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Fundamentals Of Essay And Answer Writing PDF

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Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing is specifically designed to improve your answer and essay writing skill in the shortest amount of time. If you’re a beginner, you will take considerable time to understand the nuances of the exam. The principles outlined in the book will help you overcome such obstacles quickly and easily. If you’re a seasoned aspirant, you are going to find new tools to further refine and dramatically improve the quality of your answers. With Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing, it will become easier for you to stand out, and score well in UPSC Mains, no matter where you are currently in your UPSC journey....

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Fundamentals Of Essay And Answer Writing Anudeep Durishetty 2022 Pdf Download

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Tips for Reading an Assignment Prompt

Asking analytical questions, introductions, what do introductions across the disciplines have in common, anatomy of a body paragraph, transitions, tips for organizing your essay, counterargument, conclusions.

Learn to write great essays and answers

My book, Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing is now available! 

How will the book benefit you?

• Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing is specifically designed to improve your answer and essay writing skill in the shortest amount of time.  
• If you’re a beginner, you will take considerable time to understand the nuances of the exam. The principles outlined in the book will help you overcome such obstacles quickly and easily.  
• If you’re a seasoned aspirant, you are going to find new tools to further refine and dramatically improve the quality of your answers.  
• With Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing , it will become easier for you to stand out, and score well in UPSC Mains, no matter where you are currently in your UPSC journey.    

Contents of the Book

TABLE OF CONTENTS – COMPLETE EDITION

PART I : Essay Writing

• How to Prepare for the Essay
• Essay Introduction
• Main Body of the Essay
• Flow and Coherence
• Vocabulary, Language and Grammar
• Choosing a Topic
• Writing a Philosophical Essay
• Useful Quotes
•  Components of a Good Essay
• Why You Should Write

PART II: Answer Writing

• The Mains Booklist
• Current Affairs Preparation
• Useful Statistics
• Anthropology
• Illustrations
• Components of a Good Answer
• Closing Thoughts

PART III : Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

PART IV : Sample Answers to Previously Asked UPSC Questions

PART V : Bonus Videos (Only in E-book version)

Want to read some sample chapters from the book? Here are three of them.

1. chapter on gs-4 answer writing, 2. chapter on essay introductions, 3. chapter on gs-2 answer writing.

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The Fundamentals of Academic Writing

This outlines the approach to EAP and especially academic writing that I developed while teaching at the University of Cyprus in the 1990s. I have since adapted and enhanced these materials and have created a new course available at https://www.udemy.com/course/effective-academic-communication/?referralCode=57F6E17D67CC8D22F710

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This paper was written to fulfill the requirements of Module 3 for the Cambridge Delta. The topic of the paper is EAP (English for Academic Purposes) and involves teaching academic writing. This assignment touches on what academic writing involves, includes a brief needs analysis conducted on learners, and a suggested academic course of study for a group of students whose needs include learning to write academic papers for the undergraduate/postgraduate levels of study. This was especially important for me as it evidences my first attempt at creating a course for a group of learners. Please see the the other paper entitled "Appendices for Module 3 Assignment" for further details on the actual layout of the course, and the materials suggested for use.

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In order to write for academic purposes, all novice ESL and EFL writers must be well-informed about the fundamentals of academic writing (AW) in English. Developing academic writing skills for all students is crucial because they must produce good writing skills to meet the standards of college and university course writing assignments. The typical college and university writing assignments include descriptive writing, analytical writing, persuasive writing, critical writing, and inquiry writing. In the meantime, it is also crucial for them to understand that writing is a recursive process involving various stages, such as generating ideas, outlining, planning, drafting, revising, editing, and sharing. During the writing process, the writers should not only consider the elements of AW, comprising content, organization, purpose and audience, critical thinking, word choice, grammar, and mechanics, but also its basic conventions, including objectivity, formality or style, citation styl...

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This is the latest edition of a stalwart textbook for teaching English for Academic Purposes (EAP). It is a stand-alone volume, unlike many EAP books that have become a series differentiated by stages of student ability (for example, the Oxford EAP series or Longman Academic Writing). The advantage is that Bailey's textbook accompanies the student through their courses, from beginner to advanced, rather than requiring several separate books. The book is systematic and thorough, with varied examples of material, and it is broken into logical sections and subsections like a science or engineering textbook. The emphasis is on students practicing and completing writing throughout, rather than a more theoretical approach.

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Despite its sociopolitical basis, Academic Literacy (AL) is recently referred to as a set of complex skills such as writing, which lays undeniable foundations for success in academic communities (Hyland & Lyons, 2002). This study is aimed at improving students' AL in general and their writing skill in particular at Khaje Nasiredin Toosi (KNT) University of Science and Technology. Based on the domain of EAP (Flowerdew & Peacock, 2001; Jordan, 1997), and among various academic assignments (Braine, 1995; Canseco & Byrd, 1989), students' summary writings at KNT University were selected to be investigated. Besides the summaries, 20 students were interviewed to delve more into the problematic areas. Data analysis of 1270 written errors indicated that sequence of tense, article use, and appropriate selection of words are the most prevalent error types. Further analysis of the data revealed that students had failed to develop their ideas properly in unified paragraphs. Moreover, students were unsuccessful to put their ideas in the simple format of introduction, body, and conclusion. The paragraphs also lacked cohesive ties. The article, accordingly, ends with some practical recommendations addressing the present issues.

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Fundamentals Of Essay And Answer Writing

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Contents Book Cover Preface Copyright PART I: Essay Writing 1. How to Prepare for the Essay 2. Essay Introduction 3. Main Body of the Essay 4. Conclusion 5. Flow and Coherence 6. Vocabulary, Language and Grammar 7. Choosing a Topic 8. Writing a Philosophical Essay 9. Useful Quotes 10. Components of a Good Essay 11. Why You Should Write PART II: Answer Writing 1. The Mains Booklist 2. Current Affairs Preparation 3. GS-1 4. GS-2 5. GS-3 6. GS-4 7. Useful Statistics 8. Anthropology 9. Illustrations 10. Components of a Good Answer 11. Closing Thoughts PART III: FAQs PART IV: Sample Answers Essay GS-1 GS-2 GS-3 GS-4 Anthropology Preface My UPSC journey was long and brutal, consisting of three failures, five attempts, and six long years. Throughout the journey, there were moments of absolute despair and deep disappointment. But, what agonised me the most was that I couldn't figure out the reason why I was failing. It was only in my fifth attempt that I understood my inadequacy: I wasn't able to write good answers in the exam. Once I realised it, I worked on my answer writing skills. As my answers became better, so did my marks, ultimately helping me secure All India Rank 1. If I knew back in 2012, what I now know about the exam, my journey surely would have been shorter and sweeter. Though I have no regrets, I wouldn’t wish anybody else to go through the same agony solely because there is no guidance. So, after the result, I felt the urge to share these learnings with the aspirants who are struggling with this exam and this led to me blogging about my UPSC journey. What I posted had one common theme: They not only mention the resources and book lists, but also illustrate how to write effective answers. I believe that this practical perspective resonated with a lot of aspirants. I received a lot of mails telling me how those posts have helped them write better answers and score well. Every time I read a thankful message or comment, it has filled me with happiness and reinforced my motive to provide guidance on answer writing to as many aspirants as possible. There are tons of resources on the web telling aspirants what to read and where to read from. But, there is hardly any book that tells you how to apply what you read in the exam hall. In the UPSC exam preparation, which source you refer to does not make much of a difference. Whether it’s Indian Express or the Hindu, Spectrum or Bipin Chandra — they cover almost the same content. What makes the difference is how an aspirant is able to apply that learning in the actual exam. The examiner checking your copy will have no idea about the number of books you’ve read or the number of hours you’ve slogged. Your answers are all that he has to judge you on. So, it makes sense to learn, practice, and perfect the art of answer writing. It is this specific addition on the topic of answer and essay writing that this book seeks to make. In the following pages, I have refined and condensed everything I learnt about essay and answer writing. This is a book I wish someone gave me when I started my preparation in 2012. HOW SHOULD YOU USE THIS BOOK? No two aspirants are the same. Some might be just starting out with Prelims, while others may be struggling with scoring well in Mains. Given this diversity, I tried my best to make this book relatable to everyone. Given the practical nature of the book, I’ve made an effort to include many examples to drive home the point I am making. Though many would be tempted to use the same examples in your exam, I urge you to desist from it. The best way is to understand the principles and try to come up with your own examples. Moreover, it would be a mistake to think that reading this book alone would be sufficient to write great answers. This book is merely a compass. Don’t just read this book. Get into the habit of writing consistently, and incorporate the learning as you write. Doing is the best form of learning. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT No idea is entirely unique or original. Every idea is inspired from something or someone else. The same goes for this book. Over the years, I have benefited immensely from the works of great authors whose writings have helped me become a better writer, a better thinker, and a better person. In the book, I’ve given due credit wherever I referred to their work. For their advice and assistance, my sincere thanks to Varun Reddy (IAS 2019), Koya Sree Harsha (IAS 2018), and Apurva Pandey (IAS 2018). I am grateful to my friends and family for their love, support, and understanding. This book is a personal project. It has no professional editor, proofreader, marketer or a distributor. I just wanted to write and share the knowledge. I hope you enjoy reading it as much as I enjoyed writing it. Copyright This ebook is for your personal consumption only. It may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you want to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each recipient. Kindly stay away from the pirated versions. I have worked on this book for many months, investing more than 500 hours in researching, writing, proofreading, and publishing. Please stay true to your integrity by purchasing only a genuine copy of this book. Thank you for respecting my hard work. I also have a personal blog where I write on UPSC exam preparation, my experiences in the service, and other topics of general interest. You can get new updates delivered to your inbox by subscribing to the blog. SUBSCRIBE PART I: Essay Writing 1. How to Prepare for the Essay Essay paper carries the same marks as any GS paper, yet it does not get the equivalent attention that it deserves from aspirants— first timers and experienced aspirants alike. They believe that since they have already studied a ton for the GS papers, it would be sufficient to write a good essay. This is a miscalculation. Knowledge from GS papers is necessary but not sufficient to score well in the essay paper. In my initial attempts, I did not allot much time for Essay preparation. Therefore, it is not a coincidence that in all of those years, my essay scores hovered around just 100. Once I realised my failings, I started collecting useful quotes, preparing notes, and even making rough drafts for frequently asked topics in the essay paper. All this effort helped me score 155, much higher than in any GS paper. Below are some tips necessary to conquer the essay paper. MASTER GS TOPICS The core content of your Essay will come from your GS preparation. For example, to write an essay on a topic like NAM and its relevance, you need to have a solid grip on India’s foreign policy, how it has evolved, what its core tenets are, and which major treaties we’ve signed. Without such knowledge, any essay you write will sound shallow and unimpressive. Therefore, it should be clear that being good at GS is a necessary prerequisite for writing good essays. Along with this core knowledge, other components of essay such as anecdotes, quotes, good command over language provide a backbone in making your essay persuasive. Therefore, your GS preparation indirectly helps in your Essay preparation. However, as mentioned above, it does not suffice to just prepare for GS papers and expect to get a great score in the essay. There are other aspects (mentioned below) that are equally important. DEVELOP A HOBBY OF READING NON- FICTION BOOKS Reading non-fiction books helps you develop a mature thought process. Apart from imparting knowledge, they will also familiarise you with good figures of speech, art of argumentation, powerful rhetoric and unique content. For example, in an essay on Artificial Intelligence, I took ideas from Yuval Harari’s Homo Deus to argue that AI is an imminent threat to humanity. Or if you read a book like Why Nations Fail, you will understand the importance of innovation, political and economic freedoms in propelling a nation forward. So apart from UPSC related material, develop the hobby of reading non-fiction books. It is not to suggest that you should read one non-fiction book per topic to get good scores in Essay, but reading them occasionally in your free time will benefit you in the long run, even after you become a civil servant. COLLECT INFORMATION FROM SPECIFIC MAGAZINE ISSUES Specific issues of Yojana are useful in preparing for topics like tribal development, disaster management etc. These magazines will also help you know the positives and criticisms of govt policies in that sector. Apart from magazines, Economic Survey is a rich resource for latest statistics and schemes in a particular sector. Make a note of these in a separate notebook and revise them from time to time. READ NEWSPAPERS DAILY Regular newspaper reading helps in two ways. One, your language and vocabulary will improve over time. Second, newspapers contain many good real life stories, anecdotes, and quotes which can be used in the essay paper. When you come across these in papers, note them in a book or your computer. If you are reading online and you find something useful— a quote, a phrase or a story— use Evernote or some online note making tool to file it in the Essay section and revise before the exam. Use this notebook for noting down the latest statistics and findings of important reports in sectors such as health, economy, education, judiciary etc. PREPARE A ROUGH DRAFT OF MAJOR ESSAY THEMES A useful exercise in your essay preparation is to pore over previous year essays and understand major themes which are asked in the essay. You’d find common themes such as education, agriculture, women empowerment, science & tech, innovation, foreign policy, security, health, economic reforms etc., For these frequently asked topics, prepare rough essay drafts. This draft need not necessarily be a complete essay, but an outline in which you jot down major points and roughly think of what you will write in the introduction, main body and conclusion. This exercise helps immensely in getting rid of the writer's block and developing the habit of brainstorming and preparing a quick framework for a topic. PRACTICE WRITING FULL LENGTH ESSAYS You’d not learn how to write good essays by merely reading this book. You get better only when you actually write them. Write as many essays as you can and then analyse for yourself as to what you have missed. Try to implement the ideas that you find useful here in the mock tests. Learn from your peers. If it helps, join a test series for essay to get into the habit of consistently writing full length essays within the given time limit. As for evaluation, take a look at some of the toppers’ essays and check how your essay compares with theirs. You can also rely on coaching institutes, but most of their work is substandard. So, take their feedback with caution. Getting good at essay writing is going to be a gradual process. But once you learn it, the essay paper will reward you well. 2. Essay Introduction The movie Inglorious Basterds opens with a glorious scene. The shot doesn’t reveal much about the story or the characters, but it’s so engrossing that once you watch it, you are hooked. That scene accurately captures the importance of a great introduction to a film. Introduction to an essay is like an opening scene to a movie. It should start strong, give a brief idea of what’s coming ahead, and make your audience wanting for more. A well-crafted introduction creates that urgency and curiosity in the minds of the readers, captivating them into reading the rest of the write-up. A splendid introduction is, therefore, a prerequisite for a splendid essay. An effective introduction to the UPSC essay should be around 120-150 words and should meet three basic conditions: a. It must generate interest in the reader b. It must be relevant to the question c. It must be concise. Now the question is ‘How do we meet these conditions and make the essay impactful?’ We can accomplish it in the following ways: TELL A STORY It’s a fundamental psychological principle that humans are fascinated by stories. Create characters, give them fictitious names and weave a narrative relevant to the question asked. For an essay on healthcare reform in India, you can create a character from a rural village who is neglected by the PHC, misguided by the private clinics and fleeced by the local medical store. A short story on it powerfully brings out the problems of our public health sector. Similarly, for a topic such as Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India?, you can introduce your essay with a short narration of India winning fifty Olympic gold medals in 2032. You can then transition to the main body discussing how to make that a reality. So, with topics where you feel that a story can accurately bring out the core theme of your essay, go ahead with this method. Just be mindful of keeping your story short and relevant. Topic: Cyberspace is the new battlefield Introduction: It is a fine winter morning in 2025. As commuters travel to work, the metro rail crashes to a grinding halt. Concurrently, planes in the airspace lose communication with the ground control. Banks report breach of confidential data from their servers. Government websites are hacked with threatening messages splashed all across the screens. The energy and nuclear power plants control systems are infected with strange viruses. In 30 minutes, the country’s critical infrastructure collapses and within an hour, it becomes clear that the country has become a victim of a coordinated cyberattack— cyberwar. This scary scenario, confined earlier to sci-fi movies is now a potential reality. With increasing networking and interconnectedness, cyberspace is emerging as a new arena for warfare in the 21st century. How India prepares for this combat is a critical challenge of our times. NARRATE AN ANECDOTE Write about an incident or story you’ve read in the newspapers or books. Or write a historical anecdote related to the question. This is merely a variant of the fictitious story mentioned in the first category. The only difference is that, here, it’s a real- life incident. Care must be taken to ensure that you pick an incident that’s widely known. Do not write about an obscure event that the examiner might not have heard of. For instance, if there’s a question on women's empowerment or gender justice, one can start with the Nirbhaya episode or PV Sindhu’s rise to the top of Badminton. Topic: Be the change you wish to see Introduction: It was 1893. A bright, young lawyer was travelling first class on a train in the British colony of South Africa. During the journey, a white man objected to his presence in the compartment, despite the lawyer possessing a valid ticket. The white man insisted that ‘coloured’ men like him were supposed to ride in the third class and not in the first class. When the lawyer refused to give up his seat, he was thrown off the train. Insulted at this discrimination, the young man resolved to fight injustice with truth and non-violence. He went on to become the force of change he wished to see in the world. He was Mahatma Gandhi. MENTION A STARTLING FACT OR STATISTIC State a fact that pulls the reader out of comfort zone and builds curiosity about the topic. Topic: Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India Introduction: Around 1 million plant and animal species are on the verge of extinction, with alarming implications for human survival, according to a United Nations report. Our natural resources are getting depleted, rains are getting erratic, and the air is turning toxic. The scientific consensus is clear about the cause behind this dangerous trend: carbon emissions from human activities are irrevocably damaging the environment at a rapid pace. It’s not climate change anymore. It is a climate emergency. This poses an imminent danger to the world, especially to the developing countries like India which have to balance the need for rapid economic growth with reducing carbon emissions. To tackle this challenge and make India climate change resilient, the country requires imagination and innovation — especially in alternative technologies. POSE A QUESTION A series of rhetorical questions that encapsulate what you will discuss next. These questions act as thought-provoking tools and engage the attention of the reader by adding flair to your writing. Topic: A good life is one helped by compassion and guided by humanity Introduction: What is a good life? This is a fundamental question that captured the human’s imagination for eternity. And we often hear many answers. Is it one with enormous wealth, power and status? Or is it one filled with compassion and empathy for fellow living beings? From Mahatma to Mandela, Lincoln to Luther King, if there is one common thread that binds these great lives, it is that they led a life full of compassion and love for fellow humans. From the lives of these great people who have left a remarkable legacy, what can we learn? How do we live a life full of purpose and meaning? How can we inculcate these learnings to become better individuals, build better societies, and shape great nations? Let us explore these fundamental questions. BEGIN WITH A QUOTE (OR A POEM) A famous poem or quote is a time-tested way to start the essay. After you write the quote, the rest of the introduction must be an elaboration of the quote, explaining its significance and relevance to the question. Topic: Can Capitalism bring inclusive growth? Introduction: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness...it was the season of light, it was the season of darkness...”, so wrote Charles Dickens during the Industrial Revolution. These lines describe the paradox of those times: incredible riches coexisting with unimaginable poverty. One would be inclined to form a similar opinion of modern day capitalism. Advocates of capitalism claim that it has created immense global wealth for everyone and accelerated our economic progress. Yet, critics point out that it is deeply biased towards a privileged few leading to a fundamental debate: can capitalism be beneficial to everyone? Is capitalism a rising tide that lifts all boats? Or is it a rigged system of the rich, by the rich and for the rich? The endeavour of this essay is to carefully examine these claims and provide an answer to the debate. PROVIDE CONTEXT TO THE ESSAY TOPIC In this method, you write about the broad circumstances surrounding the issue. It can include any of these things: a recent legislation, a newly introduced government scheme, or a recurring current affairs topic. Writing about the topic’s context and its background information reads like a news report, and it might be something the reader already knows. So, on this front, it fails the first test of an effective introduction: to generate interest or curiosity. Use this method only when you cannot come up with other methods discussed above. Topic: Aadhar and the right to privacy Introduction: The recent Supreme Court judgement in Justice Puttaswamy v Union of India case brought into sharp focus many important issues pertaining to Aadhar and its potential conflict with the privacy rights of the citizens. The Apex court ruled that the right to privacy is a fundamental right, and at the same time upheld the constitutional validity of the Aadhar Act. But critics of the Aadhar scheme point out that the empowering government to collect and store sensitive data of citizens such as biometrics is fraught with many risks and is prone to abuse of power. In this context, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the Aadhar scheme, its importance, drawbacks, and the potential solutions to balance the need of Aadhar with the requirement to protect the fundamental right to privacy of the citizens. Let us examine each of these issues in detail. DEFINE THE TERMS OF THE ESSAY This is self- explanatory. In this method, break down the question in parts and define the meaning of each term. We use this technique extensively in GS papers. However, it is not the right approach for the essay. Remember that the essay is not meant to be written like a GS paper since the essay, apart from content, is also graded for language, flow, coherence and effective argumentation. Introducing your essay like a GS answer feels bland and clichéd, lacking any warmth or human element. So, it’s recommended that aspirants desist from using this type of introduction. Topic: Fourth Industrial Revolution— Are we prepared for it? Introduction: The Fourth Industrial Revolution refers to the collection of breakthrough technologies that have emerged in recent times. They include the internet of things, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and advancements in biotechnology. The Internet of things helps us to connect with material objects. AI is building brains that can now have the ability to think. Latest developments in Biotechnologies have given us the power to edit genes and engineer babies. All these technologies have the potential to fundamentally change the way we live our lives, but not always for the better. These technologies come with considerable risks, and therefore, require careful analysis and nuanced usage. THESIS STATEMENT A thesis statement is a single sentence near the end of your introduction that presents your stand on the given topic. The rest of the essay is about evidence and reasoning to persuade the reader of the logic of your claim. It is a roadmap for your response, conveying to the reader what to expect from the rest of the essay. Topic: Globalisation— A curse or a blessing? Thesis statement: In this essay, we will discuss the history, meaning and the impact of globalisation on various facets of humanity. We will then focus on the reasons which drove this phenomenon and the impact it has had. Finally, we will discuss the solutions to overcome the ill effects of globalisation to make it prosperous for all. In the initial days, I wrote a thesis statement in my essays. But as I became better at structuring my write-up in a coherent way, I stopped writing it. In the final UPSC exam, I did not write one. So my suggestion is, if your essay is fluid with each argument flowing into the next effortlessly, then there is no need to write a thesis statement. But if you are new to writing essays and want to make things clear upfront, without leaving anything to guesswork, then state it. As you write more essays and become better at flow and structure, focus on subheadings and coherence between paragraphs to make the thesis statement unnecessary. 3. Main Body of the Essay With a good introduction, you have captured the interest of the reader. Continuing from there, we must now develop the essay in the main body, in which we explain, interpret, describe or argue the topic at hand. Such elaborate narration requires a neat order and proper structure. Moreover, the essay must also have a smooth flow from one paragraph to the next and a unified coherence. How you can achieve flow and coherence is dealt in detail in subsequent chapters. In this chapter, let’s dive into the methods you can use to structure your main body. I’ve described some of those methods in the following list (not exhaustive) which you can use depending on the type of question. The examples I mention under each category are only for illustrative purpose. It’s not cast in stone that they must be written only that way. Experiment with different types of methods for each essay topic. This will let you become competent at developing new essay topics too. STRUCTURE TEMPORAL: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE In this method, you develop the main body in a way that captures the evolution of the subject from its origins to its current status and then to the future roadmap. This method is suitable for questions that are very broad in their scope. Below are such topics which were asked previously in the UPSC exam. The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects Water disputes between states in federal India The global order: political and economic For the last example, you can structure your main body as below: Begin your main body by giving the historical perspective of the early political and economic order. You can briefly talk about the early hunter- gatherer society and then describe its evolution into neolithic agricultural societies. From then on to the age of empires to the rise of nations along with a brief analysis. Next, you move to the present global political and economic order, with reasoned analysis, consisting of issues, challenges and their causes, with a specific emphasis on India. Finally, you can conclude with the global order of tomorrow, with your suggestions as to what should be done. You can also include the role India has to play in the new world order of the 21st century. DIFFERENT WALKS OF LIFE: INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY, WORKPLACE, SOCIETY, NATION, AND THE WORLD Some topics are most suited to be elaborated under various facets of life. Consider a topic like “With great power comes great responsibility”. This essay can be elaborated under how among different walks of life, powerful entities need to act responsibly or else if this power is misused, we face terrible consequences. You can also include analysis of it as to why and how power gets abused and how we can build responsible individuals, societies, and nations. PROBLEM & SOLUTION Under this method, you discuss the concept, its history, and current status briefly. Then, you can mention its benefits, problems and end it with solutions. Useful for topics that are generally beneficial but have some negative effects: Think of: ‘Globalisation’, ‘Economic reforms’, ‘Judicial activism’, ‘Public-private partnerships’ etc. DEBATING FOR AND AGAINST This method is best suited for essay topics that are posed as debatable questions. Science and Religion: Are they compatible? Should we abolish death penalty? Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? Multinational companies— saviours or saboteurs? In the main body, you briefly discuss the concept’s history and definition. And then divide the essay into two broad sections that have arguments for and against the statement. In conclusion, you can present your stand on the issue in clear terms. SECTORAL: SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE, INTERNATIONAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, HISTORICAL, SCIENTIFIC, SECURITY, LEGAL Both these types are bunched together because they are closely related. Here, you analyse the statement across various sectors either to amplify or elaborate on the topic. Pretty useful when the question statement is philosophical in nature representing a generally accepted truth. This is a standard style that most aspirants use to develop their arguments. You take a statement and analyse it across various sectors and give your perspective on it. Example: Best for an individual is not necessarily best for the society Political: How vote-buying and rigging may be beneficial for an unscrupulous politician, but has devastating consequences for a democratic society. Constitutional: Personal liberty is best for an individual but unchecked freedom for an individual is not best for a society. For example, the constitution under Art 19 imposes reasonable restrictions on speech that incites violence. Historical: World Wars were fought for the selfish interests of a few powerful individuals, and ended in catastrophic consequences for humanity. Economic: Laissez-faire capitalism is best for wealthy entrepreneurs and privileged people, but it doesn’t ensure equality or social justice for everyone. International: UNSC as it exists is in the best interest of a small set of nations. They get to call the shots and veto a decision. But this isn’t helpful for global security, as the Syrian crisis shows. Environmental: What has been best for individual species (humans) is now wreaking havoc with the global climate, causing irreparable damage to the planet. SUBHEADINGS Use subheadings to delineate broad sections in the write-up. Ideally not more than 3-4 per essay. You may write them in all CAPS to make them stand out from the rest of the text. Also, be innovative in your titles. In an essay on ‘Nuclear energy’, instead of saying ‘Evaluation of Nuclear Energy’, you can write ‘Nuclear Energy: Promise or Peril? Also, for a section on negative effectives of Capitalism, write, ‘Capitalism: Of the rich, by the rich and for the rich’. DIAGRAMS Essay is a literary device to explore your writing skill, which is why a diagram is not the best tool to convey information. However, for some peculiar topics, a map becomes necessary. For instance, in topics like ‘Water disputes in India’, ‘Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task’, one can draw a map to illustrate geographical location or distribution. 4. Conclusion A conclusion needs to accomplish two goals: One, give the reader a comprehensive overview of the essay, two, leave a favourable impression on the reader's mind long after he/she finishes reading it. To that end, a good conclusion has two segments. The first one— the conclusion segment— is a clear, concise summary of the arguments of the essay, refreshing the mind of the reader and bringing a sense of closure to the text. If the topic relates to a problem, a debate or a burning issue, then the conclusion segment must also present solutions and suggestions that will help solve the problem or address the issue at hand. This gives a sense of vision for the future. The second segment— a rhetorical paragraph— is a short, eloquent passage that amplifies your position and leaves the reader with a favourable impression. CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH The conclusion paragraph should consist of about 250-300 words. To make the transition from the main body to the conclusion clear, begin by using phrases such as In conclusion, In summary, To sum up, In the final analysis, On the whole, All things considered, As discussed above, On balance etc. Then, briefly mention the major arguments, problems and pitfalls, context and consequences, significance and solutions related to the topic—basically, a snapshot of your essay. Remember to keep the tone futuristic with an emphasis on solutions. Essay Topic: Can Capitalism bring inclusive growth? Conclusion Paragraph: To sum up, the conclusion is clear. Capitalism indeed helps in creating wealth. But by itself, it cannot bring inclusive growth. Capitalism is like a powerful energy. Undirected and unchecked, it can cause immense damage. What we need is a new kind of capitalism—an inclusive capitalism— that has equity and fairness at the heart of it, and we must take urgent measures to ensure it. Firstly, companies should not see Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as charity, but as part of fulfilling their rightful duty towards the society. CSR projects must be further improved to ensure that companies take up genuine projects that cater to the local needs and have long term benefits. Secondly, as a society we must encourage philanthropy. Bill Gates contributed more than $1B of his earnings to alleviate suffering in Africa. Warren Buffet donated 85% of his savings to charity. Indian capitalist class must also take such initiatives and stand as role models for others. Third, a carbon tax must be imposed on every polluting industry. Further, companies must bear the complete cost of rehabilitation and resettlement in a specified time limit for every development project that causes displacement of local people. Fourth, the government must further simplify the process of setting up a business. Startup India, Stand Up India and MUDRA Yojana must be strengthened so that we nurture capitalist spirit among the disadvantaged sections of the society. Last, the government must play a predominant role in sectors that are ignored by markets: health, education, rural livelihoods, poverty eradication and the like. This way, we strike a balance between equity and efficiency, wealth and welfare. RHETORICAL PARAGRAPH Rhetoric is the art of persuasive speaking or writing. In a traditional sense, it refers to various figures of speech that orators use to make their speech compelling. In this context, it is construed in a more general sense of persuasive writing through various devices such as a poem, a quote or an anecdote. The rhetorical segment is around 30-50 words. Persuasive writing generates a heightened sense of pitch. Any writing is persuasive to some extent but rhetorical devices amplify your message and attempt to convince the reader to accept your argument. Below are some devices that you can use in your conclusion segment (the list is not exhaustive). Depending on the type and topic of your essay, choose what you feel is relevant. Also, since there are two essays, choose a different device for each. POEM OR SHLOKA This is especially suitable for philosophical essays. Mention specific stanzas of a poem/shloka that resonate with your essay. Topic: Freedom of Speech/ Privacy/ Human rights/ Development/ Education Rhetorical ending: As Rabindranath Tagore wrote in Gitanjali, “Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free… Where the mind is led forward by thee into ever-widening thought and action Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake.” YOUR VISION A normal futuristic conclusion. You describe the far future when the problem mentioned in the topic gets solved and the negatives that we see in society are eliminated. To make it compelling, use catch phrases such as inclusive India, or refer to the preamble or directive principles of the Constitution or the vision of the makers of modern India. Essay topic: India as a five trillion economy: Rhetorical ending: Achieving a five trillion economy is challenging, yet possible. But we must ask ourselves— to what end? A 5 trillion economy should not be merely about shiny roads or skyscrapers or a superpower status. It must be about making a positive difference to every citizen of the republic. It must be a place where the poor become prosperous, women get equal opportunity and all children, irrespective of their birth, get to fulfil their potential. That is when we will have truly realised the goal that we set out in the Constitution's preamble of delivering every citizen justice, liberty and equality. A QUOTE End with a powerful quote by a famous person to amplify what you’ve argued in your essay. It brings credibility to your stand and makes an emotional connection with the reader to make him/her accept your point of view. It will also linger in the mind of the reader, leading to a positive impression on the essay. Essay topic: Change is the end result of all learning Rhetorical Ending: History has shown us that change is the only constant in life. Without learning and change, we risk stagnation as individuals, as a society, and as a nation. Let us avow to be constant learners and be agents of change so that we build a better world for everyone. For that to happen, learning should never cease and change must begin with us. As Gandhiji once said, “Our greatness lies not so much in changing the world as in changing ourselves.” ECHO If you have begun your essay with a fictitious story or a character, it’s nice to end your essay with a reference to that character or story. Such recall— the echo— binds the beginning and the end, giving the reader a sense of unity and coherence. Take a look at the example below: Essay Topic: Science and Tech is a panacea for solving humanity’s problems Introduction: Narayana, a native of Ganjam district in Odisha, has been farming since the 90s. Back then, it was a difficult enterprise. He neither knew much about the kind of crops that suited his soil, nor was he aware of the measures he needed to take to improve soil fertility. He was always at the mercy of pests, rains, and the local traders. And how much life has changed in these two decades. Now, he uses a smartphone to get weather updates and scientific advice, uses genetically modified seeds to improve yields, and sells his produce via e-NAM, an online platform that gives him a profitable price. This is just one of the many such examples that illustrate the immense benefit science brought to many such ordinary people. But can we call it a panacea to all human problems? In this essay, we will discuss the origins of science and technology and the positive impact it has had. We will evaluate the challenges it poses to humankind and see whether it can be called a panacea to all our problems. Finally we will conclude with the steps we must take to make the scientific enterprise beneficial to all. [MAIN BODY OF THE ESSAY] [CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH] Rhetorical Paragraph: Going by Gandhiji’s Talisman, the ultimate measure to determine whether our scientific and technological endeavour is a panacea is not to see how far can we launch rockets or how tall can we build skyscrapers. The ultimate test is to check whether it helps the poorest of the poor like Narayana. Science and technology must be carefully nurtured and guided to make it beneficial to all of humanity. 5. Flow and Coherence If you pay close attention to what’s happening inside your head, you will realise how crazy your thinking is. Most of the time our thoughts are impulsive, recurring, and rarely follow any logical sequence. They jump and pole-vault between subjects that have absolutely no connection. One moment, we fret about our pending office work. The very next, we are captured by the urge to eat something delicious for lunch, and moments later, we ponder on how to spend the upcoming weekend. If our thoughts were to be broadcast in real time, we would all be declared insane. Writing, on the other hand, is refined thinking. It forces your brain to slow down, build on one single idea, and not let you abandon a thought midway. The sentence on the page has all the patience in the world for you to come back and build on it so that you can convey your ideas clearly and effectively to the reader. Thus, at the heart of any good writing is the aspect of clarity. If you find anyone’s writing powerful and effective, observe why. You’d realise that it’s not because he/she uses complex vocabulary, powerful quotes or some rhetorical figures of speech. It is because it radiates a kind of clarity and simplicity that compel the attention of the reader. Every such compelling prose shares two fundamental attributes: flow and coherence. In this chapter, we will discuss the tools to make your prose clear and coherent. The ideas I discuss here are neither original nor exclusively mine. I merely picked up these tips from reading a lot of non-fiction books. Specifically, two books come to my mind: Elements of Style by Strunk and White Jr and Sense of Style by Steven Pinker (Highly recommended books for anyone who wants to improve their writing.) FLOW Flow is the sense that each sentence builds on the information from the previous one. When two sentences are written in succession, we instinctively make a connection between them. Consider the following paragraph: Accountability is needed for effective governance. All acts of omission and commission by the officials must be made answerable to the public. RTI act is one of the key legislations that strengthened accountability. Transparency and fairness in decision making has been ensured as most of the government documents are now made accessible to the public. Corruption and leakages in many government schemes such as PDS and MNREGA are controlled by other similar tools such as social audit, citizen charter and e-governance. Right to Public Service law needs to be enacted to further strengthen accountability. How does this paragraph sound? Choppy and nonsensical, I’m sure. Though each sentence is grammatically correct, we don’t see how it is connected to the previous one. The first sentence talks about accountability. Then, the subject shifts to acts of omission and commission by officials. Next comes transparency, and finally the subject moves to corruption and leakages in MNREGA. No rhyme or reason to this kind of writing. When readers come across such jumbled writing, it leaves them frustrated. Now consider the same paragraph, rewritten: For effective governance, we must have accountability. It is the mechanism through which the public can hold the officials answerable for their acts of omission and commission. In India, one of the key legislations that strengthened accountability is the RTI Act. This act made government documents accessible to the public, ensuring transparency and fairness in decision making. RTI, along with other tools such as social audit and independent media, has been fairly successful in unearthing major scams such as 2G and CWG. Now the time has come to further strengthen accountability by enacting the Right to Public Service Law. Observe how in the above paragraph, the words depicted in bold connect a sentence with the previous one. The first sentence talked about accountability and why it’s needed. The second sentence builds on that concept by defining it. The third sentence introduces RTI, a tool through which we enforce accountability. Then, we elaborate on this tool in the fourth sentence. The fifth sentence discusses other similar accountability mechanisms and the impact they’ve had. Finally, having talked about accountability, its importance and various methods of enforcing it, the author concludes by suggesting further steps needed to strengthen accountability. So, here’s the point: you will get a sense of flow in your writing when each sentence is logically connected to the previous sentence. A cluster of such interconnected sentences make one orderly paragraph. CONNECTIVES Connectives are words that help in linking sentences and making the transitions between the sentences clear. You can employ various connectives based on the logical relationship between the sentences. Below is a basic list of such connectives: To show a cause and effect relationship between sentences— accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus To show similarity— also, likewise, similarly, in addition To bring out contrast— but, however, in spite of, nevertheless, nonetheless, despite To show a sequence— first, second, third, … next, finally To establish time relationship— after, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately, meanwhile, now, recently, simultaneously, subsequently To add an example— for instance, namely, for example, specifically, to illustrate The above tools will make your writing smooth. But, having the flow alone isn’t sufficient for good writing. Even when you use connectives, the paragraph may still feel incoherent as this example illustrates: Artificial Intelligence poses an important challenge to the country’s economy. Our economy needs to generate new jobs as millions of youth enter the labour force every year. To this newly entering labour force, we must ensure the right skill development. Equipping them with adequate skills is crucial to make them employable in industries such as leather, textile and food processing. Specifically, the food processing sector has a tremendous potential to absorb the excessive labour currently concentrated in agriculture. However, to shift this workforce from agriculture to industry, we must first strengthen the manufacturing sector. This sector is being promoted by the government through the Make in India Programme. In this paragraph, each sentence begins where the previous ends. There are adequate connectives too. But when you read it, you don’t really know what the writer wants to convey as it feels like an incoherent rambling about disparate topics. The missing piece here is coherence. COHERENCE Readers not only want a natural transition between sentences, but they also look for a unifying idea, an underlying theme in each paragraph. This unifying idea is what makes a paragraph coherent. Before we understand coherence, let’s first clarify the concept of ‘topic’ of a sentence. TOPIC Topic is that part of a sentence about which something is being said. In other words, ‘topic’ refers to the central point of a sentence. This should not be confused with the subject of a sentence. Consider these examples: Research has shown that to improve learning outcomes in school- going children, the government must invest in teacher training programmes. (Subjects: research, government; Topics: learning outcomes, teacher training programmes) Many anthropological studies indicate that in simple agricultural societies with no political frameworks beyond village and tribe, human violence was responsible for about 15 percent of deaths, including 25 percent of male deaths.(Subjects: anthropological studies, human violence; Topics: agricultural societies, human violence) Depicted in bold are the central ideas of those sentences, otherwise called their topics. Once we grasp this concept, it’s easy to understand how to make our paragraphs coherent. Fundamentally, when the topics of all the sentences in a paragraph are related to a limited set of ideas, the paragraph feels coherent. To that end, a coherent paragraph has two parts: a starting sentence that briefly introduces the key topics and the body of the paragraph which discusses the topics mentioned in the first sentence. Here’s an example: Despite its many benefits, Artificial Intelligence poses a serious challenge to the country’s economy and its social order. As per WEF report, AI is set to displace 75 million existing jobs through automation. On the other hand, with 50% of India’s population under 25, the need for new jobs is only going to increase. But as AI brings in efficiencies, more and more companies will be inclined to replace labour with AI algorithms, leading to a serious unemployment crisis. In addition, critics also argue that AI worsens inequality, as it tends to concentrate capital in the hands of a few wealthy entrepreneurs. With rising inequality and displaced labour, the consequences for the economy and the society can be dangerous. It will lead to social unrest, political upheaval, and a breakdown of law and order. If we are to harness AI’s benefits, it’s imperative that we must first address these challenges. Observe the topics of the sentences in the paragraph: AI, jobs, automation, economy, society, unemployment, inequality, labour. They are all closely related to one unifying idea: the negative impact of AI on the economy and society. The first sentence briefly introduces these topics with the rest of the paragraph discussing them. This gives the reader a sense of unity and coherence. A series of such coherent paragraphs with logically flowing ideas makes a coherent essay. TRANSITIONING BETWEEN PARAGRAPHS So far, we have discussed coherence within the paragraph. In order to make the whole essay coherent, we must take care to transition smoothly from one paragraph to the next. This can be done in three ways. THROUGH A LINKING SENTENCE Here, at the end of a paragraph, you write a sentence that signals to the reader what’s coming next. For example, let’s say you have written a paragraph about the threat posed by Artificial Intelligence (AI) to jobs. At the end of it, you can write a linking sentence— “Further, we must be mindful of the fact that Artificial Intelligence poses a major challenge not just economically, but also ethically.” And in the next paragraph, you can write about the ethical issues concerning AI. BY ASKING A QUESTION Instead of a linking sentence, you can also add a question at the end of a paragraph so that the examiner's attention is carried to the next. To take a similar example as above, the question can be something like— “Thus we have examined the threat posed by AI to our economy, but what about the challenges brought by AI to our ethics and morals?” And in the next paragraph, you can write about the ethical issues concerning AI. SIGNALLING THE SHIFT AT THE START OF THE NEXT PARAGRAPH Here you can simply add a word or two at the beginning of a para that signals a shift in your subtopic. For example, in an essay on Globalisation, let’s say you have written a paragraph about its historical evolution and impact. You can start the next paragraph with something like— “Politically too, globalisation has had a tremendous impact……” This way the examiner immediately knows what to expect in the rest of the paragraph. SUMMARY Flow and coherence are the fundamental attributes of any good writing. Flow is the idea that a sentence should logically transition into the next sentence. Use connectives to signal transition. Coherence is the notion that a whole paragraph conveys one unified idea. When the topics of every sentence in that paragraph are closely related, the paragraph becomes coherent. A series of such paragraphs conveying ideas logically and sequentially makes your entire essay coherent and compelling. Some of you might feel a bit overwhelmed by these rules. But, remember that constant improvement is the key. Don’t worry if you can’t think of such granularity as you write right now. With adequate practice, it gets easier. 6. Vocabulary, Language and Grammar VOCABULARY Words are the building blocks of language. Therefore, the importance of good vocabulary can never be overstated when it comes to the art of communication, be it in speaking or writing. Having a strong vocabulary helps you be apt in your choice of words, making your writing precise and conveying your ideas clearly to the reader. There is a false notion among many that usage of complex, unfamiliar words must mean that the writing is better. That’s not entirely true. When you use complex words just for the sake of it, you fail at the core objective of communicating ideas. What is the use of such obscure writing? This is why having a large vocabulary isn’t an end in itself. It is for the purpose of making your writing simple and clear. When you can convey an idea using familiar words, there is no need to find obscure synonyms that only make your writing feel opaque and pretentious. Therefore, the key is to choose a word which is apt for the context but at the same time, simple enough for the reader to comprehend. Here’s an example: Unfamiliar words: The populous legion of impecunious derelicts congregated near the sanatorium. Familiar words: The large crowd of poor, homeless people gathered near the hospital. HOW TO BUILD VOCABULARY Most people maintain a book and note down new words sequentially. This method is ineffective for two reasons. Firstly, learning by rote doesn’t stay in memory for long. Secondly, even if you master all those words by rote, it’ll be difficult to recall a precise word when you are writing. This is why the best type of learning occurs when you come across new words being used in a context. Below are some proven ways to learn new words effectively. Read Non-fiction Books & Newspapers: Newspapers and books are a rich source of new words. If it is the same newspaper that you read on a daily basis, you will see specific words being used over and over. Remember to be conscious and make a mental note of them whenever you come across them. Overtime, these words will become a part of your vocabulary. Look up the new words: Get used to the habit of referring to the dictionary frequently. Better still, try to guess the meaning before you even check the dictionary. This exercise forces you to concentrate and understand the context in which a certain word is used. Learn on the go: Look for interesting ways to learn words: Mobile app games are a very good way to learn new words. For example, Merriam-Webster app has word games that are both fun and useful. Write consistently: The best and the most effective way to build vocabulary is to get into the habit of writing. It forces you to recall the right words to express your ideas. This will help in building a lasting memory of such words. Improving vocabulary, like learning a new language, is a slow process. You can’t work on it for a week and expect to see tremendous results. Be patient and consistent. The effort will not be in vain and you will see a significant improvement over the course of time. LANGUAGE The following advice applies to essay and much of other writing. Strive to keep your language simple and lucid. If you read good English publications such as NY Times, WSJ, and The Economist, you’d realise how simple their prose is. They steer clear of everything that is unclear and verbose. When you make your language needlessly complex to sound knowledgeable, it makes your writing ambiguous and confuses the reader. Let the strength of your ideas drive your narrative, not the complexity of words or sentences that you use to convey those ideas. Simplicity over sophistication. Here are a few tips for keeping your writing simple and clear: ONE PARAGRAPH, ONE MAJOR IDEA Our brains can only process so much information at a time. To make the job of the examiner easy, it’s advisable to write in short paragraphs with each paragraph expressing not more than one major idea. In the brainstorming session, as you categorise your arguments, try to outline your structure in such a way to ensure this one idea per paragraph. KEEP YOUR SENTENCES SHORT Long, winding sentences are difficult to read and understand. If you tack on one clause after another through conjunctions, what you get is a bad sentence sprawl. Example of a bad sentence sprawl: At the end of World War 2, on the one hand, while capitalism was successfully championed by the nations in North America and Europe, on the other hand, it was USSR that put Communism at the forefront due to which there was an ideological clash between the two superpowers which had led to proxy wars in various parts of the globe, a nuclear arms race and a rapid deterioration of the security of the world. By the time readers finish reading it, they will lose their breath and the point of the sentence. Maintain this simple rule: If you run out of breath while reading a sentence, you should probably break it down. Rewriting the aforementioned example in a better way: After World War 2, while the North American and European nations championed capitalism, USSR put communism at the forefront. This ideological clash between the superpowers led to several proxy wars, a nuclear arms race and a rapid deterioration of world security. Shorter sentences are easier to read and comprehend. AVOID JARGON Jargon means technical language specific to a field or a profession. A general reader may not necessarily be aware of what a particular technical term means. A common mistake aspirants commit is using their respective optional subjects’ jargon extensively in the essay. It’s completely fine to use your optional knowledge, but make it comprehensible for the general reader by choosing simpler words. Assume that your readers are intelligent, but do not assume that they know the subject as well as you do. Consider this example. The historical particularism aptly criticises our commonly held, ethnocentric view of the world. The above sentence accurately describes a theory in Anthropology, but it uses terms that are uncommon outside of Anthropology, which might confuse readers who are unfamiliar with the subject. Avoid such obscure writing. If you want to use complex jargon such as ‘Constitutionalism’, ‘Sanskritisation’, ‘Enculturation’ etc. define them in a sentence to make yourself clear. Clear writing is clear thinking. GRAMMAR Questions on grammar are one of the most frequently posed questions to me. Many aspirants, who had their schooling in a vernacular medium, want to improve their English skills and take the exam in this medium. This is a beneficial pursuit. No matter your profession or the medium of your exam, a workable knowledge of English language is incredibly helpful— both professionally and personally. It is worth the effort you put in to learn it. Providing a complete guide to learn English language is beyond the scope of this book. But, here are some important topics that you need to master to be fluent in English comprehension, reading and writing. Parts of Speech: Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adverb, Adjective, and Preposition Sentence Construction: Subject, Verb, and Object Subject-Verb Agreement Phrases and Clauses Basic Tenses BASIC STEPS TO IMPROVE YOUR ENGLISH GRAMMAR Refer to standard grammar books published by Oxford, Wren & Martin etc. Use grammar-related apps to apply the rules you learned Read an English newspaper everyday Watch good English films and documentaries with subtitles Converse in English with your peers. 7. Choosing a Topic Choosing an essay topic is of utmost importance. It is one of the key skills that determines whether you pull off a 150+ in this paper. Even the aspirants who might have written several mock tests, sometimes, find it a tough task to decide on a topic. Worse still, being in a dilemma as to which topic to choose makes many test takers lose precious time during the exam. Having certain guidelines to help you pick a topic goes a long way in saving your time and giving you the confidence that you have made the right choice. Below are some key points in the order of priority that can help you choose the right topic for the essay. The first and foremost factor is how well you understand the statement asked in the question. If there’s a term that you are not sure about, it’s better to leave that question. In 2015, there was a question that said ‘Are the standardised tests a good measure of academic ability or progress?’ I did not clearly understand what they meant by ‘standardised tests’. I absurdly chose the topic anyway and wrote a generic essay. I scored only 112. Similarly, there was another question: ‘Credit – based higher education system – status, opportunities and challenges’. Here credit does not mean loan. It refers to a unit used for grading the students in a semester. No matter how good your essay is, if you wrongly interpret the question, your effort will be futile. So be doubly sure that you understand what is being asked before you start writing the essay. The second factor that should determine your choice is your comfort and knowledge level in the topic you have chosen. There is an unfounded notion among aspirants that if you choose an unpopular topic (to stand out, supposedly), you will get better marks. But, that’s not true. What matters most when it comes to scoring is whether your essay is well-written. Even in the most cliched essay topics, if you write a good essay, you will score well. Finally, the number of points that you can generate on a topic is an important criterion. It goes in tandem with the above factor. Nonetheless, sometimes you might have a lot of knowledge about a subject but it falls short in terms of examples, anecdotes or statistics (eg. Literature). In contrast, an essay on a topic like democracy or environment can be a breeze with respect to the substantiation that you can generate for the ideas you write about. Based on the above factors, once you decide on a topic, begin brainstorming. BRAINSTORMING Most aspirants hastily jump to the task of writing the essay once they have chosen the topic without thinking through what they are going to write about. All the unstructured essays have this aspect in common. But, you cannot write a good essay unless you know the direction in which it is going. Without planning ahead and creating an outline, you will be left clueless throughout. And, the eventual product of this attempt would be a disorderly, chaotic and mediocre essay. Brainstorming is a freewheeling exercise of generating ideas on the given topic. It is an important step before the actual act of writing the essay. In this part, you write down every single relevant idea you can think of. Make a note of any example, perspective, quote and data that comes to your mind. The point is to write as many ideas as possible and then edit and organise them into a coherent whole. This rough draft will ensure that you won’t blank out in the middle for lack of content, as you will always have more content than necessary. Your brainstorming process should be so elaborate that when you start to write it’s merely about putting these ideas into grammatical sentences. Also, relax and keep an open mind while brainstorming. If you are stressed, your brain will not be in a position to work freely and bring up creative ideas. Stay calm and confident. Lastly, it’s up to you whether you want to brainstorm on both essays together or one at a time. But, for the benefit of focus and concentration, it is suggested that you finish one and move to the next. CREATING AN OUTLINE FOR THE ESSAY Once you have sufficient content, edit out unnecessary details. Make a rough structure of your essay— Intro, body and conclusion— along with subheadings. Fit in your ideas under these heads and weave your narrative. After brainstorming, as you begin writing the actual essay, if you get a new interesting idea, simply add that also in the rough work to remind yourself to include it when you come to that section. MANAGING TIME DURING THE ESSAY Many aspirants tend to give disproportionate time for the first essay and scamper through the second. No matter how good your first essay is, it will never be sufficient to compensate for the hurried, badly written second essay. Don’t commit this silly mistake. Both essays carry equal marks. So, please invest equal time. Here’s how you can allot time for essay writing: 5 min for choosing both the topics 20 min per essay for brainstorming [Total: 40 min] 1 hr 5 minutes for writing each essay [Total: 130 minutes] 5 minutes for last minute checks; grammar and spelling corrections.

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HOW WILL THE BOOK BENEFIT YOU?

Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing is specifically designed to improve your answer and essay writing skill in the shortest amount of time.

If you're a beginner, you will take considerable time to understand the nuances of the exam. The principles outlined in the book will help you overcome such obstacles quickly and easily.

If you're a seasoned aspirant, you are going to find new tools to further refine and dramatically improve the quality of your answers.

With Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing, it will become easier for you to stand out, and score well in UPSC Mains, no matter where you are currently in your UPSC journey.

"A master guide for aspirants having phobia of Essay and Answer writing." - Kanishak Kataria (AIR 1, CSE 2018)

"A lucid and concisely written book. I'm sure it will help you score better in the exam." - Athar Aamir Khan (AIR 2, CSE 2015)

"This book is a must have for all serious aspirants." - Saumya Sharma (AIR 9, CSE 2017)

"Aspirants looking for a one stop solution to develop the art of Essay writing, here comes that reliable stop." - Anu Kumari (AIR 2, CSE 2017)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Anudeep Durishetty is an IAS officer from Telangana Cadre. He holds a Bachelors of Engineering degree from BITS, Pilani. He began his professional career with Google, Hyderabad before joining the Indian Revenue Service in which he worked for four years. In 2018, he cleared the prestigious Civil Service Examination with an All Indian Rank 1.

His blog at anudeepdurishetty.in is popular among the aspirants and has more than 1 crore views so far.

In this book, he brought all his learnings in one place to help aspirants learn the art of essay and answer writing.

• ISBN-10 8194822718
• ISBN-13 978-8194822714
• Publication date 22 December 2020
• Language English
• Dimensions 8 x 7 x 6 cm
• Print length 307 pages
• See all details

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Product details

• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Paperback ‏ : ‎ 307 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 8194822718
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-8194822714
• Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 450 g
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 8 x 7 x 6 cm
• Country of Origin ‏ : ‎ India
• Net Quantity ‏ : ‎ 1.00 count
• #18 in UPSC Civil Services Mains

About the author

Anudeep durishetty.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF ANSWER AND ESSAY WRITING by ANUDEEP DURISHETTY PDF

Now you have made up your mind to become IAS officer and looking for the books and study materials to achieve your goal. Well, you are on the right page. Now We are Sharing With You FUNDAMENTALS OF ANSWER AND ESSAY WRITING by ANUDEEP DURISHETTY PDF

We struggle hard to gather all these tests and Materials so if anyone subscribed any test series or material please forward us to [email protected] , We remove all the tracing items from the pdf and We Respect Your Privacy.

Vision Prelims Test If You want to share Your Study Material with Other send me     [email protected] ? Current Affairs 360° in just 2 minutes (Revise the Complete Notes). ? Read Less, Learn More.? Download from Google App If you don’t have access to    UPSC Prelims material    and  UPSC Mains material  and   UPSC Optionals material    and Test Series [Prelims/Mains] and also Magazine you can also follow their website and be updated. All pdf which are provided here are for education purposes only. please utilize them for building your knowledge and don’t make them commercial. we request you to respect our hard work. we are providing everything free here. upscpdf.com will not charge any cost for any service here., if you are new to upsc field, we recommend you to know about   upsc prelims   and  upsc mains   and   upsc optionals   and test series [prelims/mains] and also magazine   for better understanding. all our advertisements are decent ads [we don’t compromise in the quality] and if anyone have any problem with website or advertisements please contact me   [email protected], upscpdf.com does not own this book, neither created nor scanned. we just providing the links already available on internet. if any way it violates the law or has any issues then kindly contact us. thank you.. Advertisement Privacy Policy Javascript not detected. Javascript required for this site to function. Please enable it in your browser settings and refresh this page. The Answer Writing Manual Book By Srushti Deshmukh IAS (UPSC CSE Topper 2018) The Answer Writing Manual pdf is a complete guidebook for the students preparing for UPSC. This book is prepared by upsc civil service topper IAS Srushti Jayant Deshmukh for those students who have cleared the preliminary exam and are preparing for mains exam. The book explains all the things that a student should know at the time of the main examination. the book gives clear information about many ways to deal with answer writing. It is said that answer writing is an art in itself. Any student who has mastered this art can express any subject well. And the good news is that this art in any form can be learned with time. All you need is just desire and effort and regular practice along with some guidance. Name The Answer Writing Manual for UPSC Civil Services & State PSC Examination Author Srushti Deshmukh IAS Total Pages 300 Language English Publishing Date 21 June 2022 Upsc Website Tips for Mains Answer Writing Whenever you take the mains exam, write your answer completely because it is very important to adopt a very careful approach to writing the answer, whenever you write an answer, you should see it from 360 degrees. When you make a claim in your answers, you must substantiate it, as it gives validity to your answers. If you do not mention the answer, the examiner will see your answer as read. UPSC asks you to prove in some questions, so you have to explain them by giving examples, you confirm the question by giving real-life examples. We have seen that there is doubt in the minds of many students about whether to write the answer pointwise or in paragraphs. So there is no separate rule set by UPSC for this which you should give importance to. It depends on what you are comfortable with, if you think that it may be better to write point-wise then do so. Whenever you write an answer, always use error-free and simple language. And try to write the answer clearly and concisely. You have to avoid using word traps and flowery language as it can lead to ambiguity in your answer which can lead to deducting your marks. Write your answer in neat handwriting. Try to explain the answer by making tables, figures and diagrams together this will further enhance the quality of your answers. Follow the word count specified by UPSC. You must have heard from many toppers that they have done a lot of answer writing practice for mains and this is also an important tip as one must practice writing lots of answers in all the subjects while preparing for the mains exam. Chapter Name UPSC CSE Exam Pattern Importance Of Answer Writing Prerequisites Of Answer Writing General Strategy For Mains Examination Strategy For General Studies Paper I Strategy For General Studies Paper II Strategy For General Studies Paper III Strategy For General Studies Paper IV Question Directives Decoding The Question Decoding The Answer Salt Of Answer Writing Q & A Analysis Essay Writing Choosing The Optional Paper Compulsory Language Papers Mains 2021 Questions Analysis Doubts About Answer Writing Booklist And Resources For CSE Quotations For Essay Pre And Post Covid Data From Economic Survey Sample Essay Sample Answers Srushti Deshmukh IAS (Author) Srushti is an IAS topper of the UPSC Civil Services Exam 2018 batch who got All India Rank 5 in UPSC 2018. She is a resident of Kasturba Nagar (Madhya Pradesh) Bhopal. Cracked the Civil Services Exam on his very first attempt. she did his schooling and chemical engineering from Bhopal Madhya Pradesh. she cracked the tough UPSC exam on the very first attempt. This is a very good book for answer writing for the UPSC Mains exam which is very easy to understand so all the candidates must read it once. This book is very useful for beginners, it gives us a brief explanation of answer writing. In the Answer Writing Manual book, you will enrich your answer writing ability along with different types of flow charts, tables, points, and personal notes. In this, all those things have been clarified by Madam, which she herself has followed at the time of answer writing. I think the book will facilitate candidates in understanding the right attitude toward answer writing. A comprehensive reading will enable candidates to develop their own blueprint for answer writing and write each question to the best of their knowledge. Akshat Jain , IAS 2019 Batch (Rank 2 UPSC CSE 2018) This book is an invaluable resource that takes the reader step by step to understand the imperatives of answer writing for the civil services examination. Full of examples, sample questions, and visual presentation, it gives very clear, concise, and useful guidance. Pradeep Singh Malik , IAS 2020 Batch (Rank 1 UPSC CSE 2019) Get Book Now Vision IAS Monthly Current Affairs Magazine PDF Vision IAS Test Series Free For Prelims and Mains Anudeep Durishetty Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing Arihant 151 Essays for UPSC Mains By SC Gupta IAS Shruti Sharma Notes PDF and Booklist Rushikesh Reddy Complete Notes For UPSC Mains Exam Vision IAS Study Material If the download link provided in the post (The Answer Writing Manual Book By Srushti Deshmukh IAS (UPSC CSE Topper 2018)) is not functioning or is in violation of the law or has any other issues, please contact us . If this post contains any copyrighted links or material, we will not provide its PDF or any other downloading source. 8 thoughts on “The Answer Writing Manual Book By Srushti Deshmukh IAS (UPSC CSE Topper 2018)” Worthless clickbait for an overhyped book written by an overhyped woman Civil services Hy Here I would like to say that,about this book , this book makes perfect to in answer writing. Approximately this is also the source to get your Mark increase in answer writing. What’s your UPSC rank? Please ma’am the answer writing book ki pdf upload kardo Hindi medium ka please ma’am 🙏🙏🙏🙏 Plzz provide the book pdf…answer writing manual Leave a Comment Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Join Our UPSC Material Group (Free) Vision IAS Essay Material Notes 2023 PDF Swamy Vivekananda September 14, 2022 Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing by Anudeep Durishetty IAS PDF Upsc civil services mains 2021 essay question paper pdf download. January 8, 2022 UPSC Mains 2020 Essay Question Paper PDF January 8, 2021 Vision IAS Essay Latest Value Added Materials PDF December 31, 2020 Vision IAS Essay Latest Updated Complete Materials PDF Receive the latest articles in your inbox. Email Address Subscribe Now 293 IMAGES Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing Book PDF By Anudeep Durishetty Buy Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing Book Online at Low Prices Mastering Essay and Answer Writing PDF Download for Free Buy Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing Book Online at Low Prices Fundamentals of Answer and Essay Writing by Anudeep Durishetty Fundamentals Of Essay Writing by Katie Gordon VIDEO BEST MAINS ANSWER WRITING STRATEGY & BOOK FOR UPSC/TNPSC/SSC/IB @Visualise_with_Vini #trend How to Write an A+ Essay Introduction in Minutes English Essay Writing || Essay Writing Book by Mureed Hussain Jasra || Download pdf file Review of Fundamentals of Essay And Answer Writing In Hindi || Anudeep Durishetty (UPSC CSE AIR 01) Until vs Unless vs If 4 Rules For Answering ANY IELTS Essay COMMENTS Fundamentals Of Essay And Answer Writing PDF Description. Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing is specifically designed to improve your answer and essay writing skill in the shortest amount of time. If you're a beginner, you will take considerable time to understand the nuances of the exam. The principles outlined in the book will help you overcome such obstacles quickly and easily. Fundamentals Of Essay And Answer Writing Anudeep Durishetty 2022 Pdf Fundamentals Of Essay And Answer Writing Anudeep Durishetty 2022 Pdf Download. We aspire to provide students with every study material possible on the internet in one place so that they do not have to waste their time and efforts in searching these study materials instead of preparing for the exam. PDF ACADEMIC WRITING "Writing" is usually understood as the expression of thought. This book redefines "writing" as the thought process itself. Writing is not what you do with thought. Writing is thinking. 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Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing Book For UPSC Mains Examination. 20 May 2024. Join Our UPSC Group. CSE 2017, Rank - 1, Anudeep Durishetty Book on Answer Writing PDF: Fundamentals of Essay and Answer : is specifically designed to improve your answer and essay writing skill in the shortest amount of time. Contents. Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing by Anudeep Durishetty IAS PDF Mitras IAS Ethics Answer Writing Tests 2017; CSAT Fundamentals of Quantitaive Aptitude; Vision IAS Essay Material Notes 2023 PDF; Subham Kumar IAS Complete Topper Notes Answer Copies PDF [AIR 1, 2020] Jagrathi Awasti IAS Complete Topper Notes Answer Copies PDF [AIR 2, 2020] UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2023 Answer Key by Shankar IAS PDF; UPSC ... Fundamentals Of Essay And Answer Writing Fundamentals Of Essay And Answer Writing | Anudeep Durishetty | download on Z-Library | Download books for free. Find books. Support us in the fight for the freedom of knowledge Sign the petition Hide info. books search books; articles search articles; Donate; Fundamentals of Answer and Essay Writing Fundamentals of Answer and Essay Writing - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Fundamentals of Answer & Essay by Anudeep Durishetty Fundamentals of Answer & Essay By Anudeep Durishetty - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. (PDF) The Fundamentals of Academic Writing The book is systematic and thorough, with varied examples of material, and it is broken into logical sections and subsections like a science or engineering textbook. The emphasis is on students practicing and completing writing throughout, rather than a more theoretical approach. Download Free PDF. View PDF. Fundamentals of Answer & Essay by Anudeep Durishetty Fundamentals of Answer & Essay by Anudeep Durishetty - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Fundamentals Of Essay And Answer Writing Here's how you can allot time for essay writing: 5 min for choosing both the topics. 20 min per essay for brainstorming [Total: 40 min] 1 hr 5 minutes for writing each essay [Total: 130 minutes] 5 minutes for last minute checks; grammar and spelling corrections. Pages: 1 - 50. 51 - 100. Buy Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing Book Online at Low Prices With Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing, it will become easier for you to stand out, and score well in UPSC Mains, no matter where you are currently in your UPSC journey. REVIEW "A master guide for aspirants having phobia of Essay and Answer writing." - Kanishak Kataria (AIR 1, CSE 2018) "A lucid and concisely written book. Fundamentals of Essay Writing: An Orientation Manual : Questions Fundamentals of Essay Writing: An Orientation Manual : Questions, Answers ... Bookreader Item Preview ... Fundamentals of Essay Writing: An Orientation Manual : Questions, Answers ... by Erskine Peters. Publication date 1900 ... PDF download. download 1 file Anudeep Fundamentals of Essay and Answer PDF Anudeep Fundamentals of Essay and Answer freeupscmaterials.org.pdf - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. Anudeep Durishetty Archives Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing by Anudeep Durishetty IAS PDF. First Published: September 14 ... Vision Complete Study Materials PDF. Download All Standard E-Books for IAS Preparation. ... UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2024 GS Paper 1 Question Paper PDF Download June 16, 2024; Vision IAS Prelims 2024 Abhyaas Test 3 CSAT with Solutions ... Fundamentals Of Answer And Essay Writing Only Genuine Products. 30 Day Replacement Guarantee. Free Shipping. Cash On Delivery! Explore Plus. Login. Become a Seller ... Anudeep Durishetty (SPIRAL BOUND, ANUDEEP DURISHETTY) Share. Fundamentals Of Answer And Essay Writing - Anudeep Durishetty (SPIRAL BOUND ... Book: Fundamentals Of Answer And Essay Writing - Anudeep Durishetty; Author ... FUNDAMENTALS OF ANSWER AND ESSAY WRITING by ANUDEEP DURISHETTY PDF Well, you are on the right page. Now We are Sharing With YouFUNDAMENTALS OF ANSWER AND ESSAY WRITING by ANUDEEP DURISHETTY PDF. We struggle hard to gather all these tests and Materials so if anyone subscribed any test series or material please forward us to [email protected], We remove all the tracing items from the pdf and We Respect ... Answer Writing Manual Books by Srushti Jayany Deshmukh Answer Writing Manual Books by Srushti Jayany Deshmukh (1) - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Scribd is the world's largest social reading and publishing site. The Answer Writing Manual PDF Book By Srushti Deshmukh IAS The Answer Writing Manual pdf is a complete guidebook for the students preparing for UPSC. This book is prepared by upsc civil service topper IAS Srushti Jayant Deshmukh for those students who have cleared the preliminary exam and are preparing for mains exam. Contents. 1 Tips for Mains Answer Writing. 1.1 Srushti Deshmukh IAS (Author) 1.2 Review. ESSAY Archives Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing by Anudeep Durishetty IAS PDF. First Published: September 14 ... Vision Complete Study Materials PDF. Download All Standard E-Books for IAS Preparation. ... UPSC Civil Services Prelims 2024 GS Paper 1 Question Paper PDF Download June 16, 2024; Vision IAS Prelims 2024 Abhyaas Test 3 CSAT with Solutions ... assignment essay homework paper phd report review speech thesis