the importance of ethics essay

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Introduction of moral codes

• Problems of divine origin
• Nonhuman behaviour
• Kinship and reciprocity
• Anthropology and ethics
• The Middle East
• Ancient Greece
• The Epicureans
• Ethics in the New Testament
• St. Augustine
• St. Thomas Aquinas and the Scholastics
• Machiavelli
• The first Protestants
• Early intuitionists: Cudworth, More, and Clarke
• Shaftesbury and the moral sense school
• Butler on self-interest and conscience
• The climax of moral sense theory: Hutcheson and Hume
• The intuitionist response: Price and Reid
• Moore and the naturalistic fallacy
• Modern intuitionism
• Existentialism
• Universal prescriptivism
• Moral realism
• Kantian constructivism: a middle ground?
• Irrealist views: projectivism and expressivism
• Ethics and reasons for action
• The debate over consequentialism
• Varieties of consequentialism
• Objections to consequentialism
• An ethics of prima facie duties
• Rawls’s theory of justice
• Rights theories
• Natural law ethics
• Virtue ethics
• Feminist ethics
• Ethical egoism
• Environmental ethics
• War and peace
• Abortion, euthanasia, and the value of human life

What is ethics?

How is ethics different from morality, why does ethics matter, is ethics a social science.

• What did Aristotle do?

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• Business LibreTexts - What is Ethics?
• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Ethics and Contrastivism
• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Empathy and Sympathy in Ethics
• VIVA Open Publishing - Ethics and Society - Ethical Behavior and Moral Values in Everyday Life
• Philosophy Basics - Ethics
• American Medical Association - Journal of Ethics - Triage and Ethics
• Psychology Today - Ethics and Morality
• Government of Canada - Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat - What is ethics?
• Cornell Law School - Legal Information Institute - Ethics
• ethics and morality - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
• Table Of Contents

The term ethics may refer to the philosophical study of the concepts of moral right and wrong and moral good and bad, to any philosophical theory of what is morally right and wrong or morally good and bad, and to any system or code of moral rules, principles, or values. The last may be associated with particular religions , cultures, professions, or virtually any other group that is at least partly characterized by its moral outlook.

Traditionally, ethics referred to the philosophical study of morality, the latter being a more or less systematic set of beliefs, usually held in common by a group, about how people should live. Ethics also referred to particular philosophical theories of morality. Later the term was applied to particular (and narrower) moral codes or value systems. Ethics and morality are now used almost interchangeably in many contexts, but the name of the philosophical study remains ethics .

Ethics matters because (1) it is part of how many groups define themselves and thus part of the identity of their individual members, (2) other-regarding values in most ethical systems both reflect and foster close human relationships and mutual respect and trust, and (3) it could be “rational” for a self-interested person to be moral, because his or her self-interest is arguably best served in the long run by reciprocating the moral behaviour of others.

No. Understood as equivalent to morality, ethics could be studied as a social-psychological or historical phenomenon, but in that case it would be an object of social-scientific study, not a social science in itself. Understood as the philosophical study of moral concepts, ethics is a branch of philosophy , not of social science.

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ethics , the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles.

(Read Britannica’s biography of this author, Peter Singer.)

How should we live? Shall we aim at happiness or at knowledge, virtue , or the creation of beautiful objects? If we choose happiness, will it be our own or the happiness of all? And what of the more particular questions that face us: is it right to be dishonest in a good cause? Can we justify living in opulence while elsewhere in the world people are starving? Is going to war justified in cases where it is likely that innocent people will be killed? Is it wrong to clone a human being or to destroy human embryos in medical research? What are our obligations, if any, to the generations of humans who will come after us and to the nonhuman animals with whom we share the planet?

Ethics deals with such questions at all levels. Its subject consists of the fundamental issues of practical decision making , and its major concerns include the nature of ultimate value and the standards by which human actions can be judged right or wrong .

The terms ethics and morality are closely related. It is now common to refer to ethical judgments or to ethical principles where it once would have been more accurate to speak of moral judgments or moral principles. These applications are an extension of the meaning of ethics. In earlier usage, the term referred not to morality itself but to the field of study, or branch of inquiry, that has morality as its subject matter. In this sense, ethics is equivalent to moral philosophy .

Although ethics has always been viewed as a branch of philosophy, its all-embracing practical nature links it with many other areas of study, including anthropology , biology , economics , history , politics , sociology , and theology . Yet, ethics remains distinct from such disciplines because it is not a matter of factual knowledge in the way that the sciences and other branches of inquiry are. Rather, it has to do with determining the nature of normative theories and applying these sets of principles to practical moral problems.

This article, then, will deal with ethics as a field of philosophy, especially as it has developed in the West. For coverage of religious conceptions of ethics and the ethical systems associated with world religions, see Buddhism ; Christianity ; Confucianism ; Hinduism ; Jainism ; Judaism ; Sikhism .

The origins of ethics

Mythical accounts.

When did ethics begin and how did it originate? If one has in mind ethics proper—i.e., the systematic study of what is morally right and wrong—it is clear that ethics could have come into existence only when human beings started to reflect on the best way to live. This reflective stage emerged long after human societies had developed some kind of morality, usually in the form of customary standards of right and wrong conduct . The process of reflection tended to arise from such customs, even if in the end it may have found them wanting. Accordingly, ethics began with the introduction of the first moral codes .

Virtually every human society has some form of myth to explain the origin of morality. In the Louvre in Paris there is a black Babylonian column with a relief showing the sun god Shamash presenting the code of laws to Hammurabi (died c. 1750 bce ), known as the Code of Hammurabi . The Hebrew Bible ( Old Testament ) account of God’s giving the Ten Commandments to Moses (flourished 14th–13th century bce ) on Mount Sinai might be considered another example. In the dialogue Protagoras by Plato (428/427–348/347 bce ), there is an avowedly mythical account of how Zeus took pity on the hapless humans, who were physically no match for the other beasts. To make up for these deficiencies, Zeus gave humans a moral sense and the capacity for law and justice , so that they could live in larger communities and cooperate with one another.

That morality should be invested with all the mystery and power of divine origin is not surprising. Nothing else could provide such strong reasons for accepting the moral law. By attributing a divine origin to morality, the priesthood became its interpreter and guardian and thereby secured for itself a power that it would not readily relinquish. This link between morality and religion has been so firmly forged that it is still sometimes asserted that there can be no morality without religion. According to this view, ethics is not an independent field of study but rather a branch of theology ( see moral theology ).

There is some difficulty, already known to Plato, with the view that morality was created by a divine power. In his dialogue Euthyphro , Plato considered the suggestion that it is divine approval that makes an action good . Plato pointed out that, if this were the case, one could not say that the gods approve of such actions because they are good. Why then do they approve of them? Is their approval entirely arbitrary? Plato considered this impossible and so held that there must be some standards of right or wrong that are independent of the likes and dislikes of the gods. Modern philosophers have generally accepted Plato’s argument, because the alternative implies that if, for example, the gods had happened to approve of torturing children and to disapprove of helping one’s neighbours, then torture would have been good and neighbourliness bad.

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How to Write an Ethics Paper: Guide & Ethical Essay Examples

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An ethics essay is a type of academic writing that explores ethical issues and dilemmas. Students should evaluates them in terms of moral principles and values. The purpose of an ethics essay is to examine the moral implications of a particular issue, and provide a reasoned argument in support of an ethical perspective.

Writing an essay about ethics is a tough task for most students. The process involves creating an outline to guide your arguments about a topic and planning your ideas to convince the reader of your feelings about a difficult issue. If you still need assistance putting together your thoughts in composing a good paper, you have come to the right place. We have provided a series of steps and tips to show how you can achieve success in writing. This guide will tell you how to write an ethics paper using ethical essay examples to understand every step it takes to be proficient. In case you don’t have time for writing, get in touch with our professional essay writers for hire . Our experts work hard to supply students with excellent essays.

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An ethics essay uses moral theories to build arguments on an issue. You describe a controversial problem and examine it to determine how it affects individuals or society. Ethics papers analyze arguments on both sides of a possible dilemma, focusing on right and wrong. The analysis gained can be used to solve real-life cases. Before embarking on writing an ethical essay, keep in mind that most individuals follow moral principles. From a social context perspective, these rules define how a human behaves or acts towards another. Therefore, your theme essay on ethics needs to demonstrate how a person feels about these moral principles. More specifically, your task is to show how significant that issue is and discuss if you value or discredit it.

The primary purpose of an ethics essay is to initiate an argument on a moral issue using reasoning and critical evidence. Instead of providing general information about a problem, you present solid arguments about how you view the moral concern and how it affects you or society. When writing an ethical paper, you demonstrate philosophical competence, using appropriate moral perspectives and principles.

Before you start to write ethics essays, consider a topic you can easily address. In most cases, an ethical issues essay analyzes right and wrong. This includes discussing ethics and morals and how they contribute to the right behaviors. You can also talk about work ethic, code of conduct, and how employees promote or disregard the need for change. However, you can explore other areas by asking yourself what ethics mean to you. Think about how a recent game you watched with friends started a controversial argument. Or maybe a newspaper that highlighted a story you felt was misunderstood or blown out of proportion. This way, you can come up with an excellent topic that resonates with your personal ethics and beliefs.

Sometimes, you will be asked to submit an outline before writing an ethics paper. Creating an outline for an ethics paper is an essential step in creating a good essay. You can use it to arrange your points and supporting evidence before writing. It also helps organize your thoughts, enabling you to fill any gaps in your ideas. The outline for an essay should contain short and numbered sentences to cover the format and outline. Each section is structured to enable you to plan your work and include all sources in writing an ethics paper. An ethics essay outline is as follows:

Using this outline will improve clarity and focus throughout your writing process.

Ethics essays are similar to other essays based on their format, outline, and structure. An ethical essay should have a well-defined introduction, body, and conclusion section as its structure. When planning your ideas, make sure that the introduction and conclusion are around 20 percent of the paper, leaving the rest to the body. We will take a detailed look at what each part entails and give examples that are going to help you understand them better.  Refer to our essay structure examples to find a fitting way of organizing your writing.

An ethics essay introduction gives a synopsis of your main argument. One step on how to write an introduction for an ethics paper is telling about the topic and describing its background information. This paragraph should be brief and straight to the point. It informs readers what your position is on that issue. Start with an essay hook to generate interest from your audience. It can be a question you will address or a misunderstanding that leads up to your main argument. You can also add more perspectives to be discussed; this will inform readers on what to expect in the paper.

You can find many ethics essay introduction examples on the internet. In this guide, we have written an excellent extract to demonstrate how it should be structured. As you read, examine how it begins with a hook and then provides background information on an issue. 

In this example, the first sentence of the introduction makes a claim or uses a question to hook the reader.

An ethics paper must contain a thesis statement in the first paragraph. Learning how to write a thesis statement for an ethics paper is necessary as readers often look at it to gauge whether the essay is worth their time.

When you deviate away from the thesis, your whole paper loses meaning. In ethics essays, your thesis statement is a roadmap in writing, stressing your position on the problem and giving reasons for taking that stance. It should focus on a specific element of the issue being discussed. When writing a thesis statement, ensure that you can easily make arguments for or against its stance.

Look at this example of an ethics paper thesis statement and examine how well it has been written to state a position and provide reasons for doing so:

The above thesis statement example is clear and concise, indicating that this paper will highlight the effects of dishonesty in society. Moreover, it focuses on aspects of personal and professional relationships.

The body section is the heart of an ethics paper as it presents the author's main points. In an ethical essay, each body paragraph has several elements that should explain your main idea. These include:

When you write an ethics essay, adding relevant examples strengthens your main point and makes it easy for others to understand and comprehend your argument. 

A good body paragraph must have a well-defined topic sentence that makes a claim and includes evidence and examples to support it. Look at part of an example of ethics essay body paragraph below and see how its idea has been developed:

A concluding paragraph shares the summary and overview of the author's main arguments. Many students need clarification on what should be included in the essay conclusion and how best to get a reader's attention. When writing an ethics paper conclusion, consider the following:

You can also reflect on the topic or acknowledge any possible challenges or questions that have not been answered. A closing statement should present a call to action on the problem based on your position.

The conclusion paragraph restates the thesis statement and summarizes the arguments presented in that paper. The sample conclusion for an ethical essay example below demonstrates how you should write a concluding statement.  

In the above extract, the writer gives final thoughts on the topic, urging readers to adopt honest behavior.

As you learn how to write an ethics essay, it is not advised to immediately choose a topic and begin writing. When you follow this method, you will get stuck or fail to present concrete ideas. A good writer understands the importance of planning. As a fact, you should organize your work and ensure it captures key elements that shed more light on your arguments. Hence, following the essay structure and creating an outline to guide your writing process is the best approach. In the following segment, we have highlighted step-by-step techniques on how to write a good ethics paper.

Before writing ethical papers, brainstorm to find ideal topics that can be easily debated. For starters, make a list, then select a title that presents a moral issue that may be explained and addressed from opposing sides. Make sure you choose one that interests you. Here are a few ideas to help you search for topics:

Once you find a suitable topic and are ready, start to write your ethics essay, conduct preliminary research, and ascertain that there are enough sources to support it.

Once you choose a topic for your essay, the next step is gathering sufficient information about it. Conducting in-depth research entails looking through scholarly journals to find credible material. Ensure you note down all sources you found helpful to assist you on how to write your ethics paper. Use the following steps to help you conduct your research:

An outline will ease up your writing process when developing an ethic essay. As you develop a paper on ethics, jot down factual ideas that will build your paragraphs for each section. Include the following steps in your process:

Examples can also be included to support your main arguments. The structure should be sequential, coherent, and with a good flow from beginning to end. When you follow all steps, you can create an engaging and organized outline that will help you write a good essay.

Once you have selected a topic, conducted research, and outlined your main points, you can begin writing an essay . Ensure you adhere to the ethics paper format you have chosen. Start an ethics paper with an overview of your topic to capture the readers' attention. Build upon your paper by avoiding ambiguous arguments and using the outline to help you write your essay on ethics. Finish the introduction paragraph with a thesis statement that explains your main position.  Expand on your thesis statement in all essay paragraphs. Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence and provide evidence plus an example to solidify your argument, strengthen the main point, and let readers see the reasoning behind your stance. Finally, conclude the essay by restating your thesis statement and summarizing all key ideas. Your conclusion should engage the reader, posing questions or urging them to reflect on the issue and how it will impact them.

Proofreading your essay is the last step as you countercheck any grammatical or structural errors in your essay. When writing your ethic paper, typical mistakes you could encounter include the following:

While proofreading your ethical issue essay, read it aloud to detect lexical errors or ambiguous phrases that distort its meaning. Verify your information and ensure it is relevant and up-to-date. You can ask your fellow student to read the essay and give feedback on its structure and quality.

Writing an essay is challenging without the right steps. There are so many ethics paper examples on the internet, however, we have provided a list of free ethics essay examples below that are well-structured and have a solid argument to help you write your paper. Click on them and see how each writing step has been integrated. Ethics essay example 1

When writing papers on ethics, here are several tips to help you complete an excellent essay:

Creating this essay is a common exercise in academics that allows students to build critical skills. When you begin writing, state your stance on an issue and provide arguments to support your position. This guide gives information on how to write an ethics essay as well as examples of ethics papers. Remember to follow these points in your writing:

• Background information
• Thesis statement
• Restate thesis statement
• Summarize key points
• Final thoughts on the topic
• A topic sentence that is precise and reiterates your stance on the issue.
• Evidence supporting it.
• Examples that illustrate your argument.
• A thorough analysis showing how the evidence and examples relate to that issue.
• A transition sentence that connects one paragraph to another with the help of essay transitions .
• Restate the thesis statement to emphasize your position.
• Summarize its main points and evidence.
• Final thoughts on the issue and any other considerations.
• Review current trends affecting people.
• Think about your personal experiences.
• Study different moral theories and principles.
• Examine classical moral dilemmas.
• Clearly state and define a problem you want to discuss.
• This will guide your research process.
• Develop keywords that match the topic.
• Begin searching from a wide perspective. This will allow you to collect more information, then narrow it down by using the identified words above.
• Review the topic and information gathered to write a thesis statement.
• Identify the main arguments you want to discuss and include their evidence.
• Group them into sections, each presenting a new idea that supports the thesis.
• Write an outline.
• Review and refine it.
• Spelling errors: e.g., there, they’re, their.
• Homophone words: such as new vs. knew.
• Inconsistencies: like mixing British and American words, e.g., color vs. color.
• Formatting issues: e.g., double spacing, different font types.
• Choose a narrow topic and avoid broad subjects, as it is easy to cover the topic in detail.
• Ensure you have background information. A good understanding of a topic can make it easy to apply all necessary moral theories and principles in writing your paper.
• State your position clearly. It is important to be sure about your stance as it will allow you to draft your arguments accordingly.
• When writing ethics essays, be mindful of your audience. Provide arguments that they can understand.
• Integrate solid examples into your essay. Morality can be hard to understand; therefore, using them will help a reader grasp these concepts.
• Create an outline highlighting your main points.
• Write an effective introduction and provide background information on an issue.
• Include a thesis statement.
• Develop concrete arguments and their counterarguments, and use examples.
• Sum up all your key points in your conclusion and restate your thesis statement.

What Is an Ethics Essay?

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Imagine living in a world where people only lie, and honesty is becoming a scarce commodity. Indeed, modern society is facing this reality as truth and deception can no longer be separated. Technology has facilitated a quick transmission of voluminous information, whereas it's hard separating facts from opinions.

The moral implications of dishonesty are far-reaching as they undermine trust, integrity, and other foundations of society, damaging personal and professional relationships. 

Honesty is an essential component of professional integrity. In many fields, trust and credibility are crucial for professionals to build relationships and success. For example, a doctor who is dishonest about a potential side effect of a medication is not only acting unethically but also putting the health and well-being of their patients at risk. Similarly, a dishonest businessman could achieve short-term benefits but will lose their client’s trust.

In conclusion, the implications of dishonesty and the importance of honesty in our lives cannot be overstated. Honesty builds solid relationships, effective communication, and better decision-making. This essay has explored how dishonesty impacts people and that we should value honesty. We hope this essay will help readers assess their behavior and work towards being more honest in their lives.

The Crucial Role of Ethics in Today’s Society

by Maggie Jurajda | Mar 15, 2024

In the fast-paced, technology-driven world of today, it seems as if we’re standing at the crossroads of progress and social responsibility. Every day, we’re faced with decisions that don’t just impact our lives but also the fabric of society itself. It is in these moments that ethics become invaluable, acting as a compass to guide us through the moral dilemmas and societal challenges. But why exactly is ethics so crucial in the society we live in today? This post will explore the role of ethics in modern life and why it’s imperative for professionals, students, ethical leaders, and the general public to uphold ethical principles.

Nurturing Trust in Communities

Ethics are the underpinning of trust within any community. Whether it’s business transactions, educational environments, or public services, ethical conduct ensures that interactions are fair, honest, and respectful. This collective trust is the bedrock on which prosperous and harmonious communities are built.

Fostering Greater Social Responsibility

Today’s societal challenges – be it climate change, social injustice, or economic disparity – require a strong ethical stance to ensure that we’re not only advancing technologically but also socially. Ethics spur individuals and organizations alike to consider the wider impact of their actions and to make conscious choices that benefit society at large.

Mitigating Risks and Harm

In a world where information is power and privacy is under threat, ethical practices safeguard against the misuse of data, technology, and authority. Upholding ethics in industries like tech and healthcare is vital for protecting individuals from harm and for preventing the potential abuse of power.

Guiding Progress and Innovation

The realm of scientific discovery and technological innovation is fraught with ethical questions. Ethics act as a guide, ensuring that progress does not come at the expense of human values, rights, or dignity. It casts a protective net over society, preserving the integrity of our advancements for future generations.

Equipping Tomorrow’s Leaders

By instilling ethics in the educational curriculum and professional training, we’re equipping future leaders with the tools to make decisions that do more than just profit or advance their status; we’re empowering them to contribute positively to the world.

In today’s complex global society, ethics serve as an essential framework for navigating through a myriad of cultural, social, and economic contexts. It reminds us that with great power comes great responsibility, and that our collective future hinges on our moral choices today. Whether you’re a student stepping into the world, a professional climbing the career ladder, or simply a concerned citizen, your ethical footprint matters.

Summarizing, the importance of ethics in present-day society cannot be overstated. It is the foundation upon which trust, justice, progress, and leadership rest. By cherishing and adhering to ethical principles, we not only enrich our own lives but also move toward a more just and sustainable world for all. It’s not just about making the right choices, but also about setting a precedent for others to follow — for a society that values ethics is one that thrives in harmony and advancement.

The Importance of Ethics in Research Essay

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• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Factors that increase vulnerability of subjects to research abuse, the solution to reduce vulnerability of subjects to research abuse.

In science and medical research, ethics is essential in enhancing the safety and well-being of the subjects or participants. Different studies globally expose vulnerable populations or subjects to abuse, affecting their overall health. In the same case, researchers are employing diverse strategies to enhance ethics and reduce subjects’ vulnerabilities to negative implications of studies and abuse. For these reasons, it is essential to examine the factors that enhance subjects’ vulnerability to abuse and maltreatment during scientific studies. These reasons are economic and financial problems, impractical hope, improper patient advocacy, as well as non-compliance to research ethics. Contrarily, encouraging compliance with ethical principles during research would reduce subjects’ susceptibility to abuse and negative research implications.

Economic and financial issues are among the factors that increase subjects’ vulnerability to abuse during research. Kelly (2013) indicates that “people struggling to put food on the table and a roof over their heads” are vulnerable to abuse during clinical trials and pharmaceutical studies. Washington (2008) also notes that “jobless white men turned their noses at the disgusting work and partly pay” when referring to a perilous clinical experiment conducted in 1935 by the University of Pennsylvania. The sentiment indicates that the university conducted unethical and dangerous medical research on subjects with economic and financial problems (Washington, 2008). The phrase “when you see an opportunity to feed your starving family, […], or get treatment for a terminal disease?” also indicates how financial issues make subjects partake in unsafe clinical trials (Kelly, 2013). Thus, these studies increase the health risks, burden, disparity, and complications among subjects from developing and low-income countries as well as communities.

Unrealistic hope is another factor that increases the risks of abuse among subjects of research activities. According to Washington (2008), patients desperate for healing from diseases, surviving, living longer, and stressed about their health conditions are vulnerable to abuse during medical studies. The phrase “was described to him as his last chance at a meaningful life” shows that James Quinn was a victim of research abuse because of hoped to live a productive life after artificial heart implantation (Washington, 2008). The quote, “Do you have a choice about participating when you see an opportunity to (…) get treatment for a terminal disease,” indicates that subjects are always hopeful of improving their health after clinical studies (Kelly, 2008). This makes patients accept risky treatments or clinical trials that are mentally or physically abusive to their health, hoping to enhance their lifespan.

Improper patient advocacy and education are also major factors that increase the dangers of abusing subjects during clinical research. Washington (2008) questions how medical researchers and providers empower patients about the risks and benefits of clinical trials before treatments. Washington (2008) asks, “But are such warnings offered in a fair and intelligible manner?” The quote proves that researchers obtain patients’ consent for treatments when they are mentally, emotionally, and cognitively incapable of making informed decisions about these interventions. Kelly (2013) also agrees that healthcare researchers fail to provide accurate and quality patient information before clinical trials. The sentence “one of the most commonly cited ethical qualms with clinical trials tends to be misinformation” indicates that patients’ advocacy teams misinform subjects before clinical trials (Kelly, 2013). The wrong information affects the ability of patients to make informed decisions about participating or not partaking in medical studies.

Finally, non-compliance to research ethics and regulations among researchers also makes subjects vulnerable to abuse during studies. Washington (2008) indicates that “the informed consent process consists of much more than obtaining a patient signature on a piece of paper.” The quote implies that medical researchers are violating the informed consent ethics of research that requires patients’ participation only after knowing all the risks and benefits of a treatment. In the statement, “one of the most commonly cited ethical qualms with clinical trials tends to be misinformation,” Kelly (2013) supports Washington (2008) about the voluntary and involuntary deception of subjects to participate in their studies. Generally, violation of ethics makes vulnerable subjects partake in medical or scientific studies that harm their health and those around them.

To reduce the susceptibility of patients or subjects to abusive medical and scientific studies, adherence or compliance to research ethics is essential. For instance, Kelly (2013) suggests that continuous investigation by ethics boards on researchers violating ethical requirements would enhance compliance with research regulations, integrity, and morals. The statement “informed consent is an ongoing process of patient notification and education” also implies that continuous patient advocacy, edification, and communication before treatments and clinical trials is essential in reducing non-compliance to research ethics (Washington, 2008). Moreover, when seeing patient permission for research inclusion, Washington (2008) proposes that researchers should make patients aware of treatment risks through the phrase “the scientist must […] knows all the known risks and must inform the subject proxy.” This will make subjects decide to participate in research after knowing the benefits and negative implications on them and the people around them.

Conclusively, the lack of compliance with ethical research principles among scientists and the economic issues of patients make them susceptible to abuse during studies. Unrealistic hope, desperation, and inappropriate patient advocacy and education make subjects vulnerable to research abuse. Based on these, developing, implementing, and complying with research ethics is a feasible approach to reducing the vulnerability of research subjects to abuse. Therefore, patient abuse is a systemic issue in medical and scientific studies. This means that this problem requires universal or systemic solutions to achieve the desired outcome of protecting patients’ interests and well-being during and after research.

Kelly, S. (2013). Testing drugs on the developing world . The Atlantic. Web.

Washington, H. (2008). Medical apartheid: The dark history of medical experimentation on Black Americans from colonial times to the present. Psychiatric Services , 58 (10), 1380-1381.

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Essay on Ethics for Students and Children

500+ words essay on ethics.

Essay on Ethics – Ethics refers to the concepts of right and wrong conduct. Furthermore, ethics is basically a branch of philosophy dealing with the issue of morality. Moreover, ethics consist of the rules of behavior. It certainly defines how a person should behave in specific situations. The origin of ethics is old and it started from the Stone Age . Most noteworthy, over the centuries many religions and philosophers have made contributions to ethics.

Branches of Ethics

First of all, comes the descriptive branch of ethics. Descriptive ethics involve what people actually believe to be right or wrong. On the basis of this, the law decides whether certain human actions are acceptable or not. Most noteworthy, the moral principles of society keep changing from time to time. Therefore, descriptive ethics are also known as comparative ethics. This is because; it compares the ethics of past and present as well as ethics of one society and another.

Normative ethics is another important branch of ethics. Moreover, Normative ethics deals with certain norms or set of considerations. Furthermore, these norms or set of considerations dictate how one should act. Therefore, normative ethics sets out the rightness or wrongness of actions or behaviours. Another name for normative ethics is prescriptive ethics. This is because; it has principles which determine whether an action is right or wrong.

Meta-ethics consists of the origin of the ethical concepts themselves. Meta-ethics is not concerned whether an action is good or evil. Rather, meta-ethics questions what morality itself is. Therefore, meta-ethics questions the very essence of goodness or rightness. Most noteworthy, it is a highly abstract way of analyzing ethics.

Applied ethics involves philosophical examination or certain private and public life issues. Furthermore, this examination of issues takes place from a moral standpoint. Moreover, this branch of ethics is very essential for professionals. Also, these professionals belong to different walks of life and include doctors , teachers , administrators, rulers.

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Applications of Ethics

Bioethicists deal with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, and philosophy. Furthermore, Bioethics refers to the study of controversial ethics brought about by advances in biology and medicine .

Ethics also have a significant application in business. Moreover, business ethics examines ethical principles in relation to a business environment.

Military ethics involve the questions regarding the application of ethos of the soldier. Furthermore, military ethics involves the laws of war. Moreover, it also includes the question of justification of initiating military force.

Public sector ethics deals with a set of principles that guide public officials in their service. Furthermore, the public sector involves the morality of decision making. Most noteworthy, it consists of the question of what best serves the public’s interests.

In conclusion, ethics is certainly one of the most important requirements of humanity. Furthermore, without ethics, the world would have been an evil and chaotic place. Also, the advancement of humanity is not possible without ethics. There must be widespread awareness of ethics among the youth of society.

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Ethics and Morality

Morality, Ethics, Evil, Greed

Reviewed by Psychology Today Staff

To put it simply, ethics represents the moral code that guides a person’s choices and behaviors throughout their life. The idea of a moral code extends beyond the individual to include what is determined to be right, and wrong, for a community or society at large.

Ethics is concerned with rights, responsibilities, use of language, what it means to live an ethical life, and how people make moral decisions. We may think of moralizing as an intellectual exercise, but more frequently it's an attempt to make sense of our gut instincts and reactions. It's a subjective concept, and many people have strong and stubborn beliefs about what's right and wrong that can place them in direct contrast to the moral beliefs of others. Yet even though morals may vary from person to person, religion to religion, and culture to culture, many have been found to be universal, stemming from basic human emotions.

• The Science of Being Virtuous
• Understanding Amorality
• The Stages of Moral Development

Those who are considered morally good are said to be virtuous, holding themselves to high ethical standards, while those viewed as morally bad are thought of as wicked, sinful, or even criminal. Morality was a key concern of Aristotle, who first studied questions such as “What is moral responsibility?” and “What does it take for a human being to be virtuous?”

We used to think that people are born with a blank slate, but research has shown that people have an innate sense of morality . Of course, parents and the greater society can certainly nurture and develop morality and ethics in children.

Humans are ethical and moral regardless of religion and God. People are not fundamentally good nor are they fundamentally evil. However, a Pew study found that atheists are much less likely than theists to believe that there are "absolute standards of right and wrong." In effect, atheism does not undermine morality, but the atheist’s conception of morality may depart from that of the traditional theist.

Animals are like humans—and humans are animals, after all. Many studies have been conducted across animal species, and more than 90 percent of their behavior is what can be identified as “prosocial” or positive. Plus, you won’t find mass warfare in animals as you do in humans. Hence, in a way, you can say that animals are more moral than humans.

The examination of moral psychology involves the study of moral philosophy but the field is more concerned with how a person comes to make a right or wrong decision, rather than what sort of decisions he or she should have made. Character, reasoning, responsibility, and altruism , among other areas, also come into play, as does the development of morality.

The seven deadly sins were first enumerated in the sixth century by Pope Gregory I, and represent the sweep of immoral behavior. Also known as the cardinal sins or seven deadly vices, they are vanity, jealousy , anger , laziness, greed, gluttony, and lust. People who demonstrate these immoral behaviors are often said to be flawed in character. Some modern thinkers suggest that virtue often disguises a hidden vice; it just depends on where we tip the scale .

An amoral person has no sense of, or care for, what is right or wrong. There is no regard for either morality or immorality. Conversely, an immoral person knows the difference, yet he does the wrong thing, regardless. The amoral politician, for example, has no conscience and makes choices based on his own personal needs; he is oblivious to whether his actions are right or wrong.

One could argue that the actions of Wells Fargo, for example, were amoral if the bank had no sense of right or wrong. In the 2016 fraud scandal, the bank created fraudulent savings and checking accounts for millions of clients, unbeknownst to them. Of course, if the bank knew what it was doing all along, then the scandal would be labeled immoral.

Everyone tells white lies to a degree, and often the lie is done for the greater good. But the idea that a small percentage of people tell the lion’s share of lies is the Pareto principle, the law of the vital few. It is 20 percent of the population that accounts for 80 percent of a behavior.

We do know what is right from wrong . If you harm and injure another person, that is wrong. However, what is right for one person, may well be wrong for another. A good example of this dichotomy is the religious conservative who thinks that a woman’s right to her body is morally wrong. In this case, one’s ethics are based on one’s values; and the moral divide between values can be vast.

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg established his stages of moral development in 1958. This framework has led to current research into moral psychology. Kohlberg's work addresses the process of how we think of right and wrong and is based on Jean Piaget's theory of moral judgment for children. His stages include pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional, and what we learn in one stage is integrated into the subsequent stages.

The pre-conventional stage is driven by obedience and punishment . This is a child's view of what is right or wrong. Examples of this thinking: “I hit my brother and I received a time-out.” “How can I avoid punishment?” “What's in it for me?” 

The conventional stage is when we accept societal views on rights and wrongs. In this stage people follow rules with a  good boy  and nice girl  orientation. An example of this thinking: “Do it for me.” This stage also includes law-and-order morality: “Do your duty.”

The post-conventional stage is more abstract: “Your right and wrong is not my right and wrong.” This stage goes beyond social norms and an individual develops his own moral compass, sticking to personal principles of what is ethical or not.

The link between declaring personal growth and denouncing past behavior.

Whether free will exists is not just an idle philosophical question. Free will beliefs have profound consequences for how we should treat moral and criminal offenders.

Social liberals who value personal liberties and strong institutions are more likely to live in certain nations, regions, and culture zones.

Two decades of research into groups reveals how otherwise honest individuals might behave unethically when they become part of a group decision-making body.

To play is to understand, even if the understanding passes between different species.

The proper aim is not a better station, but liberation.

Eyewitness memory is visual, but the images involved must be conveyed verbally. This transition can result in significant errors in investigation and court.

Do you believe that people ultimately get what they deserve? While this belief likely increases your happiness, it may cost you your compassion.

Is life moving beyond the human scale? Consider Georg Simmel's famous answer.

Can laughter heal? Therapy and humor can be powerful tools for healing, but they can be tricky. Learn the benefits and risks for therapists.

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Ethics Essay | Essay on Ethics for Students and Children in English

February 13, 2024 by Prasanna

Ethics Essay: The world is beset with falsified ideologies, with people who want to exploit each other in the fields of education, business, politics. Therefore, it is of paramount importance that in addition to the rule of law, some guiding principles as to how we must conduct ourselves in society and our institutions must be set.

Throughout history, from the time of Greek philosophers like Aristotle, mankind has genuinely wondered about the topic of ethics and tried to derive universal moral principles governing behavior. Our modern understanding of ethics can help us create a better world by becoming better and more caring citizens.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Ethics for Students and Kids in English

A long essay has been provided below; it is of 450-500 words. A short essay of 100-150 words has also been given.

Long Essay on Ethics 500 words in English

Ethics Essay is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Ethics are basic standards or ideals that regulate the actions of a person or a community. This is not a responsibility to bear, but a wise and successful guide to existence and progress. Ethics is essential in business, as well as in academic institutions and social structures because it is a crucial cornerstone on which an enlightened system is built.

It is often not the same to be following legal rules and being ethical. Law, like, emotions, will deviate from what’s moral. The practice of sati in India and the abhorrent rules governing apartheid and slavery in South Africa are examples of laws and customs which are not ethical.

Being ethical is not similar to following “whatever the predominant culture allows.” In every community, most citizens follow values that are, in essence, ethical. But behavioral standards in society can deviate from moral standards. Culture, as a whole, may become immoral and unethical. Nazi Germany is a perfect example of a culture that is politically compromised.

Academic dishonesty is yet another component of unethical conduct. It is a behavior or an attempt that involves the creation of an unfair academic benefit for oneself or a disadvantage for any other representative of the educational institutions.

The family has a powerful impact on one’s beliefs and actions, parents create guidelines from the beginning, and they are the foundation of our ethics and morals. Devotion to individual values is part of what makes a student effective. Lack of ethical dedication will always lead to academic incompetence.

Social principles and social standards have declined over time. As a consequence, the number of crimes such as killings, robberies, gang assaults, kidnappings, extortion, grab and run cases, and criminal activities such as vandalism, hoarding, substance trafficking, etc. has increased in just some very few years. Learning and astuteness have taken the shape of ambition, envy, destructive rivalry, and the lure of quick income, which is entirely counterproductive to a stable and safe social existence.

Citizens have lost faith and been greedy in their purposes, and thus, in people’s lives, principles and morals have diminished and lost meaning. An individual with ethical values is interested in the right actions, and he also knows it internally. The individual doing evil acts at the same time may sometimes consider it correct to adjust to the social structure in which he or she lives but has terrible morals.

If a person’s moral and ethical values have plummeted, he or she will never feel any guilt or anxiety in executing misdeeds or even a severe offense, as is suitable to his or her morals and ethics. Much of the time, it is the context and the way an individual is raised that determines his acts and, thus, his morals and ethics.

If we’re to see a world with a relatively low rate of violent crime and where all human beings can reside peacefully, we need to look at the values and ethics that our sculptures and religious leaders teach. We will shoulder the pressure of making our world and, in turn, transform our planet into a beautiful place where all human beings will lead a life with integrity and dignity without terror in their minds.

Short Essay on Ethics 100 words in English

Ethics Essay is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

Ethics can be defined as established standards of right and wrong that prescribe what people should do, usually in terms of human rights, responsibilities, advantages to social order, honesty, or specific core values. Ethical principles also include those which enjoin the values of authenticity, justice, and integrity. Ethics involves the demands for personal freedom, liberty, and the right to free will and privacy. These principles are acceptable ethical guidelines as a clear and well-founded reason backs them. Ethics also requires a constant attempt to research our spiritual values and moral behavior and to try to guarantee that we, and the organizations we help form, perform up to expectations that are fair and ethical

10 Lines on Ethics Essay in English

• Being ethical can help you to become a better human being.
• Ethics relates to established standards of right and wrong, usually created by society.
• Ethics does not mean mere conformity to societal norms.
• Personal enrichment and growth depend on the ability to redefine ethical values as we grow older.
• Being ethical means refraining from theft, robbery, harming other people who do not harm you.
• Most laws of countries are based on ethical values.
• Academic honesty and being ethically correct will lead to greater academic success.
• Being ethical will help you to be confident and assertive.
• It is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of ethics to help other people who are in trouble.
• It is essential to understand which acts are morally dishonest so that you can lead a better life.

FAQ’s on Ethics Essay

Question 1. Does ethics mean just obeying laws?

Answer: Some laws are regressive and discriminatory against women, religions, communities. Such acts are ethically or morally wrong. Therefore, ethics refers to analyzing the basis behind laws and understanding whether they are right or wrong.

Question 2. How can you be ethical?

Answer: You can be ethical by refraining from dishonest acts like stealing, looting, cheating, and being truthful to yourself and others.

Question 3. Is being ethical important?

Answer: Yes, being ethical is important. With ethics comes self-respect and self-esteem. It is an integral part.

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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

Your environment. your health., what is ethics in research & why is it important, by david b. resnik, j.d., ph.d..

December 23, 2020

The ideas and opinions expressed in this essay are the author’s own and do not necessarily represent those of the NIH, NIEHS, or US government.

When most people think of ethics (or morals), they think of rules for distinguishing between right and wrong, such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"), a code of professional conduct like the Hippocratic Oath ("First of all, do no harm"), a religious creed like the Ten Commandments ("Thou Shalt not kill..."), or a wise aphorisms like the sayings of Confucius. This is the most common way of defining "ethics": norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

Most people learn ethical norms at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Although most people acquire their sense of right and wrong during childhood, moral development occurs throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical norms are so ubiquitous that one might be tempted to regard them as simple commonsense. On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than commonsense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and issues in our society?

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One plausible explanation of these disagreements is that all people recognize some common ethical norms but interpret, apply, and balance them in different ways in light of their own values and life experiences. For example, two people could agree that murder is wrong but disagree about the morality of abortion because they have different understandings of what it means to be a human being.

Most societies also have legal rules that govern behavior, but ethical norms tend to be broader and more informal than laws. Although most societies use laws to enforce widely accepted moral standards and ethical and legal rules use similar concepts, ethics and law are not the same. An action may be legal but unethical or illegal but ethical. We can also use ethical concepts and principles to criticize, evaluate, propose, or interpret laws. Indeed, in the last century, many social reformers have urged citizens to disobey laws they regarded as immoral or unjust laws. Peaceful civil disobedience is an ethical way of protesting laws or expressing political viewpoints.

Another way of defining 'ethics' focuses on the disciplines that study standards of conduct, such as philosophy, theology, law, psychology, or sociology. For example, a "medical ethicist" is someone who studies ethical standards in medicine. One may also define ethics as a method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issues. For instance, in considering a complex issue like global warming , one may take an economic, ecological, political, or ethical perspective on the problem. While an economist might examine the cost and benefits of various policies related to global warming, an environmental ethicist could examine the ethical values and principles at stake.

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Many different disciplines, institutions , and professions have standards for behavior that suit their particular aims and goals. These standards also help members of the discipline to coordinate their actions or activities and to establish the public's trust of the discipline. For instance, ethical standards govern conduct in medicine, law, engineering, and business. Ethical norms also serve the aims or goals of research and apply to people who conduct scientific research or other scholarly or creative activities. There is even a specialized discipline, research ethics, which studies these norms. See Glossary of Commonly Used Terms in Research Ethics and Research Ethics Timeline .

There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research. First, norms promote the aims of research , such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error. For example, prohibitions against fabricating , falsifying, or misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error.

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See how we put research Ethics to practice.

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Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work , such as trust, accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. For example, many ethical norms in research, such as guidelines for authorship , copyright and patenting policies , data sharing policies, and confidentiality rules in peer review, are designed to protect intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration. Most researchers want to receive credit for their contributions and do not want to have their ideas stolen or disclosed prematurely.

Third, many of the ethical norms help to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public . For instance, federal policies on research misconduct, conflicts of interest, the human subjects protections, and animal care and use are necessary in order to make sure that researchers who are funded by public money can be held accountable to the public.

Fourth, ethical norms in research also help to build public support for research. People are more likely to fund a research project if they can trust the quality and integrity of research.

Finally, many of the norms of research promote a variety of other important moral and social values , such as social responsibility, human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law, and public health and safety. Ethical lapses in research can significantly harm human and animal subjects, students, and the public. For example, a researcher who fabricates data in a clinical trial may harm or even kill patients, and a researcher who fails to abide by regulations and guidelines relating to radiation or biological safety may jeopardize his health and safety or the health and safety of staff and students.

Codes and Policies for Research Ethics

Given the importance of ethics for the conduct of research, it should come as no surprise that many different professional associations, government agencies, and universities have adopted specific codes, rules, and policies relating to research ethics. Many government agencies have ethics rules for funded researchers.

• National Institutes of Health (NIH)
• National Science Foundation (NSF)
• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• Singapore Statement on Research Integrity
• American Chemical Society, The Chemist Professional’s Code of Conduct
• Code of Ethics (American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science)
• American Psychological Association, Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
• Statement on Professional Ethics (American Association of University Professors)
• Nuremberg Code
• World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki

Ethical Principles

The following is a rough and general summary of some ethical principles that various codes address*:

Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.

Objectivity

Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception. Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.

Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.

Carefulness

Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.

Transparency

Disclose methods, materials, assumptions, analyses, and other information needed to evaluate your research.

Accountability

Take responsibility for your part in research and be prepared to give an account (i.e. an explanation or justification) of what you did on a research project and why.

Intellectual Property

Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.

Confidentiality

Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.

Responsible Publication

Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

Responsible Mentoring

Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

Respect for Colleagues

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

Social Responsibility

Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

Non-Discrimination

Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.

Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.

Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.

Animal Care

Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

Human Subjects protection

When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.

* Adapted from Shamoo A and Resnik D. 2015. Responsible Conduct of Research, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press).

Ethical Decision Making in Research

Although codes, policies, and principles are very important and useful, like any set of rules, they do not cover every situation, they often conflict, and they require interpretation. It is therefore important for researchers to learn how to interpret, assess, and apply various research rules and how to make decisions and act ethically in various situations. The vast majority of decisions involve the straightforward application of ethical rules. For example, consider the following case:

The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice, with chemical and behavioral tests to determine toxic effects. Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr. Q. He has only 5 mice left to test. However, he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida on spring break with his friends, who are leaving tonight. He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all of the tests. He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results.

Many different research ethics policies would hold that Tom has acted unethically by fabricating data. If this study were sponsored by a federal agency, such as the NIH, his actions would constitute a form of research misconduct , which the government defines as "fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism" (or FFP). Actions that nearly all researchers classify as unethical are viewed as misconduct. It is important to remember, however, that misconduct occurs only when researchers intend to deceive : honest errors related to sloppiness, poor record keeping, miscalculations, bias, self-deception, and even negligence do not constitute misconduct. Also, reasonable disagreements about research methods, procedures, and interpretations do not constitute research misconduct. Consider the following case:

Dr. T has just discovered a mathematical error in his paper that has been accepted for publication in a journal. The error does not affect the overall results of his research, but it is potentially misleading. The journal has just gone to press, so it is too late to catch the error before it appears in print. In order to avoid embarrassment, Dr. T decides to ignore the error.

Dr. T's error is not misconduct nor is his decision to take no action to correct the error. Most researchers, as well as many different policies and codes would say that Dr. T should tell the journal (and any coauthors) about the error and consider publishing a correction or errata. Failing to publish a correction would be unethical because it would violate norms relating to honesty and objectivity in research.

There are many other activities that the government does not define as "misconduct" but which are still regarded by most researchers as unethical. These are sometimes referred to as " other deviations " from acceptable research practices and include:

• Publishing the same paper in two different journals without telling the editors
• Submitting the same paper to different journals without telling the editors
• Not informing a collaborator of your intent to file a patent in order to make sure that you are the sole inventor
• Including a colleague as an author on a paper in return for a favor even though the colleague did not make a serious contribution to the paper
• Discussing with your colleagues confidential data from a paper that you are reviewing for a journal
• Using data, ideas, or methods you learn about while reviewing a grant or a papers without permission
• Trimming outliers from a data set without discussing your reasons in paper
• Using an inappropriate statistical technique in order to enhance the significance of your research
• Bypassing the peer review process and announcing your results through a press conference without giving peers adequate information to review your work
• Conducting a review of the literature that fails to acknowledge the contributions of other people in the field or relevant prior work
• Stretching the truth on a grant application in order to convince reviewers that your project will make a significant contribution to the field
• Stretching the truth on a job application or curriculum vita
• Giving the same research project to two graduate students in order to see who can do it the fastest
• Overworking, neglecting, or exploiting graduate or post-doctoral students
• Failing to keep good research records
• Failing to maintain research data for a reasonable period of time
• Making derogatory comments and personal attacks in your review of author's submission
• Promising a student a better grade for sexual favors
• Using a racist epithet in the laboratory
• Making significant deviations from the research protocol approved by your institution's Animal Care and Use Committee or Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects Research without telling the committee or the board
• Not reporting an adverse event in a human research experiment
• Wasting animals in research
• Exposing students and staff to biological risks in violation of your institution's biosafety rules
• Sabotaging someone's work
• Stealing supplies, books, or data
• Rigging an experiment so you know how it will turn out
• Making unauthorized copies of data, papers, or computer programs
• Owning over $10,000 in stock in a company that sponsors your research and not disclosing this financial interest
• Deliberately overestimating the clinical significance of a new drug in order to obtain economic benefits

These actions would be regarded as unethical by most scientists and some might even be illegal in some cases. Most of these would also violate different professional ethics codes or institutional policies. However, they do not fall into the narrow category of actions that the government classifies as research misconduct. Indeed, there has been considerable debate about the definition of "research misconduct" and many researchers and policy makers are not satisfied with the government's narrow definition that focuses on FFP. However, given the huge list of potential offenses that might fall into the category "other serious deviations," and the practical problems with defining and policing these other deviations, it is understandable why government officials have chosen to limit their focus.

Finally, situations frequently arise in research in which different people disagree about the proper course of action and there is no broad consensus about what should be done. In these situations, there may be good arguments on both sides of the issue and different ethical principles may conflict. These situations create difficult decisions for research known as ethical or moral dilemmas . Consider the following case:

Dr. Wexford is the principal investigator of a large, epidemiological study on the health of 10,000 agricultural workers. She has an impressive dataset that includes information on demographics, environmental exposures, diet, genetics, and various disease outcomes such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease (PD), and ALS. She has just published a paper on the relationship between pesticide exposure and PD in a prestigious journal. She is planning to publish many other papers from her dataset. She receives a request from another research team that wants access to her complete dataset. They are interested in examining the relationship between pesticide exposures and skin cancer. Dr. Wexford was planning to conduct a study on this topic.

Dr. Wexford faces a difficult choice. On the one hand, the ethical norm of openness obliges her to share data with the other research team. Her funding agency may also have rules that obligate her to share data. On the other hand, if she shares data with the other team, they may publish results that she was planning to publish, thus depriving her (and her team) of recognition and priority. It seems that there are good arguments on both sides of this issue and Dr. Wexford needs to take some time to think about what she should do. One possible option is to share data, provided that the investigators sign a data use agreement. The agreement could define allowable uses of the data, publication plans, authorship, etc. Another option would be to offer to collaborate with the researchers.

The following are some step that researchers, such as Dr. Wexford, can take to deal with ethical dilemmas in research:

What is the problem or issue?

It is always important to get a clear statement of the problem. In this case, the issue is whether to share information with the other research team.

What is the relevant information?

Many bad decisions are made as a result of poor information. To know what to do, Dr. Wexford needs to have more information concerning such matters as university or funding agency or journal policies that may apply to this situation, the team's intellectual property interests, the possibility of negotiating some kind of agreement with the other team, whether the other team also has some information it is willing to share, the impact of the potential publications, etc.

What are the different options?

People may fail to see different options due to a limited imagination, bias, ignorance, or fear. In this case, there may be other choices besides 'share' or 'don't share,' such as 'negotiate an agreement' or 'offer to collaborate with the researchers.'

How do ethical codes or policies as well as legal rules apply to these different options?

The university or funding agency may have policies on data management that apply to this case. Broader ethical rules, such as openness and respect for credit and intellectual property, may also apply to this case. Laws relating to intellectual property may be relevant.

Are there any people who can offer ethical advice?

It may be useful to seek advice from a colleague, a senior researcher, your department chair, an ethics or compliance officer, or anyone else you can trust. In the case, Dr. Wexford might want to talk to her supervisor and research team before making a decision.

After considering these questions, a person facing an ethical dilemma may decide to ask more questions, gather more information, explore different options, or consider other ethical rules. However, at some point he or she will have to make a decision and then take action. Ideally, a person who makes a decision in an ethical dilemma should be able to justify his or her decision to himself or herself, as well as colleagues, administrators, and other people who might be affected by the decision. He or she should be able to articulate reasons for his or her conduct and should consider the following questions in order to explain how he or she arrived at his or her decision:

• Which choice will probably have the best overall consequences for science and society?
• Which choice could stand up to further publicity and scrutiny?
• Which choice could you not live with?
• Think of the wisest person you know. What would he or she do in this situation?
• Which choice would be the most just, fair, or responsible?

After considering all of these questions, one still might find it difficult to decide what to do. If this is the case, then it may be appropriate to consider others ways of making the decision, such as going with a gut feeling or intuition, seeking guidance through prayer or meditation, or even flipping a coin. Endorsing these methods in this context need not imply that ethical decisions are irrational, however. The main point is that human reasoning plays a pivotal role in ethical decision-making but there are limits to its ability to solve all ethical dilemmas in a finite amount of time.

Promoting Ethical Conduct in Science

Do U.S. research institutions meet or exceed federal mandates for instruction in responsible conduct of research? A national survey

 Read about U.S. research instutuins follow federal manadates for ethics in research 

Learn more about NIEHS Research

Most academic institutions in the US require undergraduate, graduate, or postgraduate students to have some education in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) . The NIH and NSF have both mandated training in research ethics for students and trainees. Many academic institutions outside of the US have also developed educational curricula in research ethics

Those of you who are taking or have taken courses in research ethics may be wondering why you are required to have education in research ethics. You may believe that you are highly ethical and know the difference between right and wrong. You would never fabricate or falsify data or plagiarize. Indeed, you also may believe that most of your colleagues are highly ethical and that there is no ethics problem in research..

If you feel this way, relax. No one is accusing you of acting unethically. Indeed, the evidence produced so far shows that misconduct is a very rare occurrence in research, although there is considerable variation among various estimates. The rate of misconduct has been estimated to be as low as 0.01% of researchers per year (based on confirmed cases of misconduct in federally funded research) to as high as 1% of researchers per year (based on self-reports of misconduct on anonymous surveys). See Shamoo and Resnik (2015), cited above.

Clearly, it would be useful to have more data on this topic, but so far there is no evidence that science has become ethically corrupt, despite some highly publicized scandals. Even if misconduct is only a rare occurrence, it can still have a tremendous impact on science and society because it can compromise the integrity of research, erode the public’s trust in science, and waste time and resources. Will education in research ethics help reduce the rate of misconduct in science? It is too early to tell. The answer to this question depends, in part, on how one understands the causes of misconduct. There are two main theories about why researchers commit misconduct. According to the "bad apple" theory, most scientists are highly ethical. Only researchers who are morally corrupt, economically desperate, or psychologically disturbed commit misconduct. Moreover, only a fool would commit misconduct because science's peer review system and self-correcting mechanisms will eventually catch those who try to cheat the system. In any case, a course in research ethics will have little impact on "bad apples," one might argue.

According to the "stressful" or "imperfect" environment theory, misconduct occurs because various institutional pressures, incentives, and constraints encourage people to commit misconduct, such as pressures to publish or obtain grants or contracts, career ambitions, the pursuit of profit or fame, poor supervision of students and trainees, and poor oversight of researchers (see Shamoo and Resnik 2015). Moreover, defenders of the stressful environment theory point out that science's peer review system is far from perfect and that it is relatively easy to cheat the system. Erroneous or fraudulent research often enters the public record without being detected for years. Misconduct probably results from environmental and individual causes, i.e. when people who are morally weak, ignorant, or insensitive are placed in stressful or imperfect environments. In any case, a course in research ethics can be useful in helping to prevent deviations from norms even if it does not prevent misconduct. Education in research ethics is can help people get a better understanding of ethical standards, policies, and issues and improve ethical judgment and decision making. Many of the deviations that occur in research may occur because researchers simply do not know or have never thought seriously about some of the ethical norms of research. For example, some unethical authorship practices probably reflect traditions and practices that have not been questioned seriously until recently. If the director of a lab is named as an author on every paper that comes from his lab, even if he does not make a significant contribution, what could be wrong with that? That's just the way it's done, one might argue. Another example where there may be some ignorance or mistaken traditions is conflicts of interest in research. A researcher may think that a "normal" or "traditional" financial relationship, such as accepting stock or a consulting fee from a drug company that sponsors her research, raises no serious ethical issues. Or perhaps a university administrator sees no ethical problem in taking a large gift with strings attached from a pharmaceutical company. Maybe a physician thinks that it is perfectly appropriate to receive a $300 finder’s fee for referring patients into a clinical trial.

If "deviations" from ethical conduct occur in research as a result of ignorance or a failure to reflect critically on problematic traditions, then a course in research ethics may help reduce the rate of serious deviations by improving the researcher's understanding of ethics and by sensitizing him or her to the issues.

Finally, education in research ethics should be able to help researchers grapple with the ethical dilemmas they are likely to encounter by introducing them to important concepts, tools, principles, and methods that can be useful in resolving these dilemmas. Scientists must deal with a number of different controversial topics, such as human embryonic stem cell research, cloning, genetic engineering, and research involving animal or human subjects, which require ethical reflection and deliberation.

Essay on Importance Of Ethics

Students are often asked to write an essay on Importance Of Ethics in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Importance Of Ethics

What are ethics.

Ethics are rules that tell us how to act rightly. They guide us to be good people and make choices that do not hurt others. Like a game with rules, life needs ethics so everyone can live together without problems.

Why Ethics Matter in School

Importance in work life.

At work, ethics mean doing your job honestly and not stealing or lying. This builds a good reputation and trust, which are important for a successful career.

Role in Society

Ethics make society peaceful. When people follow ethical rules, they respect each other’s rights and feelings. This leads to a happy and safe community where everyone can enjoy life.

250 Words Essay on Importance Of Ethics

Why ethics matter.

Ethics are important because they create trust. When we follow ethical rules, our friends and family can believe in us. It’s like when you promise not to tell a secret, and you keep that promise. This makes your friend trust you more.

In school, ethics mean doing your own work and not cheating on tests. This is important because it shows you are honest and working hard to learn. Teachers and other students will see you as someone who is fair and does what is right.

In the Community

Ethics also matter in our community. When everyone follows rules and is kind to each other, our neighborhood becomes a better place to live. It’s like when people wait for their turn in line at a slide in the park. It’s fair and everyone gets a chance to have fun.

In short, ethics are like the glue that holds our society together. They make sure that we can trust each other, work together, and live in a place where everyone is treated fairly. Just like the rules in a game make it fun for everyone, ethics make life better for all of us.

500 Words Essay on Importance Of Ethics

Ethics are like rules that tell us the right way to act. Think of them as a guide to being good and fair to others. They help us decide what is good and what is bad. Just like how we follow rules when playing a game, ethics help us live together without hurting each other.

In school, ethics mean doing your own work and not cheating on tests. It also means being kind to classmates and not bullying. When everyone acts ethically at school, it becomes a nicer place for learning. Teachers can trust students, and students can trust each other.

Ethics are just as important outside of school. They help us treat our neighbors well and make our communities better places to live. When we are ethical, we do not steal or harm others. Instead, we help those in need and take care of the environment around us.

Global Importance

Personal growth.

Ethics help us grow as people, too. When we do the right thing, we feel good about ourselves. It builds our self-respect and makes us better friends, family members, and citizens. Being ethical also teaches us to be responsible for our actions and to think about the effects they have on others.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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Student Essays

Essay on Ethics | Meaning, Role & Importance of Ethics Essay

Ethics are the pillars of a stable and smooth life. A society where ethics and moral values are duly regarded, climbs on the ladder of progress and prosperity. Whether you are a student, working as teacher, nurse, doctor or a businessman, you needed to follow the path of ethics for a prosperous and healthy living.

We have shortlisted these essay on ethics, that define ethics, meaning, purpose & importance of ethics in our lives. These short & long essays are really helpful for children and students

Essay on Ethics | Role Value & Importance of Ethics in human Life Essay

Ethic describes the moral standards of right and wrong as well as the moral requirements of good and bad conduct. Albert Camus once wrote, “A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon the world”.

Types of Ethics

Here is a brief look at the four main categories of ethics:

1. Duty Ethics :  It relates ethics to religious beliefs. Defining right and wrong behavior or actions, these ethics are also called deontological ethics. Ethics are taught from the beginning. We must follow them to fulfill our duties.

2. Virtue Ethics :  Ethics refers to personal behavior of an individual. The focus is on a person’s moral values , mentality, and character. As children, we are also inculcated with virtue ethics. We are taught what is right and wrong even if there is no logic to it in many cases.

3. Relativistic Ethics :  In line with this, everything is equal. Everyone is free to form his own opinion, based on his own analysis of the situation. This theory holds that what works for one may not be right for another. The same thing may apply in one situation, but not the other.

4. Consequential Ethics :  In the Era of Enlightenment, rationalism was a goal. These ethical values are associated with that quest. According to this ethical theory, the outcome of an individual’s behavior determines whether his actions are wrong or right.

Ethics Vary in Each Culture

According to some, ethics are values that must be taught since childhood, and that one must strictly adhere to them. If one disobeys these, they are viewed as deviant. Quite a few people are very rigid when it comes to the ethical codes. Their behavior is constantly judged by others.

However, there are also people who are flexible about these issues and feel that they can be adapted to some degree depending on the situation. As such, the basic ethical and moral codes expected from individuals are almost the same from nation to nation. Nevertheless, there may be some ethical behaviors that are right in some cultures but not accepted in others. It is ethically wrong for women in many eastern countries to wear short dresses, whereas women in western countries can wear any outfit they choose.

Conclusion:  Ethics can be described in many different ways according to different schools of thought. Some people follow the norms of right and wrong, while others make up their own standards.

Essay on Ethics, Values | Ethics in Personal & Professional Life

The concept of ethics refers to the behavior one should display in any given circumstance. From an early age, ethical values are deeply ingrained in us and almost every decision we make throughout our lives is guided by them. Ethics determine whether a person is good or bad.

In both our personal and professional lives, ethics are extremely important. Someone who holds high ethical standards, believes in them, and follows them will be far more sorted than someone who follows the ethical norms without truly believing in them. And then there are still others – those who don’t believe in ethical norms and disregard them. There may be disruptions in peace in society as a result of these factors.

Importance of Ethics in Our Personal Life

The morals and ethical values of the society in which people are raised influence their minds. It is impossible to undermine the importance of ethics. It is critical to teach children from the beginning which behaviors are acceptable in society and which are not so that they can interact with the society effectively. Basically, this system was put into place to teach people how to behave properly and to maintain a peaceful and harmonious society.

People find it easier to make decisions once they have defined right and wrong. Consider a world where there were no definition for right and wrong. Everyone would act according to their own definition of right and wrong. Chaos and crime would result from this.

Ethics at Work Place/Professional Life

Ethics play a vital role in the workplace. The ethics and values set by society are not the only ethical values determined by organizations. For the organization’s code of conduct to remain effective, everyone working there must follow them. For example, ethical codes of conduct set by organizations state that employees must be treated fairly, honesty must be maintained, company secrets must never be leake, respect for coworkers must always be observed, and problems with management or employees must be addressed politely without creating unnecessary commotion.

This helps to ensure an organization’s smooth functioning. Employees who violate the ethical code run the risk of receiving warning letters or being penalized differently depending on the severity of the issue.

Whenever an organization lacks the set ethical codes, chaos and inefficiencies are likely to ensue. This is why it is essential that each organization establishes these standards. In an organization, ethical codes are not only important for ensuring a good working environment, but they also instruct employees on how to handle customers in different situations. Ethics are fundamentally a reflection of an organization’s core values and responsibilities.

Conclusion:  Ethics must be set for the society, for the workplace, and for all other institutions. People are able to recognize what is right and what is wrong, and it encourages them to behave in the right manner.

Essay on Importance of Ethics For a Student

Ethos is the Ancient Greek word for habits, customs, or character, and hence was used as the basis for the term ethics. The real meaning of ethics is found in this. It is clear from one’s habits and character that he or she is guided by ethical values. The character of a person is defined by their ethical values. As a society, we set ethical norms that determine what is good and what is bad.

Ethics provides a set of definitions for terms such as right and wrong, good and evil, virtue and vice. We constantly think about the ethical and moral values we were taught from an early age whenever we are in doubt, and this always gives us clarity.

These rules of ethics are supposed to promote the well-being of society and the overall happiness of the people living there, but sometimes they can cause some people to be unhappy. This is due to people going overboard with them. Early in Indian history, women were seen as housewives. The women were not allowed to work outside their home or to question the decisions of the male family members.

Many people still adhere to the ethics and norms defined centuries ago, although nowadays women are given the freedom to go out and work and take various decisions for themselves. Women are still held to the belief that their place is in the kitchen and that going out to work is unethical for them.

>> Related Post:  ” Essay on Helen Keller ”

Thus, ethics and moral values must go into the hearts and minds of people in order for society to function smoothly as well as to be redefined periodically for a community’s good.

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Essay on ethics: meaning, need and importance | business.

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After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Meaning of Ethics 2. Definitions of Ethics 3. Need 4. Importance 5. Nature 6. Scope.

Essay on the Meaning of Ethics :

As per Oxford Dictionary the meaning of ethic is a “system of moral principles, rules and conduct.” Ethics is a “science of morals.” The words ethics has emerged from Latin ‘Ethicus’ or in Greek ‘Ethicos’.

The origin of these two words is from ‘ethos’ meaning character. Character unlike behaviour is an intrinsic or basic factor which derives from inner most. Ethics in simple words is a treatise or science of morals, moral principles and social conduct rules.

‘Right’, ‘Fair’ and ‘Proper’ are three terms normally used to express the social behaviour of the people. When we tell these words, there are right and wrong behaviour towards others; fair and unfair actions taken against someone or for someone; or some fair or unfair decisions.

The beliefs what is right, what is fair and what is proper are our beliefs and our moral standards. The beliefs differ from individual to individual, place to place and time to time. What is right in one place or situation may be wrong in other situation. The moral standards also differ based on moral value an individual attaches.

Any action can be termed good or right or bad or wrong are relative and moral judgments. The problem has one more side that who is making the judgment. From different sides the problem is seen in different light and accordingly the judgment. The distinctions are made as ‘us’ and ‘others’ or ‘benefits’ and ‘obligations’.

Vedanta or Indian ethos suggests that ‘Atman’ is the intrinsic man. The ethical problem is as old as mankind. Righteousness (Dharma) and the social concerns have changed from time to time or evolved.

Ethical values change from situation to situation and as pr place, time. Sage Ved Vyasa in Mahabharata cries with his arms up for a righteous life and society “I cry with my arms uplifted, yet none hears. From righteousness (Dharma) flow forth pleasure and profit. Why then do we not follow Dharma?”

Definition of Moral :

The word has been derived from Latin ‘Moralis’ which means character. This word is used many times in place of ethics by mistake. These two words are different.

Behaviour is Set of Actions :

Behaviour is external that is the response one makes with in interaction with others. The behaviour reflects the character of the individuals. Purity in behaviour is reflections of good character of the individual. The character is within and hence core being of an individual whereas behaviour is external.

Behaviour is short term whereas character is long term. Personal have different shades of characters weak to strong levels. Similarly the behaviour exhibited by individuals differs from weak to strong. Fig. 8.1 shows a Behaviour character matrix how people are placed.

Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of India nation had been a person with a high standard of character and high behavioural instinct/responses.

Gandhi, in national context or JRD Tata in the organisational context are people with certain set of qualities as follows:

(1) Honesty in all actions

(2) Transparency and settings standards

(3) Sincerity

(4) Generosity

(5) Truthfulness in all situation

(6) Integrity

(7) Cooperation

Any behaviour cannot be rationally notified. No behaviour is inherently right or wrong. Each person may obtain his own choice based on his choice of ethical principles. Nazi rules were justified by Hitler.

i. Morals are principles of right and wrong. It comes by teaching and experience. Moral habits are standards of behaviour.

Example: “Do not tell lie”

ii. Beliefs are the feelings of trust confidence of what is real and what is true.

Example: Buddha and Gandhiji believed in ‘Ahimsa’ or no harm or killing

iii. Values which are ends and goals of individuals. Values are essentially subjective

Example: Happiness or health

Essay on the Definitions of Ethics:

(i) As per Philosopher Epicurus “Deals with things to be sought and things to be avoided with ways of life and with telos.” (Telos is the chief aim or end in life).

(ii) A science of morals.

(iii) A treatise or science of morals, moral principles and social conduct rules.

(iv) Relate to morals, treating of moral questions, morally correct: honourable.

(v) Ethics describe what is ‘right’ what is ‘fair’ and what is ‘proper’.

(vi) Ethics differentiates what is right and what is wrong in human conduct – standards of behaviour.

(vii) Standards generally accepted by the society.

(viii) Rules that govern behaviors. The rules tell use what is right and what is wrong.

(ix) It is a field of social science of systematic knowledge of human moral behaviour and conduct.

(x) Ethics makes moral judgment of human conduct.

(xi) Ethics is diagnostic tool that establishes moral standards and norms of behaviour. Prescribes and makes judgments on moral behaviour. It expresses opinions and attitudes about human conduct.

(xii) A branch of philosophy that deals with values as they relate to human conduct.

(xiii) The study of what is good and right to the people. The basic questions ethics asks are how a man should act, especially when the actions have direct or indirect effect on others.

Need for Ethics: 

In early 50’s the public view in India was that the profits and ethics do not go together. They are mutually opposite and company that makes profit was not considered an ethical company. The normal understanding of the people was “profit is a dirty word”. Since then the management education, widening of markets and consumerism worldwide have given profits its important place in business.

Today it is considered profit is a must for any business for its existences and growth. In fact not making profit is considered unethical today. Business ethics in simple terms is application of ethics in businesses. Business has to go with its economics as well as social obligations.

Any managerial decision has to distinguish between good and bad, right and wrong, just and proper. It is also seen that the ethical companies which took care of their social responsibilities have survived competition and growing. Ethical issues occur in decision making in industry, education.

A case-let giving the ethical issues of medical bond are detailed in Box 8.1 below:

Essay on the Importance of Ethics :

The business organisations which act legally and ethically not only save lot of money but also gain public support and reputation in whatever new ventures the organisation takes. The importance of ethics in business is many folds.

(1) Part of Society:

Business is part of society. Whatever ethical principle apply in society apply to business. Example tax evasion is considered unethical in society. If a company deliberately evades tax payments the company is treated unethical.

(2) Expectations of Public:

All stakeholders have an eye on the culture and behaviour of a business organisation due to dominance of economics in the society. The public expects a high level of ethical behaviour from the business organisations.

‘Doing the right thing’, ‘Do no harm’ and ‘Good to all’ are the expectations of general public from business. Example: a company manufacturing a tobacco based products say ‘pan masalas’ and making advertisements appealing to college students in not respected. Whereas a company that recalls unsafe product is respected.

(3) Trust of Employees:

High level of morale and productivity can be easily obtained in companies that treat their all employees with equality, encourage good team and work culture, and with ethical practices. The employees in the company as well as those connected feel good and develop a mutual trust. Employees get attraction to ethically and socially responsible companies.

An ethical organisation command trust and respect of all its stakeholders. The organisation builds image for itself. Ethical good image is important because all stakeholders stand to gain.

Deterioration of relationships, damage to reputation and reduction of employee productivity, loyalty that come out of unethical practices cost companies. An uncaring employer will find it difficult to employ good professions for his business.

(6) Pride of Best Companies:

The ethically managed companies command respect from public as well as government organisations. ‘Fortune’ magazine publishes yearly best companies. Similarly Indian will managed companies are published by ‘Business India’. These companies have a brand value and accepted as leaders in the industry. The company policies with regards to profit sharing bonuses, social responsibility, balance of work and social life are quoted.

(7) Overall Benefit:

Ethical behaviour of an industry or business gives a win-win situation to all the stakeholders and general public. The governments also encourage such companies. The integrity and ethical practices become all-pervading in the organisation and increase organisational effectiveness.

Essay on Nature of Ethics :

Ethics deals with human beings only. It is only human beings who have the freedom of choices. Ethics is a normative science. Normative science is judging the situations, analyse the facts, weigh the consequences in terms of an idea and take judgment. The judgments are taken many times based on what the end results should be. Ethics deals with human conduct.

The human conducts are sometimes voluntarily, sometimes forced depending on the situations and the end expectation of results. In other words ethics deals with moral judgment regarding voluntary human conduct. Fig. 8.2 below gives the various aspects of decision making in ethics.

Any decision in situational ethics takes it into account, the goals, the motives, the methods and the consequences and their sub-factors as detailed in the figure:

Business ethics is application of ethics in business. Business itself is considered ethics as profit can be made by ethical means. Discussions are held regarding the profit maximisation and social responsibilities as opposite ends. By a proper management decisions these two ends can be made to give better results by following ethical business practices.

Essay on Scope of Ethics :

The question is debated since the industrialisation period. The management thinkers like Adam Smith and others were of opinion that business has nothing to do with ethics. The church or temple only can think and evaluate ethical portion. The churches or temples had say in all spheres of human activity including business.

Whether business is part or separate from society has different viewpoints:

(1) The Unitarian View:

The business is considered a sub set of a society. Hence business has in it the morals of the society. In medieval era the churches prescribed that business must do well to the society.

The Unitarian view may be seen in Fig. 8.3 below:

(2) The Separatist View:

Celebrated economists Adam Smith and Friedman were of view that business should concentrate in business activity of production, profits and costs. The social issues are left to others like governments and society.

The Separatist view of ethics and business is shown in Fig 8.4 below:

Thinking much of ethics in business may perhaps take up to olden church and temple days. The efficiency of industry of business will go down. Business should only obey laws of the land and achieve its economic goals. Business goals should not dominate the social values.

(3) The Integrated View :

The view was proposed by Parsons. Parson considered integration of ethics and business. The business exists as an economic entity. It has to make profits for its own survival and growth. Otherwise it will die.

The business or industry exists in society. It has to be responsible and meet its obligations to the society. Business that is making profits should be with ethical means.

The Integrated view of proposal of Parsons is represented in Fig. 8.5 below:

Society has a number of subsystems some are interlinked, interdependent and overlapping. Business and ethics overlap as may be seen in Fig. 8.5 above. Business serves society by producing quality goods and services for the society which needs them. It helps society. Business hence becomes ethics in society even when it makes profit.

Related Articles:

• Business Ethics: Notes on Business Ethics
• Business Ethics: 7 Characteristics of Business Ethics

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What Are Business Ethics & Why Are They Important?

• 27 Jul 2023

From artificial intelligence to facial recognition technology, organizations face an increasing number of ethical dilemmas. While innovation can aid business growth, it can also create opportunities for potential abuse.

“The long-term impacts of a new technology—both positive and negative—may not become apparent until years after it’s introduced,” says Harvard Business School Professor Nien-hê Hsieh in the online course Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability . “For example, the impact of social media on children and teenagers didn’t become evident until we watched it play out over time.”

If you’re a current or prospective leader concerned about navigating difficult situations, here's an overview of business ethics, why they're important, and how to ensure ethical behavior in your organization.

Access your free e-book today.

What Are Business Ethics?

Business ethics are principles that guide decision-making . As a leader, you’ll face many challenges in the workplace because of different interpretations of what's ethical. Situations often require navigating the “gray area,” where it’s unclear what’s right and wrong.

When making decisions, your experiences, opinions, and perspectives can influence what you believe to be ethical, making it vital to:

• Be transparent.
• Invite feedback.
• Consider impacts on employees, stakeholders, and society.
• Reflect on past experiences to learn what you could have done better.

“The way to think about ethics, in my view, is: What are the externalities that your business creates, both positive and negative?” says Harvard Business School Professor Vikram Gandhi in Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability . “And, therefore, how do you actually increase the positive element of externalities? And how do you decrease the negative?”

Related: Why Managers Should Involve Their Team in the Decision-Making Process

Ethical Responsibilities to Society

Promoting ethical conduct can benefit both your company and society long term.

“I'm a strong believer that a long-term focus is what creates long-term value,” Gandhi says in Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability . “So you should get shareholders in your company that have that same perspective.”

Prioritizing the triple bottom line is an effective way for your business to fulfill its environmental responsibilities and create long-term value. It focuses on three factors:

• Profit: The financial return your company generates for shareholders
• People: How your company affects customers, employees, and stakeholders
• Planet: Your company’s impact on the planet and environment

Check out the video below to learn more about the triple bottom line, and subscribe to our YouTube channel for more explainer content!

Ethical and corporate social responsibility (CSR) considerations can go a long way toward creating value, especially since an increasing number of customers, employees, and investors expect organizations to prioritize CSR. According to the Conscious Consumer Spending Index , 67 percent of customers prefer buying from socially responsible companies.

To prevent costly employee turnover and satisfy customers, strive to fulfill your ethical responsibilities to society.

Ethical Responsibilities to Customers

As a leader, you must ensure you don’t mislead your customers. Doing so can backfire, negatively impacting your organization’s credibility and profits.

Actions to avoid include:

• Greenwashing : Taking advantage of customers’ CSR preferences by claiming your business practices are sustainable when they aren't.
• False advertising : Making unverified or untrue claims in advertisements or promotional material.
• Making false promises : Lying to make a sale.

These unethical practices can result in multi-million dollar lawsuits, as well as highly dissatisfied customers.

Ethical Responsibilities to Employees

You also have ethical responsibilities to your employees—from the beginning to the end of their employment.

One area of business ethics that receives a lot of attention is employee termination. According to Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability , letting an employee go requires an individualized approach that ensures fairness.

Not only can wrongful termination cost your company upwards of $100,000 in legal expenses , it can also negatively impact other employees’ morale and how they perceive your leadership.

Ethical business practices have additional benefits, such as attracting and retaining talented employees willing to take a pay cut to work for a socially responsible company. Approximately 40 percent of millennials say they would switch jobs to work for a company that emphasizes sustainability.

Ultimately, it's critical to do your best to treat employees fairly.

“Fairness is not only an ethical response to power asymmetries in the work environment,” Hsieh says in the course. “Fairness—and having a successful organizational culture–can benefit the organization economically and legally.”

Why Are Business Ethics Important?

Failure to understand and apply business ethics can result in moral disengagement .

“Moral disengagement refers to ways in which we convince ourselves that what we’re doing is not wrong,” Hsieh says in Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability . “It can upset the balance of judgment—causing us to prioritize our personal commitments over shared beliefs, rules, and principles—or it can skew our logic to make unethical behaviors appear less harmful or not wrong.”

Moral disengagement can also lead to questionable decisions, such as insider trading .

“In the U.S., insider trading is defined in common, federal, and state laws regulating the opportunity for insiders to benefit from material, non-public information, or MNPI,” Hsieh explains.

This type of unethical behavior can carry severe legal consequences and negatively impact your company's bottom line.

“If you create a certain amount of harm to a society, your customers, or employees over a period of time, that’s going to have a negative impact on your economic value,” Gandhi says in the course.

This is reflected in over half of the top 10 largest bankruptcies between 1980 and 2013 that resulted from unethical behavior. As a business leader, strive to make ethical decisions and fulfill your responsibilities to stakeholders.

How to Implement Business Ethics

To become a more ethical leader, it's crucial to have a balanced, long-term focus.

“It's very important to balance the fact that, even if you're focused on the long term, you have to perform in the short term as well and have a very clear, articulated strategy around that,” Gandhi says in Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability .

Making ethical decisions requires reflective leadership.

“Reflecting on complex, gray-area decisions is a key part of what it means to be human, as well as an effective leader,” Hsieh says. “You have agency. You must choose how to act. And with that agency comes responsibility.”

Related: Why Are Ethics Important in Engineering?

Hsieh advises asking the following questions:

• Are you using the “greater good” to justify unethical behavior?
• Are you downplaying your actions to feel better?

“Asking these and similar questions at regular intervals can help you notice when you or others may be approaching the line between making a tough but ethical call and justifying problematic actions,” Hsieh says.

Become a More Ethical Leader

Learning from past successes and mistakes can enable you to improve your ethical decision-making.

“As a leader, when trying to determine what to do, it can be helpful to start by simply asking in any given situation, ‘What can we do?’ and ‘What would be wrong to do?’” Hsieh says.

Many times, the answers come from experience.

Gain insights from others’ ethical decisions, too. One way to do so is by taking an online course, such as Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability , which includes case studies that immerse you in real-world business situations, as well as a reflective leadership model to inform your decision-making.

Ready to become a better leader? Enroll in Leadership, Ethics, and Corporate Accountability —one of our online leadership and management courses —and download our free e-book on how to be a more effective leader.

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Methodology

• Ethical Considerations in Research | Types & Examples

Ethical Considerations in Research | Types & Examples

Published on October 18, 2021 by Pritha Bhandari . Revised on May 9, 2024.

Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices. Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from people.

The goals of human research often include understanding real-life phenomena, studying effective treatments, investigating behaviors, and improving lives in other ways. What you decide to research and how you conduct that research involve key ethical considerations.

These considerations work to

• protect the rights of research participants
• enhance research validity
• maintain scientific or academic integrity

Table of contents

Why do research ethics matter, getting ethical approval for your study, types of ethical issues, voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality, potential for harm, results communication, examples of ethical failures, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research ethics.

Research ethics matter for scientific integrity, human rights and dignity, and collaboration between science and society. These principles make sure that participation in studies is voluntary, informed, and safe for research subjects.

You’ll balance pursuing important research objectives with using ethical research methods and procedures. It’s always necessary to prevent permanent or excessive harm to participants, whether inadvertent or not.

Defying research ethics will also lower the credibility of your research because it’s hard for others to trust your data if your methods are morally questionable.

Even if a research idea is valuable to society, it doesn’t justify violating the human rights or dignity of your study participants.

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Before you start any study involving data collection with people, you’ll submit your research proposal to an institutional review board (IRB) .

An IRB is a committee that checks whether your research aims and research design are ethically acceptable and follow your institution’s code of conduct. They check that your research materials and procedures are up to code.

If successful, you’ll receive IRB approval, and you can begin collecting data according to the approved procedures. If you want to make any changes to your procedures or materials, you’ll need to submit a modification application to the IRB for approval.

If unsuccessful, you may be asked to re-submit with modifications or your research proposal may receive a rejection. To get IRB approval, it’s important to explicitly note how you’ll tackle each of the ethical issues that may arise in your study.

There are several ethical issues you should always pay attention to in your research design, and these issues can overlap with each other.

You’ll usually outline ways you’ll deal with each issue in your research proposal if you plan to collect data from participants.

Voluntary participation means that all research subjects are free to choose to participate without any pressure or coercion.

All participants are able to withdraw from, or leave, the study at any point without feeling an obligation to continue. Your participants don’t need to provide a reason for leaving the study.

It’s important to make it clear to participants that there are no negative consequences or repercussions to their refusal to participate. After all, they’re taking the time to help you in the research process , so you should respect their decisions without trying to change their minds.

Voluntary participation is an ethical principle protected by international law and many scientific codes of conduct.

Take special care to ensure there’s no pressure on participants when you’re working with vulnerable groups of people who may find it hard to stop the study even when they want to.

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Informed consent refers to a situation in which all potential participants receive and understand all the information they need to decide whether they want to participate. This includes information about the study’s benefits, risks, funding, and institutional approval.

You make sure to provide all potential participants with all the relevant information about

• what the study is about
• the risks and benefits of taking part
• how long the study will take
• your supervisor’s contact information and the institution’s approval number

Usually, you’ll provide participants with a text for them to read and ask them if they have any questions. If they agree to participate, they can sign or initial the consent form. Note that this may not be sufficient for informed consent when you work with particularly vulnerable groups of people.

If you’re collecting data from people with low literacy, make sure to verbally explain the consent form to them before they agree to participate.

For participants with very limited English proficiency, you should always translate the study materials or work with an interpreter so they have all the information in their first language.

In research with children, you’ll often need informed permission for their participation from their parents or guardians. Although children cannot give informed consent, it’s best to also ask for their assent (agreement) to participate, depending on their age and maturity level.

Anonymity means that you don’t know who the participants are and you can’t link any individual participant to their data.

You can only guarantee anonymity by not collecting any personally identifying information—for example, names, phone numbers, email addresses, IP addresses, physical characteristics, photos, and videos.

In many cases, it may be impossible to truly anonymize data collection . For example, data collected in person or by phone cannot be considered fully anonymous because some personal identifiers (demographic information or phone numbers) are impossible to hide.

You’ll also need to collect some identifying information if you give your participants the option to withdraw their data at a later stage.

Data pseudonymization is an alternative method where you replace identifying information about participants with pseudonymous, or fake, identifiers. The data can still be linked to participants but it’s harder to do so because you separate personal information from the study data.

Confidentiality means that you know who the participants are, but you remove all identifying information from your report.

All participants have a right to privacy, so you should protect their personal data for as long as you store or use it. Even when you can’t collect data anonymously, you should secure confidentiality whenever you can.

Some research designs aren’t conducive to confidentiality, but it’s important to make all attempts and inform participants of the risks involved.

As a researcher, you have to consider all possible sources of harm to participants. Harm can come in many different forms.

• Psychological harm: Sensitive questions or tasks may trigger negative emotions such as shame or anxiety.
• Social harm: Participation can involve social risks, public embarrassment, or stigma.
• Physical harm: Pain or injury can result from the study procedures.
• Legal harm: Reporting sensitive data could lead to legal risks or a breach of privacy.

It’s best to consider every possible source of harm in your study as well as concrete ways to mitigate them. Involve your supervisor to discuss steps for harm reduction.

Make sure to disclose all possible risks of harm to participants before the study to get informed consent. If there is a risk of harm, prepare to provide participants with resources or counseling or medical services if needed.

Some of these questions may bring up negative emotions, so you inform participants about the sensitive nature of the survey and assure them that their responses will be confidential.

The way you communicate your research results can sometimes involve ethical issues. Good science communication is honest, reliable, and credible. It’s best to make your results as transparent as possible.

Take steps to actively avoid plagiarism and research misconduct wherever possible.

Plagiarism means submitting others’ works as your own. Although it can be unintentional, copying someone else’s work without proper credit amounts to stealing. It’s an ethical problem in research communication because you may benefit by harming other researchers.

Self-plagiarism is when you republish or re-submit parts of your own papers or reports without properly citing your original work.

This is problematic because you may benefit from presenting your ideas as new and original even though they’ve already been published elsewhere in the past. You may also be infringing on your previous publisher’s copyright, violating an ethical code, or wasting time and resources by doing so.

In extreme cases of self-plagiarism, entire datasets or papers are sometimes duplicated. These are major ethical violations because they can skew research findings if taken as original data.

You notice that two published studies have similar characteristics even though they are from different years. Their sample sizes, locations, treatments, and results are highly similar, and the studies share one author in common.

Research misconduct

Research misconduct means making up or falsifying data, manipulating data analyses, or misrepresenting results in research reports. It’s a form of academic fraud.

These actions are committed intentionally and can have serious consequences; research misconduct is not a simple mistake or a point of disagreement about data analyses.

Research misconduct is a serious ethical issue because it can undermine academic integrity and institutional credibility. It leads to a waste of funding and resources that could have been used for alternative research.

Later investigations revealed that they fabricated and manipulated their data to show a nonexistent link between vaccines and autism. Wakefield also neglected to disclose important conflicts of interest, and his medical license was taken away.

This fraudulent work sparked vaccine hesitancy among parents and caregivers. The rate of MMR vaccinations in children fell sharply, and measles outbreaks became more common due to a lack of herd immunity.

Research scandals with ethical failures are littered throughout history, but some took place not that long ago.

Some scientists in positions of power have historically mistreated or even abused research participants to investigate research problems at any cost. These participants were prisoners, under their care, or otherwise trusted them to treat them with dignity.

To demonstrate the importance of research ethics, we’ll briefly review two research studies that violated human rights in modern history.

These experiments were inhumane and resulted in trauma, permanent disabilities, or death in many cases.

After some Nazi doctors were put on trial for their crimes, the Nuremberg Code of research ethics for human experimentation was developed in 1947 to establish a new standard for human experimentation in medical research.

In reality, the actual goal was to study the effects of the disease when left untreated, and the researchers never informed participants about their diagnoses or the research aims.

Although participants experienced severe health problems, including blindness and other complications, the researchers only pretended to provide medical care.

When treatment became possible in 1943, 11 years after the study began, none of the participants were offered it, despite their health conditions and high risk of death.

Ethical failures like these resulted in severe harm to participants, wasted resources, and lower trust in science and scientists. This is why all research institutions have strict ethical guidelines for performing research.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Measures of central tendency
• Chi square tests
• Confidence interval
• Quartiles & Quantiles
• Cluster sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Thematic analysis
• Cohort study
• Peer review
• Ethnography

Research bias

• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Conformity bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Availability heuristic
• Attrition bias
• Social desirability bias

Ethical considerations in research are a set of principles that guide your research designs and practices. These principles include voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity, confidentiality, potential for harm, and results communication.

Scientists and researchers must always adhere to a certain code of conduct when collecting data from others .

These considerations protect the rights of research participants, enhance research validity , and maintain scientific integrity.

Research ethics matter for scientific integrity, human rights and dignity, and collaboration between science and society. These principles make sure that participation in studies is voluntary, informed, and safe.

Anonymity means you don’t know who the participants are, while confidentiality means you know who they are but remove identifying information from your research report. Both are important ethical considerations .

You can only guarantee anonymity by not collecting any personally identifying information—for example, names, phone numbers, email addresses, IP addresses, physical characteristics, photos, or videos.

You can keep data confidential by using aggregate information in your research report, so that you only refer to groups of participants rather than individuals.

These actions are committed intentionally and can have serious consequences; research misconduct is not a simple mistake or a point of disagreement but a serious ethical failure.

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Home — Essay Samples — Philosophy — Ethics and Moral Philosophy — Ethics

Essays on Ethics

📚🤔 importance of writing an ethics essay 🤔📚.

Ethics are like the moral compass that guides our decisions and actions. Writing an essay about ethics helps us delve deeper into this fascinating topic and understand its significance in our lives. It allows us to explore different perspectives and engage in meaningful discussions. Plus, it's an opportunity to flex our writing skills! So, let's dive into the world of ethics essays together! 🌍💭

💡 Ethics Essay Topics for Deep Thinkers 💡

When choosing a topic for your ethics essay, it's crucial to find something that truly captures your interest. The best essays are the ones where you're genuinely passionate about the subject. So, take a moment to think about what ethical issues matter most to you. Is it animal rights? Climate change? Workplace ethics? Once you've identified your area of focus, you're ready to explore some potential essay topics! Here are a few ideas to get your creative juices flowing:

💥 Ethics Argumentative Essay 💥

An ethics argumentative essay presents a clear stance on a controversial ethical issue. It requires you to provide solid evidence and persuasive arguments to support your viewpoint. Here are 10 exciting topics to consider:

• Is euthanasia morally acceptable under certain circumstances?
• Should animal testing be banned for cosmetic purposes?
• Is it ethical to use performance-enhancing drugs in sports?
• Should the death penalty be abolished?
• Is genetic engineering morally justified?
• Should businesses prioritize profit over environmental sustainability?
• Is it ethical to consume meat in a world plagued by climate change?
• Should individuals have the right to privacy in the age of surveillance?
• Is it morally permissible to lie in certain situations?
• Should the government regulate the use of social media to protect user privacy?

💥 Ethics Cause and Effect Essay 💥

An ethics cause and effect essay explores the consequences of certain ethical actions or decisions. It delves into the ripple effects and explores the interconnectedness of ethical choices. Take a look at these 10 intriguing topics:

• The impact of social media on ethical behavior
• The consequences of ethical violations in the workplace
• The effects of ethical consumerism on the environment
• The relationship between ethical leadership and employee satisfaction
• The repercussions of unethical advertising on society
• The consequences of ethical relativism in international relations
• The impact of ethical decision-making on personal relationships
• The effects of ethical education on youth development
• The relationship between ethical behavior and corporate reputation
• The consequences of ethical dilemmas in healthcare settings

💥 Ethics Opinion Essay 💥

An ethics opinion essay allows you to express your personal thoughts and beliefs on an ethical issue. It encourages introspection and reflection, giving you the freedom to express your own values. Here are 10 thought-provoking topics to consider:

• Is it morally wrong to lie to protect someone's feelings?
• Should individuals be held responsible for the ethical behavior of their family members?
• Is it ethical to eat meat in a world where factory farming exists?
• Should businesses prioritize their social responsibility over profit?
• Is it morally right to intervene in the cultural practices of other countries?
• Should individuals have the right to refuse medical treatment based on personal beliefs?
• Is it ethical to use animals for scientific research if it leads to medical advancements?
• Should celebrities be held to higher ethical standards?

📜 Thesis Statement Examples 📜

Here are a few thesis statement examples to inspire your ethics essay:

• 1. "In today's complex world, ethical dilemmas surround us. This essay delves into the moral challenges we face in various aspects of our lives, offering insight into the importance of ethical decision-making."
• 2. "Exploring the ethical dimensions of our actions and choices is essential for personal growth and societal progress. This essay advocates for a deeper understanding of ethics as a guiding force in our lives."
• 3. "Ethics is not just a philosophical concept; it's a practical framework that shapes our daily decisions. This essay investigates the role of ethics in navigating the complexities of modern life, emphasizing its significance in fostering a just and harmonious society."

📝 Introduction Paragraph Examples 📝

Here are some introduction paragraph examples for your ethics essay:

• 1. "In a world where moral dilemmas and ethical questions abound, the study of ethics takes on a vital role. This essay embarks on a journey to explore the multifaceted aspects of ethics, from its philosophical foundations to its practical applications in our daily lives."
• 2. "The concept of ethics is as old as human civilization itself, yet its relevance remains undiminished. This essay opens the door to the realm of ethics, inviting readers to contemplate the values that guide our actions and decisions in an ever-evolving world."
• 3. "Ethics is the compass that steers us through the turbulent waters of moral ambiguity. As we embark on this essay, we embark on a quest to unravel the intricacies of ethical reasoning, exploring the diverse perspectives that shape our understanding of right and wrong."

🔚 Conclusion Paragraph Examples 📝

Here are some conclusion paragraph examples for your ethics essay:

• 1. "In conclusion, ethics is not a mere academic pursuit; it's a guiding light that illuminates our path through life. By embracing ethical principles and engaging in thoughtful reflection, we can navigate the complexities of our world with integrity and compassion."
• 2. "As we draw the curtains on this essay, we are reminded that ethics is not a static concept but a dynamic force that evolves with society. Let us carry forward the lessons learned and continue to champion the values that foster a more ethical and harmonious world."
• 3. "Ethics is the cornerstone of a just and equitable society. This essay has explored the depths of ethical reasoning, from its philosophical roots to its practical applications. It is our collective responsibility to uphold the principles of ethics and strive for a world guided by moral integrity."

Ends Justifies The Means Analysis: an Ethical Examination

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Ethics refers to the moral principles and values that guide human behavior and decision-making, determining what is considered right or wrong, good or bad. It encompasses the study of ethical theories and frameworks, as well as the application of these principles to various domains, including personal conduct, professional practices, and social interactions.

The origin of ethics can be traced to ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Greece, where early thinkers sought to understand and define concepts of right and wrong, virtue and vice, and the principles that guide human behavior. In ancient Greece, philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle laid the groundwork for ethical theories that continue to influence ethical thought today. Socrates emphasized the importance of self-examination and moral inquiry, while Plato explored the concept of the "good" and the ideal forms. Aristotle, known for his virtue ethics, focused on cultivating virtuous character traits to lead a flourishing life. Throughout history, various religious and philosophical traditions have contributed to the development of ethical theories. Religious texts such as the Bible, the Quran, and the teachings of Confucius have provided moral guidance for their respective communities. In the Middle Ages, Christian theologians like Thomas Aquinas merged Greek philosophy with Christian theology, shaping the field of Christian ethics. During the Enlightenment era, thinkers such as Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill revolutionized ethical thought. Kant's deontological ethics emphasized moral duties and the importance of rationality, while Mill's utilitarianism focused on maximizing overall happiness and minimizing suffering. The history of ethics is marked by ongoing debates, reinterpretations, and new perspectives. In contemporary times, ethics continues to evolve and respond to the complexities of our globalized and diverse world.

1. Consequentialism: Consequentialist ethics focuses on the outcomes or consequences of actions. The moral value of an action is determined by the overall good or happiness it produces. Utilitarianism, a prominent consequentialist theory, posits that the right action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or utility for the greatest number of people. 2. Deontological Ethics: Deontological ethics emphasizes moral duties and principles rather than the consequences of actions. According to this approach, certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of their outcomes. Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative, which emphasizes universal moral principles, is a well-known deontological framework. 3. Virtue Ethics: Virtue ethics focuses on the development of virtuous character traits and moral virtues. It emphasizes the importance of cultivating qualities such as honesty, compassion, courage, and justice. Rather than focusing on specific actions, virtue ethics encourages individuals to embody these virtues and live a virtuous life. 4. Ethics of Care: The ethics of care emphasizes the importance of relationships, empathy, and compassion in ethical decision-making. It recognizes the interconnectedness of individuals and highlights the moral responsibility to care for and nurture others. This approach values empathy, attentiveness, and responsiveness to the needs of others, particularly in personal relationships and caregiving roles.

1. Aristotle (384-322 BCE): Aristotle was an ancient Greek philosopher who developed the concept of virtue ethics. His works, such as "Nicomachean Ethics," emphasized the importance of cultivating virtuous character traits to live a fulfilling and morally upright life. Aristotle believed that virtue was the mean between extremes, and he explored various virtues such as courage, justice, and temperance. 2. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): Kant was a German philosopher who made significant contributions to deontological ethics. His work, particularly in "Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals" and "Critique of Practical Reason," introduced the concept of the categorical imperative, which emphasized universal moral principles and the inherent value of human beings. Kant's ethical theories focused on duty, rationality, and the intention behind actions. 3. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): Mill was an influential philosopher and advocate of utilitarianism, a consequentialist ethical theory. In his book "Utilitarianism," Mill argued that actions should be judged based on their ability to maximize overall happiness or utility for the greatest number of people. He emphasized the importance of individual rights, the pursuit of happiness, and the consideration of long-term consequences. 4. Carol Gilligan (1936-present): Gilligan is an American ethicist and psychologist known for her work on the ethics of care. In her groundbreaking book "In a Different Voice," she criticized traditional ethical theories for neglecting the moral perspectives and experiences of women. Gilligan highlighted the significance of relationships, empathy, and care in ethical decision-making, emphasizing the value of nurturing and interconnectedness.

1. Consequentialism: Consequentialist ethics focuses on the outcomes or consequences of actions. It asserts that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, with the aim of maximizing overall well-being or happiness. Utilitarianism, a prominent consequentialist theory, suggests that actions should be judged based on their ability to produce the greatest amount of happiness or utility for the greatest number of people. 2. Deontology: Deontological ethics, in contrast to consequentialism, places emphasis on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, regardless of their consequences. It focuses on moral duties, obligations, and principles that should guide behavior. Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative is a key deontological principle that asserts that individuals should act in a way that they would want their actions to be universally applicable. 3. Virtue Ethics: Virtue ethics centers around the cultivation of moral character and virtues. It suggests that a morally good person will naturally make good choices. Virtue ethicists emphasize the development of virtues such as honesty, compassion, courage, and justice, and believe that ethical behavior stems from embodying these virtues and striving for excellence in character.

Ethics is a vital subject to explore and write an essay about due to its profound impact on human behavior, decision-making, and the overall well-being of society. Ethics provides a framework for evaluating what is right and wrong, guiding individuals and organizations in making ethical choices. By examining ethical theories, concepts, and principles, one can delve into the complexities of moral dilemmas and explore the underlying values and principles that shape human conduct. Writing an essay on ethics allows individuals to critically analyze ethical issues, engage in ethical reasoning, and develop a deeper understanding of moral principles. It prompts thoughtful reflection on the consequences of actions, the moral responsibilities we hold, and the ethical implications of our choices. Furthermore, studying ethics fosters empathy, respect for others, and an appreciation for diversity, ultimately contributing to a more compassionate and just society. Exploring ethical topics in an essay enables individuals to explore real-world ethical challenges, such as environmental ethics, business ethics, medical ethics, and social justice. It encourages the development of ethical leadership, ethical decision-making skills, and ethical awareness, which are essential in navigating complex ethical landscapes.

1. Aristotle. (1999). Nicomachean Ethics (T. Irwin, Trans.). Hackett Publishing. 2. Beauchamp, T. L., & Childress, J. F. (2019). Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press. 3. Bentham, J. (1789). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Oxford University Press. 4. Kant, I. (1785). Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals (M. Gregor, Trans.). Cambridge University Press. 5. MacIntyre, A. (1981). After virtue: A study in moral theory. University of Notre Dame Press. 6. Mill, J. S. (1863). Utilitarianism. Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. 7. Noddings, N. (2002). Starting at home: Caring and social policy. University of California Press. 8. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Harvard University Press. 9. Singer, P. (1993). Practical ethics. Cambridge University Press. 10. Solomon, R. C. (1993). The ethics of care and empathy. In M. A. Slote & M. L. Murphy (Eds.), Friendship and moral psychology (pp. 184-200). Rowman & Littlefield.

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• Values of Life
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Master of Social Work (MSW)

Why Are Ethics Important in Social Work?

How would you address these ethical dilemmas?

• Should a case manager accept a Facebook friend request from their client?
• A school counselor has been helping a student overcome their social anxiety, and the student’s parents want to know how it’s going. Should the social worker give them details?
• As they get to know their clients, should therapists conduct Google searches for information?

Social workers find themselves in situations like these each day, and the right answers aren’t always clear. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) states that these professionals should embrace basic values, ethical principles, and ethical standards as they carry out their responsibilities. 1 But who determines what ethical means when an issue has no precedent?

Whenever they have a question or concern, those in the field turn to the NASW Code of Ethics, which provides information to guide their conduct. 1 It takes an intricate understanding of the Code of Ethics to implement it successfully, and most professionals gain this expertise in advanced degree programs such as an online MSW .

Ethics Inform Social Work Practice

The issues listed above are only three of the countless scenarios that social workers face, and each person might handle them differently. While one person might ignore the friend request, for example, another might accept the request but limit the client’s access. Most social workers know that it’s imperative to maintain personal boundaries with clients, but what about the specifics of social media? Should the boundary be drawn at a friend request, at a profile view, at access to posts, or at a personal message? Furthermore, do professionals know how much of their information is publicly accessible? Without evaluating privacy settings, social workers could unknowingly share their location in posts and display their phone numbers on their profiles.

Social media is just one example of an evolving concern – the pitfalls multiply as fast as advancements in technology. Even if there were a field-wide rule book, it would be impossible to keep up with the multitude of potential ethical dilemmas. According to the International Social Work journal, professionals should handle these grey areas with contextual awareness and critical self-reflection so they can provide ethical, contemporary services. 2 To help, social workers can learn from experience and explore contextual nuances in advanced degree programs. Then, they can make the most ethical decisions moving forward.

Examples of Ethical Dilemmas in Social Work

Everyone in the field will come to an ethical crossroads eventually, and some of the most common examples span the following categories.

Accessibility

Not all clients have reliable access to an internet-enabled device, which means that online services won’t always be an option; sometimes clients will also live too far away for in-person meetings and programming. Social workers should strive to provide equitable access to their services and to community resources.

Confidentiality

Office staff members can’t assume that everyone who calls has good intentions. For instance, someone could call the office pretending to be a housing administrator while seeking a client’s address. Social services professionals should retain clients’ privacy by taking all measures to secure sensitive information online, in physical records, and otherwise.

Individuality

Suppose that a client seeks help for a substance misuse problem, and is told, “You need help.” This phrase could be fully applicable but makes room for self-judgment if the client is unable to do what they “need to do.” A better option might be, “I’ve made a list of all the support groups in your area in case you’d like to attend.” Social workers should respect their clients by communicating with empathy and compassion.

Imagine that a family has come to a community center to ask about Hindu worship centers. The resource specialist feels uncomfortable looking into it because they believe in Christianity, so the family now feels self-conscious. Social workers should address how their religious beliefs, biases, cultural norms, and personal experiences affect their livelihood; critical self-reflection is a great way to make sure that these differences don’t compromise the high standards of the field.

Making Ethical Decisions in Social Work

With several layers of context to each scenario, it becomes impossible for social workers to predict or plan for all possibilities. A published code of ethics can help guide these professionals as they carry out their duties, which is the norm for several other fields as well:

• Education: The National Education Association (NAE) provides the Code of Ethics for Educators 3
• Medicine: The American Medical Association (AMA) maintains the Code of Medical Ethics 4
• Nursing: The American Nurses Association (ANA) publishes the Code of Ethics for Nurses 5

The benchmark for social work is the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics, which applies to all professionals and students, no matter where they work or the populations they serve. 1 The Code is made up of four sections: the Preamble, the Purpose of the NASW Code of Ethics, Ethical Principles, and Ethical Standards. Plus, the NASW publishes updates to the Code every few years.

Social Work Code of Ethics: Core Values and Principles

The Code consists of six core values, each with an overarching principle. 1

• Service – Principle: Social workers’ primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problems.
• Social Justice – Principle: Social workers challenge social injustice.
• Dignity and Worth of the Person – Principle: Social workers respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person.
• Importance of Human Relationships – Principle: Social workers recognize the central importance of human relationships.
• Integrity – Principle: Social workers behave in a trustworthy manner.
• Competence – Principle: Social workers practice within their areas of competence and develop and enhance their professional expertise.

How to Become an Ethical Social Worker

The NASW’s Code of Ethics is a living document that responds to social change to meet the needs of the profession. The latest update, in 2021, includes language that addresses the importance of professional self-care. 1 Given these regular updates, social work students and seasoned professionals should continually review the Code and apply it in their day-to-day practices.

Learn how to decipher the Code in an online MSW program such as Utica University’s, which explores values and principles in the Code and shows how they impact real-world situations. Plus, Utica’s online MSW is the only clinical social work program in the nation that centers on recovery theories, values, and skills. You can learn how to support clients using ethical, proven trauma-informed interventions.

Complete the traditional online MSW in two years or choose the 12- to 16-month online MSW: Advanced Standing option if you already have a BSW. Discover all the benefits of Utica University’s social work program with a quick visit to the MSW page or submit your information to talk with a member of our team.

• National Association of Social Workers (NASW). Code of Ethics. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from https://www.socialworkers.org/About/Ethics/Code-of-Ethics/Code-of-Ethics-English
• International Social Work. Disrupting Social Work Ethics. April 25, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00208728231170078
• National Education Association (NEA). Code of Ethics for Educators. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from https://www.nea.org/resource-library/code-ethics-educators
• American Medical Association (AMA). Code of Medical Ethics. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from https://code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org/
• American Nurses Association (ANA). Ethics and Human Rights. Retrieved March 6, 2024, from https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/ethics/code-of-ethics-for-nurses/

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