quick fix, what else does life have to give but the pain generating inside our own brains?" Caesar muses on " Too Deep To Turn Back. "

On "Frontal Lobe Muzik" featuring Pharrell, Caesar sings about the loneliness of still being in love with someone and his yearning for feeling something genuine. The lo-fi, mellow groove of the song is sprinkled with synths and galactic sounds that evolve Caesar's sound.

Caesar's effortless falsetto and soulful harmonies have become a signature for the Toronto artist. Still, it's hard to place Caesar in just one genre because he defies the rigid lines and regulations of both soul, acoustic and R&B music. This fusion and alternative sound is what keeps him relevant. The music he creates reaches across genres, inviting listeners to enjoy and engage in his own universe.

• Daniel Caesar

CASE STUDY 01

CASE STUDY 01

• Daniel Caesar • 2019

  • 43 Minutes

From This Artist

• Our Year So Far
• New Arrivals 198
• Not In Paris
• Highsnobiety HS05
• New Balance
• Acne Studios
• Dries Van Noten
• Stone Island
• Carhartt WIP
• Entire Studios
• All Clothing
• All Footwear
• Hiking Sneakers
• All Accessories
• Winter Accessories
• All Objects
• Collectables

Daniel Caesar Struggles to Find His Footing on 'CASE STUDY 01'

It’s been an interesting year for Canadian R&B star Daniel Caesar , one that has been riddled with more controversy than actual music-making. First there was the moment he was called “very gay” by legendary comedian (and very stoned) Dave Chappelle while the two were guests on John Mayer’s Current Mood show. The pair’s subsequent argument, recorded live on Instagram , was a cringe thing to sit through. Then there were his comments supporting divisive industry insider YesJulz, an influencer who has spurned outrage due to her ‘blaccent’ , in addition to being seen in T-shirts that have the N-word written on them. Caesar passionately defended her but was later forced to apologize after calling black people “too sensitive” and insinuating that a victim mentality prevents many of them from making money.

It would be a stretch to assume this hasn't flattened the buzz around his second studio album, CASE STUDY 01 , which arrives with a more of a whimper than a bang — a real shame given how brilliant his 2017 debut Freudian , an intricate soul record that found the beauty in both falling in and out of love, remains. Yet in the fickle world of music, artists can get away with saying just about anything so long as the songs are good; something the talented Caesar will be acutely aware of.

It's fair to say this isn’t a record that will blow you away enough to consider forgetting Caesar’s recent spate of problematic behavior. The first half of CASE STUDY 01 is wildly inventive, filled with sexy slow jams and funky introspection, but the second half is indulgent verging on the pretentious, and proof Caesar is still far from the finished product.

The creative way Caesar switches from a high to low falsetto on the funky “ENTROPY” is a reminder of his boundless vocal talent. Meanwhile, Brandy duet "LOVE AGAIN" will take you right back to the slow jams of the '90s. The pair’s chemistry is really fun to sit through, and it's destined to become a hit single. “FRONTAL LOBE MUZIK” (on which Pharrell provides backing vocals) is a sizzling slice of summer, and the synths that kick in will give you that same transcendent feeling of hearing Kool & the Gang’s “Summer Madness” on a deckchair in August. The track is also the closest Caesar comes to underdog relatability on the project, as he croons: “Used to steal all my groceries/ now I get to the racks.”

I say this because there’s a misogynist tone to a lot of the other lyrics here, with Caesar unconvincingly playing the role of the gangster heartbreaker. Lyrics such as “It's you baby girl I'm trying to breed/ I'm not a monster/ I'm just a man with needs” on "CYANIDE" border on chauvinism. It’s weird hearing a singer who was once so empathetic to women suddenly sounding so dismissive of them — it’s almost as if he’s doing absolutely everything he can to convince Chappelle that he’s straight, with a lot of the sex talk here, which includes making love to a woman on a piano (“OPEN UP”), feeling clichéd at best, reminiscent of even more unsavory hallmarks of the genre at worst.

The second half of the album takes on a much more experimental, psychedelic tone, but Caesar is at his best when he’s having fun and not overthinking it, with a lot of these latter tracks sounding like a discount store version of far edgier artists such as Moses Sumney and Frank Ocean. “SUPERPOSITION” is incredibly indulgent, with its attempts at being philosophical (at one point, Caesar, without a hint of irony, sings the lyrics: “Life's all about contradiction/ Yin and yang/ Fluidity and things") sounding like it was inspired by the inside of a fortune cookie. The minimalist guitar of "RESTORE THE FEELING" also isn’t nearly as interesting as Caesar clearly thinks it is, with the song feeling muddled and undercooked.

Perhaps the most telling track on the album is “COMPLEXITIES,” a drugged out diary entry that sounds more like a demo than anything fully formed. Descending into hopelessness, Caesar sings: “I don’t give a damn because it doesn’t make a difference” - bars that inevitably provide an insight into his current world view. If Caesar starts to offer more by album number three, he could yet consolidate his obvious talent into something enduring, but if it’s another record created just for the sake of it, then many of the people who once believed in Caesar might feel like it’s time to move on.

There’s nothing truly terrible here, but - beyond Brandy rolling back the years - there’s nothing that will make you reach for the replay button either. It’s okay, but after the year Caesar has had, okay just won’t do.

Listen to Daniel Caesar's 'CASE STUDY 01' here . For more of our album reviews, head here .

Daniel Caesar Is a Contemplative Horndog on ‘Case Study 01’

By Danny Schwartz

Danny Schwartz

At some point in the middle of this decade, the brooding, atmospheric, synthetic R&B pioneered by Toronto artists like Drake and The Weeknd reached a saturation point. One artist who helped break this Canadian fever was Daniel Caesar. His 2017 debut album, Freudian, was a breath of fresh air , a blend of stripped-down acoustic guitar, choral gospel hums and Caesar’s sheepish voice. He attempted to inhabit and observe the undulations of his love life and tastefully integrated various religious references that had stayed with him since he left the church as a teenager.

Caesar’s new album comes with a sanitized name, Case Study 01 , but it is far from the sanctified equilibrium of Freudian , even though it follows the same structure—10 tracks, 43-44 minutes. The most pronounced difference is the fact that Caesar has become significantly hornier since Freudian . “ Been sniffing around all over the town / I just can’t stop settling down,” he sings on opening track “Entropy.” Later, on “Open Up,” he brags about having sex on his piano. He’s even horny for the music itself: on “Cyanide,” he adopts a thick patois and supplicates himself to the goddess of song: “Sweet melody, wind up your body ‘pon me.”

He spends much of the Case Study  grappling with the mercurial success of Freudian , which earned three Grammy nominations. Success has seemingly sparked not only unexpected bursts of sexual energy (“Never got pussy acting like a pussy”), but ruminations about his past (“Used to steal all my groceries and now I get to the racks.”) Still, for the most part, he is occupied with the present, exploring the void that exists between two people and evoking a sense of negative space through spare arrangements and slow tempos rarely exceeding a brisk walk.

Case Study  benefits from a wealth of strong features: a vintage turn from Brandy, dense harmonies from internet-jazz prodigy Jacob Collier, tender, unobtrusive guitar from John Mayer, and delightfully gauzy synths from Pharrell. Caesar lets himself down with half-assed relationship insights, like on “Superposition,” when he muses, “Life’s all about contradiction / Yin and yang / Fluidity and things.” Case Study has gorgeous moments, but it lacks the overall clarity and focus of Freudian ; it is muddled from the very beginning, by its sample of Robert Oppenheimer’s famous Bhagavad-Gita invocation, “I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.” These grand, empty kind of gestures, as well as expressions of his greatly enhanced libido, don’t play to Caesar’s strengths. He resonates most when he’s attempting to make sense of the liminal emotional space where one person ends and another begins.

Watch Michael J. Fox Join Coldplay on Guitar at Glastonbury

• Glastonbury 2024
• By Althea Legaspi

Watch Taylor Swift Debut ‘The Albatross’ Live in Dublin

• Visit in Your Dreams

Willie Nelson 'Cleared' to Return to Outlaw Music Festival

• By Daniel Kreps

In Defense of Camila Cabello — and Letting the Pop Girlies Try New Things

• By Tomás Mier

Watch Elton John Join President Biden at Opening of Stonewall Monument Center

Most popular, sean penn says he 'went 15 years miserable on sets' after 'milk' and could not play gay role today due to a 'timid and artless policy toward the human imagination', 'tulsa king' season 2 premiere date and teaser trailer released, florida's ron desantis says 'sexual' festival caused him to veto $32 m. in arts grants, inside sources claim all of meghan markle’s products for american riviera orchard are just a red herring, you might also like, michael j. fox joins coldplay on guitar during glastonbury headlining set, little simz makes appearance to debut new song, model and former soap opera star renauld white dies at 80, the best yoga mats for any practice, according to instructors, ‘the boys’ showrunner on butcher’s internal conflict in season 4: ‘he’s really rattled by what could be happening’, lebron opts out but plans to re-sign with lakers, per report.

Rolling Stone is a part of Penske Media Corporation. © 2024 Rolling Stone, LLC. All rights reserved.

Verify it's you

Please log in.

• Manage Account
• What is TIDAL?
• Explore the App
• For Artists
• Pricing & Plans
• Download TIDAL
• Transfer Music
• Supported Devices

CASE STUDY 01

Open in Web App

Open in Desktop App

Daniel Caesar

Daniel Caesar Brandy

FRONTAL LOBE MUZIK

Pharrell Williams Daniel Caesar

RESTORE THE FEELING

Sean Leon Jacob Collier Daniel Caesar

SUPERPOSITION

John Mayer Daniel Caesar

TOO DEEP TO TURN BACK

COMPLEXITIES

ARE YOU OK?

Other Albums by Daniel Caesar

CASE STUDY 01

• Record Label: Golden Child Recordings
• Release Date: Jun 28, 2019

Critic Reviews

User reviews.

• Details & Credits

Generally favorable reviews - based on 5 Critic Reviews What's this?

Universal acclaim - based on 19 Ratings

• Summary: The second full-length release for the Canadian R&B artist features guest appearances from Brandy, Jacob Collier, Sean Leon, John Mayer, and Pharrell Williams.

• Genre(s): R&B
• More Details and Credits »

• Positive: 2 out of 5
• Mixed: 3 out of 5
• Negative: 0 out of 5
• All this publication's reviews
• Read full review
• Positive: 3 out of 3
• Mixed: 0 out of 3
• Negative: 0 out of 3
• 0 of 2 users found this helpful
• 0 of 0 users found this helpful
• 1 of 1 users found this helpful

Essential Links

• New & Recent Releases A-Z by Artist
• New & Recent Releases by Date
• Upcoming Release Calendar
• 2024 High Scores
• All-Time High Scores
• A-Z Index of Artists

Current Music Releases

• By Metascore
• By user score

• CDs & Vinyl

Sorry, there was a problem.

Image unavailable.

• Sorry, this item is not available in
• Image not available
• To view this video download Flash Player

CASE STUDY 01 Explicit Lyrics

• Streaming Unlimited MP3 $7.99 Listen with our Free App
• Audio CD from $5.45 6 Used from $5.45 20 New from $12.06
• Vinyl from $59.99 2 New from $59.99

Track Listings

Editorial Reviews

2019 release, the second studio album by Canadian singer and songwriter Daniel Caesar. The album features guest appearances from Brandy, Pharrell Williams, John Mayer, Sean Leon and Jacob Collier.

Product details

• Product Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 5.65 x 4.9 x 1.11 inches; 7.2 ounces
• Manufacturer ‏ : ‎ Golden Child Recordings (Daniel Caesar)
• Original Release Date ‏ : ‎ 2019
• Date First Available ‏ : ‎ October 18, 2019
• Label ‏ : ‎ Golden Child Recordings (Daniel Caesar)
• ASIN ‏ : ‎ B07Z74Q1XT
• Number of discs ‏ : ‎ 1
• #13,487 in Pop (CDs & Vinyl)

Videos for this product

Click to play video

Customer Review: I love it

Customer reviews

Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them.

To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness.

Reviews with images

• Sort reviews by Top reviews Most recent Top reviews

Top reviews from the United States

There was a problem filtering reviews right now. please try again later..

Top reviews from other countries

• About Amazon
• Investor Relations
• Amazon Devices
• Amazon Science
• Sell products on Amazon
• Sell on Amazon Business
• Sell apps on Amazon
• Become an Affiliate
• Advertise Your Products
• Self-Publish with Us
• Host an Amazon Hub
• › See More Make Money with Us
• Amazon Business Card
• Shop with Points
• Reload Your Balance
• Amazon Currency Converter
• Amazon and COVID-19
• Your Account
• Your Orders
• Shipping Rates & Policies
• Returns & Replacements
• Manage Your Content and Devices

• Conditions of Use
• Privacy Notice
• Consumer Health Data Privacy Disclosure
• Your Ads Privacy Choices

The Daily Show Fan Page

Explore the latest interviews, correspondent coverage, best-of moments and more from The Daily Show.

Extended Interviews

The Daily Show Tickets

Attend a Live Taping

Find out how you can see The Daily Show live and in-person as a member of the studio audience.

Best of Jon Stewart

The Weekly Show with Jon Stewart

New Episodes Thursdays

Jon Stewart and special guests tackle complex issues.

Powerful Politicos

The Daily Show Shop

Great Things Are in Store

Become the proud owner of exclusive gear, including clothing, drinkware and must-have accessories.

About The Daily Show

• Open access
• Published: 20 June 2024

The association between healthy and unhealthy dietary indices with prostate cancer risk: a case-control study

• Marzieh Mahmoodi 1 , 2 ,
• Baneen Chasib Gabal 3 , 4 , 5 ,
• Farzaneh Mohammadi 1 , 2 ,
• Fatma Magdi Ibrahim 6 , 7 ,
• Yahya Jalilpiran   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-7031-3542 8 ,
• Mehran Nouri   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0554-538X 9 , 10 &
• Shiva Faghih 11  

Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition volume  43 , Article number:  90 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

229 Accesses

1 Altmetric

Metrics details

Introduction

According to our knowledge, the relationship between dietary patterns such as pro-healthy, pro-vegetarian, and non-healthy dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk has not been clearly investigated in Iranian men. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between adherence to a pro-healthy (PHDI), pro-vegetarian (PDP), and non-healthy dietary indices (NHDI) and the risk of prostate cancer.

In this matched case-control study, 125 participants (62 cases and 63 hospital-based controls) were enrolled from April to September 2015. Participants’ dietary intakes were evaluated using a valid and reliable 160-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary indices calculated based on previous studies. The relationship between dietary indices (PHDI, NHDI and PDP) and prostate cancer risk was assessed using binary regression models.

According to adjusted model, significant negative correlations were found between PHDI and PDP with prostate cancer (PHDI: OR = 0.31; 95% CI; 0.11–0.85; P  = 0.023 – PDP: OR = 0.34; 95% CI; 0.15–0.75; P  = 0.008). Also, a positive association was seen between NHDI and prostate cancer (OR = 3.01; 95% CI; 1.20–7.57; P  = 0.019).

We found that adherence to healthy dietary indices which includes high amounts of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains reduces the risk of prostate cancer. While adherence to a dietary pattern high in red and processed meat, refined grains, and sweetened beverages increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer has been increasing worldwide in recent years, especially in Asian countries [ 1 ]. Several factors affect the incidence of the disease, the most important of which are age, race, also genetic and environmental factors [ 2 ]. According to the epidemiological findings, environmental factors such as lifestyle, especially dietary habits, have an important effect on the risk of prostate cancer [ 3 , 4 ]. In this regard, it has been reported that the risk of prostate cancer was higher in Japanese men who predominantly follow a Western dietary pattern [ 3 ]. Similarly, other findings have shown that Western dietary pattern has a positive association with the risk of prostate cancer [ 5 ]. In contrast, adherence to a healthy Mediterranean diet has protective effect against the risk of prostate cancer [ 5 ].

Loeb et al. showed that adherence to a plant-based diet with high intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and whole grains and low intake of animal products was associated with reduction in the risk of chronic diseases and mortality [ 6 ]. Evidence focused on the association between adherence to a plant-based diet and prostate cancer [ 7 ]. Epidemiological findings support the beneficial role of plant-based foods, especially tomatoes as the main sours of lycopene in reducing the risk of prostate cancer [ 6 , 8 ]. Also, following the consumption of dairy products and red meat an increase in the risk of prostate cancer has been reported [ 6 , 9 , 10 ].

According to our knowledge, the relationship between pro-healthy, pro-vegetarian, and non-healthy dietary indices and prostate cancer risk has not clearly investigated in Iranian men. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between adherence to pro-healthy, pro-vegetarian, and non-healthy dietary indices and the risk of prostate cancer in Shiraz.

Methods and materials

Study design.

The present case-control study was conducted from April to September 2015 in the urological disorders referral centers of two principal hospitals in Shiraz, Iran. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. This study was performed based on the Declaration of Helsinki guideline. All the participants were informed about the study, then consent forms were obtained. Details of the present study were published previously [ 2 , 11 , 12 ].

Participants

One hundred and twenty five participants (62 cases and 63 hospital-based controls) were enrolled in this study from April to September 2015. Five participants (2 cases and 3 controls) were removed from the final analysis due to their poor response to the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The patients’ medical records were obtained from the hospitals’ cancer registry database, the most well-known and most-referred medical centers of southern provinces in Iran for all types of diseases, as well as cancer [ 13 , 14 ]. Demographic information and dietary intakes of the participants were obtained through face-to-face interviews. Moreover, anthropometric indices (height and weight) were measured using standard protocols.

Inclusion criteria for the cases was being newly diagnosed with prostate cancer by a pathologist and being eligible for open or radical prostatectomy. The control group was selected from conditions other than cancer and diabetes, including the eye ( n  = 21), ear, nose, and throat (ENT) ( n  = 20), gastrointestinal ( n  = 9), kidney ( n  = 8), and neurological ( n  = 5) diseases simultaneously with the cases and from the same hospitals. Both case and control groups had no history of receiving a diet for cancer or other chronic diseases. Exclusion criteria were having total energy intake less than 800 or more than 4200 kcal/d or answering less than 70 items out of 160 items of the FFQ [ 15 ]. Cases and controls were matched in terms of age (5-year groups) and body mass index (BMI) (< 19, 19-24.99, 25-29.99, and ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ).

Demographic assessments

Demographic and lifestyle information were assessed through a questionnaire included information on age, ethnicity (Fars/non-Fars), education (illiterate and primary/diploma and academic), job (employment/unemployment), smoking status (smoker/non-smoker), medication use such as aspirin, antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive drugs (yes/no), and physical activity (low or never/moderate/high).

Anthropometric assessments

Weight was measured without shoes in light clothing by a digital scale (Glamor BS-801, Hitachi, China) to the nearest 100gr. Height was also measured in a standing position, without shoes, while the heels, buttocks, and head were attached to the wall, by an inflexible tape measure to the nearest 0.1 cm. All measurement were done after diagnosis of cancer.

Dietary intake assessment

Participants’ dietary intakes were evaluated using a valid and reliable 160-item semi-quantitative FFQ [ 16 ]. According to this questionnaire, the frequency of food consumption of the participants were recorded based on the portion sizes of the usual Iranian food as follows: “never or less than once a month”, “1 to 3 times a month”, “once a week”, “2 to 4 times a week”, “5 to 6 times a week”, “once a day”, “2 to 3 times a day”, “4 to 5 times a day”, and “6 times or more a day”. Also, the portion sizes were categorized as small (half the stated average consumption or less), medium (equal to the stated average consumption), and large (one and a half times the stated average consumption or more). Afterward, the FFQs were analyzed by Borland Delphi Professional, version 7.0 and Visual Basic 2008 (VB 9.0) software. Furthermore, foods were converted into nutrients by Nutritionist 4 software (First Databank Inc. San Bruno, CA, USA). The frequency of food consumption was categorized on 6 scale with the following values: 1 (never), 2 (1 to 3 times a month), 3 (once a week), 4 (several times a week), 5 (once a day) and 6 (several times a day). The original ranks were then changed to real numbers stating the daily frequency of food consumption (as times/day) using the following method: never (0), 1 to 3 times a month (0.06), once a week (0.14), several times a week (0.5), once a day (1) and several times a day (2) [ 17 , 18 ].

Pro-healthy Diet Index assessment

The pro-healthy diet index (PHDI-10) measures the daily frequency consumption of 10 food groups which have beneficial health effects, including wholemeal bread, oatmeal, barley, whole grain pasta, thickly-ground barley, milk, fermented dairy products, fresh cheese, white meat, fish, seeds, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. To calculate PHDI-10 score, food groups intakes were divided into tertiles and scores 0–2 were assigned to first to last tertiles. The total score of PHDI-10 ranged 0–20. Higher scores means greater positive impact on health [ 17 , 18 ].

Non-healthy Diet Index assessment

The non-healthy diet index (NHDI-14) values 0–28 to evaluate how often an individual consumes 14 different food groups per day. These food products are white bread, refined cereal products (such as plain pasta, white rice, and finely-ground barley), fried food, fast food, butter, hard and processed cheeses, processed meat products (such as cold cuts, sausages, and hot dogs), red meat dishes, canned meat, sweets, confectionery, sweetened beverages (carbonated or non-carbonated), and alcoholic beverages. It is worth noting that in the current study, consumption of lard, alcoholic beverages, and energy drinks was not taken into account in the calculation of the index due to religious considerations in Iranian society. NHDI-14 food groups converted to tertiles and then score 0 was considered for the first, score 1 for the second and score 2 for last tertile. The total score of NHDI ranged 0–22 based of Iranian FFQ items. The higher the score, the greater the negative impact on the health [ 17 , 18 ].

Provegetarian Dietary Pattern (PDP) assessment

The PDP comprises a range of 12–60 and consists of 12 different food groups. These include 7 vegetable groups and 5 animal-based food groups. The vegetable groups consist of fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes, potatoes, nuts, and olive oil, and the animal-based food groups consist of meat/meat products, animal fat for cooking or as a spread, fish and other seafood, dairy products, and eggs. To score the consumption of vegetable groups in grams per day, they were divided into quintiles numbered 1–5. The sum of these quintiles ranged from 7 to 35. The consumption of animal-based food groups in grams per day was scored in reverse, with quintiles numbered 1–5 in reverse order. The total of these quintiles ranged from 5 to 25 [ 19 ].

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23 software (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). A P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. The dietary indices were categorized into two groups, including below and equal to the median (reference) and above the median and reported as the median (interquartile range (IQR). Other variables were reported as mean ± SD and percentage. Mann-Whitney and Independent sample t-tests were used to compare continuous variables, and the Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables between two groups. The relationship between dietary indices (PHDI, NHDI and PDP) and prostate cancer risk was assessed using logistic regression. Education, smoking status, physical activity and energy intake were considered as potential confounders and the results were reported as odd ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Demographic, anthropometric, and dietary characteristics of the participants are shown in Table  1 . Significant differences were observed between NHDI score ( P  = 0.016), PDP score ( P  = 0.002) and physical activity ( P  = 0.024) of the case and control groups.

As presented in Tables  2 and 3 , the intakes of fruits ( P  = 0.003) and vegetables ( P  = 0.009) food groups were higher, but red meats (P ˂ 0.001) and sweets and confectionary ( P  = 0.002) intakes were lower in the control group.

According to crude model, a significant relationship was observed between prostate cancer risk and NHDI (OR = 2.77; 95% CI (1.32–5.85); P  = 0.007) also an inverse relation with PDP (OR = 0.34; 95% CI (0.16–0.72); P  = 0.005). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, significant negative correlations were found between PHDI (OR = 0.31; 95% CI; 0.11–0.85; P  = 0.023) and PDP (OR = 0.34; 95% CI; 0.15–0.75; P  = 0.008) with prostate cancer risk. Also, a positive association was seen between NHDI and prostate cancer risk (OR = 3.01; 95% CI; 1.20–7.57; P  = 0.019) (Table  4 ).

In the current study, two identified dietary indices including the PHDI, and PDP were associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer, while the NHDI was potentially associated with an increase in the risk of prostate cancer.

Pro-vegetarian and pro-healthy dietary indices are rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, fermented dairy products, and whole grains. In contrast, the non-healthy diet index is rich in refined grains, red and processed meat products, fast foods, fried foods, butter, sweets, and sweetened carbonated or non-carbonated beverages. Recent evidence has shown that a healthy dietary pattern as a nutrient dense diet is associated with a reduction in the risk of prostate cancer but an unhealthy dietary pattern as an energy dense diet is reversely associated [ 5 ].

These findings are consistent with the results of several studies. In a case-control study conducted by Askari et al. on men in Tehran, Iran, a significant increase in the risk of prostate cancer following adherence to a Western diet and a significant decrease following adherence to a healthy diet was observed [ 20 ]. In another case-control study in Australia by Ambrosini et al., adherence to the western dietary pattern was associated to the risk of prostate cancer [ 21 ]. Moreover, in the case-control study which was conducted in Kermanshah, Bagheri et al. reported that after adjusting for confounders such as alcohol consumption, smoking status, level of total energy intake, and physical activity and education, adherence to a healthy dietary pattern was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of prostate cancerbut adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern was related to higher risk [ 5 ]. Similarly, two other studies also reported that adherence to unhealthy dietary patterns such as western diet was attributed to the increased risk of prostate cancer risk [ 22 , 23 ].

In this view, it has been shown that greater adherence to the Western dietary pattern, as a diet rich in red and processed meat, saturated fats, and refined grains could increase the risk of prostate cancer [ 2 ]. This effect is attributed to the high content of energies and fats, heterocyclic amines, and oxidizing agents of unhealthy diets [ 5 ]. In addition, these food items, including carbonated drinks and sweet beverages, have high glycemic index, which increases the risk of cancer by causing hyperinsulinemia [ 24 ]. Some findings have also approved that due to their high energy content, unhealthy diets could increase the production of growth factors and angiogenesis which increased the risk of prostate cancer [ 24 ].

In contrast, the protective effects of healthy dietary patterns such as Healthy eating index (HEI) against prostate cancer has been reported [ 23 ]. This association may be explained by several mechanisms. High intakes of fruits and vegetables in healthy dietary patterns have chemo-preventive effects through their antioxidants compounds [ 25 ]. Also, bioactive compounds content of the plant-based diets such as fiber, phenol, polyphenol, and other antioxidant vitamins have anti-cancer effects [ 26 ].

As oxidative stress plays a key role in prostate cancer pathogenesis [ 27 ], antioxidant compounds have beneficial effects on its risk by reducing the oxidative stress status [ 28 ] [ 27 ]. Moreover, the consumption of fruits and vegetables as rich sources of lutein plays important role in reducing the risk of prostate cancer due to the antioxidant effects, regulation of apoptosis, and angiogenesis [ 28 ]. Receiving high amount of vitamin K through vegetables also has anti-cancer effects via reducing oxidative stress and activating the apoptosis pathway [ 28 ]. In this regard, it has been reported that antioxidant and phenolic compounds, have anti-inflammatory as well as protective effects against DNA damage-induced oxidative conditions [ 29 ].

In general, the intake of dietary fiber has a protective effect against cancer by slowing down the transit time and increasing the binding of carcinogens, also the production of short-chain fatty acids [ 29 , 30 ]. Besides, high intake of dietary fiber in healthy plant-based diets could reduce the risk of prostate cancer by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing the bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) [ 28 ]. Similar results have been reported in other cohort and case-control studies for the protective effects of dietary fiber intake against prostate cancer [ 31 , 32 ].

The present study has several strengths, first of all effect of pro-healthy, pro-vegetarian, and non-healthy dietary indices on the risk of prostate cancer in Iranian men was done for the first time. Valid and reliable questionnaire have also been used to collect data related to dietary intakes. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression models used to adjust several confounders. However, there are several weaknesses in this study that should be note. The small sample size, along with the use of the FFQ questionnaire, which is a retrospective tool and may lead to risk of recall bias, are important weaknesses of the study. Moreover, the FFQ is a tool to measure participants’ usual food consumption in the past year, which seems to be a limitation for discussing the long-term effects of diet on prostate cancer risk.

In conclusion, we found that adherence to healthy dietary indices which include high amounts of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains reduces the risk of prostate cancer. While adherence to a diet high in red and processed meat, refined grains, and sweetened beverages increases the risk of it.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Kimura T, Egawa S. Epidemiology of prostate cancer in Asian countries. Int J Urol. 2018;25(6):524–31.

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Jalilpiran Y, Dianatinasab M, Zeighami S, Bahmanpour S, Ghiasvand R, Mohajeri SAR, Faghih S. Western dietary pattern, but not mediterranean dietary pattern, increases the risk of prostate cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2018;70(6):851–9.

Matsushita M, Fujita K, Nonomura N. Influence of diet and nutrition on prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(4):1447.

Article   CAS   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Ma RL, Chapman K. A systematic review of the effect of diet in prostate cancer prevention and treatment. J Hum Nutr Dietetics. 2009;22(3):187–99.

Article   Google Scholar  

Bagheri A, Nachvak SM, Rezaei M, Moravridzade M, Moradi M, Nelson M. Dietary patterns and risk of prostate cancer: a factor analysis study in a sample of Iranian men. Health Promotion Perspect. 2018;8(2):133.

Loeb S, Fu BC, Bauer SR, Pernar CH, Chan JM, Van Blarigan EL, Giovannucci EL, Kenfield SA, Mucci LA. Association of plant-based diet index with prostate cancer risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022;115(3):662–70.

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Fontana L, Adelaiye RM, Rastelli AL, Miles KM, Ciamporcero E, Longo VD, Nguyen H, Vessella R, Pili R. Dietary protein restriction inhibits tumor growth in human xenograft models of prostate and breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2013;4(12):2451.

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Zu K, Mucci L, Rosner BA, Clinton SK, Loda M, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E. Dietary lycopene, angiogenesis, and prostate cancer: a prospective study in the prostate-specific antigen era. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2014;106(2):djt430.

Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DS, Vieira AR, Vieira R, Greenwood DC, Vatten LJ, Norat T. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(1):87–117.

Mouzannar A, Kuchakulla M, Blachman-Braun R, Nackeeran S, Becerra M, Nahar B, Punnen S, Ritch C, Parekh DJ, Gonzalgo ML. Impact of plant-based diet on PSA level: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Urology. 2021;156:205–10.

Jalilpiran Y, Mehranfar S, Jafari A, Mohajeri SAR, Faghih S. Dietary energy density and risk of prostate cancer:(a case–control study). Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;43:342–7.

Mirjalili F, Rezazadegan M, Jalilpiran Y, Mousavi SM, Jafari A, Mohajeri SAR, Faghih S. The association between dietary diversity score and risk of prostate cancer:(a case-control study). Nutr Cancer. 2022;74(4):1270–8.

Dianatinasab M, Fararouei M, Mohammadianpanah M, Zare-Bandamiri M. Impact of social and clinical factors on diagnostic delay of breast cancer: a cross-sectional study. Medicine 2016, 95(38).

Dianatinasab M, Fararouei M, Mohammadianpanah M, Zare-Bandamiri M, Rezaianzadeh A. Hair coloring, stress, and smoking increase the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. Clin Breast Cancer. 2017;17(8):650–9.

Esmaillzadeh A, Azadbakht L. Major dietary patterns in relation to general obesity and central adiposity among Iranian women. J Nutr. 2008;138(2):358–63.

Nematy M, Nouri M, Ghazizahedi S, Norouzy A, Mohajeri S, Shalaei N, Safariyan M, Esmaily H. Validity and reproducibility of Iranian food frequency questionnaire. Switz Res Park J. 2013;102:2137–46.

Google Scholar  

Jezewska-Zychowicz M, Gawecki J, Wadolowska L, Czarnocinska J, Galinski G, Kollajtis-Dolowy A, Roszkowski W, Wawrzyniak A, Przybylowicz K, Krusinska B. Dietary Habits and Nutrition Beliefs Questionnaire and the manual for developing of nutritional data. The Committee of Human Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences 2017.

Jezewska-Zychowicz M, Gawecki J, Wadolowska L, Czarnocinska J, Galinski G, Kollajtis-Dolowy A, Roszkowski W, Wawrzyniak A, Przybylowicz K, Krusinska B. Dietary habits and nutrition beliefs questionnaire for people 15–65 years old, version 1.1—Interviewer administered questionnaire. Diet Habits Nutr Beliefs Questionnaire Man Developing Nutritional Data; Gawecki J Ed 2017:3–20.

Martínez-González MA, Sánchez-Tainta A, Corella D, Salas-Salvadó J, Ros E, Arós F, Gómez-Gracia E, Fiol M, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Schröder H. A provegetarian food pattern and reduction in total mortality in the Prevención Con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(suppl1):S320–8.

Askari F, Parizi MK, Jessri M, Rashidkhani B. Dietary patterns in relation to prostate cancer in Iranian men: a case-control study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(5):2159–63.

Ambrosini GL, Fritschi L, De Klerk NH, Mackerras D, Leavy J. Dietary patterns identified using factor analysis and prostate cancer risk: a case control study in Western Australia. Ann Epidemiol. 2008;18(5):364–70.

Wu K, Hu FB, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Dietary patterns and risk of prostate cancer in US men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(1):167–71.

Trudeau K, Rousseau M-C, Barul C, Csizmadi I, Parent M-É. Dietary patterns are associated with risk of prostate cancer in a population-based case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1907.

Lozano-Lorca M, Rodríguez-González M, Salcedo-Bellido I, Vázquez-Alonso F, Arrabal M, Martín-Castaño B, Sánchez M-J, Jiménez-Moleón J-J, Olmedo-Requena R. Dietary patterns and prostate Cancer: CAPLIFE Study. Cancers. 2022;14(14):3475.

Fabiani R, Minelli L, Bertarelli G, Bacci S. A western dietary pattern increases prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2016;8(10):626.

Parra-Soto S, Ahumada D, Petermann-Rocha F, Boonpoor J, Gallegos JL, Anderson J, Sharp L, Malcomson FC, Livingstone KM, Mathers JC. Association of meat, vegetarian, pescatarian and fish-poultry diets with risk of 19 cancer sites and all cancer: findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):1–16.

Khandrika L, Kumar B, Koul S, Maroni P, Koul HK. Oxidative stress in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett. 2009;282(2):125–36.

Bahrami A, Movahed M, Teymoori F, Mazandaranian MR, Rashidkhani B, Hekmatdoost A, Hejazi E. Dietary nutrient patterns and prostate Cancer risk: a case-control study from Iran. Asian Pac J cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2019;20(5):1415.

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Godos J, Bella F, Sciacca S, Galvano F, Grosso G. Vegetarianism and breast, colorectal and prostate cancer risk: an overview and meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Hum Nutr Dietetics. 2017;30(3):349–59.

Grosso G, Buscemi S, Galvano F, Mistretta A, Marventano S, Vela VL, Drago F, Gangi S, Basile F, Biondi A. Mediterranean diet and cancer: epidemiological evidence and mechanism of selected aspects. BMC Surg. 2013;13:1–9.

Sawada N, Iwasaki M, Yamaji T, Shimazu T, Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Group JPHCbPS: Fiber intake and risk of subsequent prostate cancer in Japanese men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(1):118–25.

Deschasaux M, Pouchieu C, His M, Hercberg S, Latino-Martel P, Touvier M. Dietary total and insoluble fiber intakes are inversely associated with prostate cancer risk. J Nutr. 2014;144(4):504–10.

Download references

Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank all field investigators, staff, and participants of the present study.

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Marzieh Mahmoodi & Farzaneh Mohammadi

Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq

Baneen Chasib Gabal

Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq

Medical Laboratory Technique College, the Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq

Assistant professor, Community Health Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, UAE, .

Fatma Magdi Ibrahim

Lecturer, geriatric nursing, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Yahya Jalilpiran

Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran

Mehran Nouri

Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Shiva Faghih

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

M.M, B.C.G, F.M, F.M.I, Y.J and M.N; Contributed to writing the first draft. M.N and Y.J; Contributed to all data and statistical analysis and interpretation of data. S.F; Contributed to the research concept, supervised the work, and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mehran Nouri or Shiva Faghih .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Medical Research and Ethics Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Science. All participants read and signed the informed consent form.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Conflict of interest

Additional information, publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Mahmoodi, M., Gabal, B.C., Mohammadi, F. et al. The association between healthy and unhealthy dietary indices with prostate cancer risk: a case-control study. J Health Popul Nutr 43 , 90 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00578-4

Download citation

Received : 06 January 2024

Accepted : 07 June 2024

Published : 20 June 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00578-4

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Pro-healthy diet index
• Non-healthy diet index
• Pro-vegetarian dietary index
• Prostate cancer

Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

ISSN: 2072-1315

• Submission enquiries: [email protected]
• General enquiries: [email protected]

OPEN UP Lyrics

How to Format Lyrics:

• Type out all lyrics, even repeating song parts like the chorus
• Lyrics should be broken down into individual lines
• Use section headers above different song parts like [Verse], [Chorus], etc.
• Use italics ( <i>lyric</i> ) and bold ( <b>lyric</b> ) to distinguish between different vocalists in the same song part
• If you don’t understand a lyric, use [?]

To learn more, check out our transcription guide or visit our transcribers forum

The music is about how Daniel sees himself with this girl, in the first part, sexually, with his Men Needs, and after, romantically, loving her, and being there always. He talks about having sex with her, but also, how he loves her, the music itself is a big antithesis. The song communicates Daniels struggle to balance his id and his superego, specifically when approaching a woman. On one side he has his sexual desires but on the other he has his more deeply rooted wants. All in all he wants this girl to open up regardless of how he is acting. Also,this track takes elements from his track “Japanese Denim” such as the subtle high hats and the kick drum in double time. This elements are also characteristic of his nod to Soul artist D’Angelo.

Find answers to frequently asked questions about the song and explore its deeper meaning

• 3. LOVE AGAIN
• 4. FRONTAL LOBE MUZIK
• 6. RESTORE THE FEELING
• 7. SUPERPOSITION
• 8. TOO DEEP TO TURN BACK
• 9. COMPLEXITIES
• 10. ARE YOU OK?

Genius is the world’s biggest collection of song lyrics and musical knowledge