research paper topics on web technology

109 Web Technology Topics

🏆 best essay topics on web technology, 🎓 interesting web technology essay topics, 👍 good web technology research topics & essay examples, 🌶️ hot web technology ideas to write about.

• Target Audience of Fast Food Restaurants’ Web Sites
• Rhetorical Analysis Essay: an Example of a Web Page Case Study
• A Website for Selling Furniture
• Wikipedia Website’s Structure and Features
• Dark Web Monitoring Case Study
• Internet Technology: Creating a Website
• The PayPal Website’s Compliance With Standards
• Web-Based Systems and Computer Services Web-based systems can be used for both personal and professional purposes, which has opened a plethora of opportunities for business and entrepreneurs all over the world.
• The Lumen Learning Website Analysis Lumen Learning is an educational website that caters to both students and instructors. Lumen’s course materials are made to improve learning through open educational resources.
• Evaluating a Website Looking at http://nytimes-se.com, it is easy to note that it is a fake site. It mimics the appearance of the actual newspaper’s site.
• Company’s Owner on Developing a Successful Website Interview with the company’s owner is one of the crucial parts that play a significant role in developing a successful website.
• Mayo Clinic Website’s Effectiveness Analysis Mayo clinic has ensured great interactions with other individuals globally by adopting an effective website that lets anyone glimpse how the hospital operates.
• Creating a Website for a Hospital A specialist must build the layout of the site so that the most important information was readable and instantly accessible.
• The Analysis of the Website Myplate The website MyPlate is credible rather than non-credible. It should be associated with some medical institutions specializing in dietary science.
• Google’s Emerging Web Technologies The new standards prioritized by Google are the Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) and Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMPs) – technologies that reduce web page loading time.
• Edutopia Website Evaluation Using Bloom’s Taxonomy Educators’ role is crucial in the creating of an efficient learning environment. This paper evaluates the Edutopia website from the perspective of four levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy.
• Four Seasons Website’s Traffic Ranking Four Seasons traffic rank has dropped in the past 3 months. That may be a result of the misalignment between the company’s market search strategy and customer acquisition goals.
• Internet for Travel Agencies and Tourism Websites The purpose of the project is to address the question of how the Internet affected the travel industry about customer satisfaction and service convenience.
• Bachelor of Science in Web Design and Development: Scholarship Application This paper is an example of what an essay for scholarship application is supposed to look like. Namely, for the Bachelor of Science in Web Design and Development.
• The Mayo Clinic Asthma Website for Consumer Health This study evaluates the Mayo Clinic asthma website using the DISCERN instrument, as it provides guidelines to consumers to help them judge the quality of information.
• Web-Based Organizational Discourses: Climate Change This paper pertains to the investigation of argumentation formation within the process of interaction with organizations holding similar and opposite opinions and viewpoints.
• Web: Ready for Assistive Technology or Not This research paper’s major purpose is to discuss and research the accessibility issues in relation to websites.
• Amazon Web Services (AWS): Optimization Possibilities The paper studies AWS diverse set of data storage services with different pricing strategies and performance characteristics, its virtual resources and hardware capacities.
• Online Press Websites: Comparing and Contrasting In the globalized world of rapidly evolving information technologies, designing and maintaining websites gained several forms, combining machinery and creativity.
• Cybersecurity for Amazon Web Services Infrastructure This paper gives a detailed description of the best strategies and initiatives to maintain the security of data and services that reside on Amazon Web Services infrastructure.
• Credibility of a Complementary and Alternative Medicine Website The reliability of the sources used in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is an essential component of its overall success.
• The Website Remodel Project Scope Statement This website redesign will help improve the end-user interactions with the web content, hence acting as a powerful tool for sales of the company product and services.
• The New York Times Website: User Experience Accessibility With the example of The New York Times website, this paper will study the matter of accessibility and evaluate how accessible the mentioned website is to its potential users.
• The World Wide Fund for Nature Website’s Structure This paper aims to describe The World Wide Fund for Nature’s website structure, and design, and provide several recommendations for its improvement.
• Web-Based Shopping: Consumers Attitudes Towards Online Shopping in New Zealand Research data about New Zealand, says about importance of understanding online consumer behavior in New Zealand and then tapping this market successfully.
• Johnnie Walker’s vs. Jack Daniels’ Websites This paper compares the website johnniewalker.com and its major competitor jackdaniels.com to provide the client with valuable information.
• Marketing Website Evaluation and Detailed Analysis One of the most important attributes of website is that the marketing department is in a position to engage with the audience who comes across the wide range of products.
• Online Shopping: Product and Website Characteristics This paper summarizes “Exploring the Effects of “What” (Product) and “Where” (Website) Characteristics on Online Shopping Behavior” by Mallapragada, Chandukala and Liu.
• Responsive Website Design Technique Responsive Website Design is a technique of creating websites whose main objective is to provide the best viewing experience for the user who owns a wide range of devices.
• Web Programming Technologies, Strategies and Design Web development ranges from creating a single static website page to creating the most complex web-based internet apps, electronic enterprises, or social media platforms.
• The Use of Websites by Transit Agencies Transit systems are required to follow the Federal Transit Administration policies when using and setting up websites and social media to provide a fair service for customers.
• Natural Readers Website as Assistive Technology in Education Assistive technology can make incorporating the Universal Design for Learning model in educational facilities faster and more effective by reducing the work of the teachers.
• YouTube Channel Creation, Email Writing, and Nursing Website This research paper examines the video concerning the creation of YouTube channel, the nursing division’s website, and the process of writing emails.
• An Occult Website’s Design Analysis This page is an occult web resource whose task is to present the audience with a conspiracy theory about the future coming of aliens.
• Drunks Driving Websites and Their Punishments Drunk driving is a serious offense with potentially deadly consequences. Several organizations and groups are against drunk driving.
• The Lone Star School of Nursing Website The report will focus on the Lone Star College nursing division’s website, which provides the entire database regarding the programs offered and the application process.
• Use of Ethos, Logos, and Pathos on Chattahoochee Riverkeeper’s Website The right use of Ethos, Logos, and Pathos in text effectively captures the reader’s attention regardless of the form of the text.
• Union Website: American Federation of Musicians The American Federation of Musicians labor union comprises proficient instrumental music artists in Canada and the United States.
• The Historical Websites’ Brief Analysis This paper is about useful historical websites: Archives Hub, History Matters, Manchester University Press, Open Book Publishers, and Institute of Historical Research.
• Improving the Layout of the University of South Florida Website With UX Redesign This research will provide several suggestions to improve the layout of the University of South Florida website and present innovative techniques used in UX redesign.
• New York Times Website: The User Interface This essay explores the User Interface of The New York Times website by examining the site’s features which have made it a coherent and global site for reliable news.
• “Effectiveness of a Web-Based Screening”: Main Topic, Strengths, and Weaknesses The main weakness of the “Effectiveness of a web-Based screening” study is the lack of a blinding procedure ensuring the internal validity of the results.
• Agile Project Initiation: Building Corporate Website Users are constantly looking for information online, comparing, and buying products and services online. Business websites play an essential role in promoting a company.
• The Historic New Orleans Collection Website The Historic New Orleans Collection (THNOC) website contains content organized adequately for rapid consumption, as selected website information is appropriately highlighted.
• Widget Sales Company Website Development Project This section documents the duties a project manager must perform during the development of the Widget Sales Company website.
• The Onion: Analysis of the News Website The source chosen for this assessment is the news website called The Onion. For this analysis, one news article published on The Onion has been selected (“Congressional Democrats”).
• Comparison and Contrast of the Websites Discussing a Multiple Sclerosis This assignment compares and contrasts two websites discussing a similar topic to different audiences: technical and non-technical.
• Policy Website Evaluation: Implications for HUS Service Workers The CRAAP Test is used in this paper to evaluate websites for drug abuse and addiction to determine their relevance to HUS service workers.
• How Are Websites Developed and Function? To display the website content, several types of files are used, which are responsible for processing the signal and exchanging information between the client and the server.
• Assessing Business Websites: Crypto Issues The recent rise of website design and usability means that it has become easy to access massive quantities of data on various topics presented in a condensed.
• The COVID-19 Section on the Federal Emergency Management Agency Website for Nurses While the main focus of the coronavirus section on the FEMA website is supporting patients with vaccines, finances, and guidance, it is also relevant for public health nurses.
• Massive Internet Outage Hits Websites Including Amazon, gov.UK and Guardian The unexpected failure of the content delivery network (CDN) called Fastly severely affected the work of numerous websites in Western Europe and North America.
• Amazon Web Services: Security Practices Review To ensure the security of AWS, several companies perform remote penetration tests that show whether a system is vulnerable to external attacks.
• Newcastle and Edinburgh Universities’ Website Design Comparison Newcastle and Edinburgh Universities’ websites are quite similar, using large fonts, buttons and images to make the process of navigation and visual appeal of their page better.
• Gottabemobile.com Website Analysis The purpose of gottabemobile.com is to provide balanced and truthful information to its users. It publishes content related to mobile phones, applications, and operating systems.
• Developing a Wix-Based Website This project aims to develop a Wix-based website that will be dedicated to home renovation and property management business.
• The Digital Government Websites Requirements This paper focused on digital government and looked at the three examples of government websites that provide essential services to the public.
• Amazon Web Services Review: Proof-of-Concept Report AWS proved to be the appropriate cloud platform for PHI Engineering Design from the analysis of the pros and cons of the three companies.
• Ways to Make an Image-Heavy Website Load Faster This paper will discuss different ways in which a website could be made faster while maintaining the usage of images.
• Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development Website The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development’s website can be of great help to instructional leaders who seek modern solutions and innovative practices.
• Virginia Department of Education Website The Virginia Department of Education website is the national education authority that serves as the most beneficial information tool to assist teachers and students in the state of Virginia.
• Creating an Advertising Website for a Jewelry Company The problem of the company is how exactly this website should be used as an advertising tool. The key recommendation would be to use the website as a platform for advertising.
• National Oilwell Varco Website’s Problem Analysis National Oilwell Varco’s website works well as far as the mechanics go, and it could be quite attractive if it were not so dark, and the videos work right.
• Brown University Website’s Problem Analysis The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the remarks which have been taken during the observation of the Brown University Site with possible improvements that can be made.
• Evidence-Based Practice-Related Websites The intent and purpose of this project are to identify websites that have information about evidence-based medical practice to help new entrants to understand the concept.
• Web Evlauation – Website of the Internet Mental Health Organization We chose the website of the Internet Mental Health Organization. This website is dedicated to all the individuals in society, trying to inform them regarding mental health disorders.
• Design Solutions for Improving Website Quality and Effectiveness The simplest definition of structure is how the pages of a site are located and are accessible to visitors for navigation.
• The Evergreen Plantation: Review the Quality of the Website First and foremost, the site features an elegant and carefully organized layout which makes the database not only appealing but also easy to navigate.
• Website Proposal Document: Green IT The main goal of having Green IT initiatives with regard to energy is to provide a comfortable and safe environment for the data centre occupants by the lowest possible cost.
• WebMD Website Evaluation with Harris’s Tools This paper analyzes the internet website www.webmd.com with website evaluation tools provided by Prof. Robert Harris.
• Integrated Water Strategies From Website Water Recycling The website http://waterrecycling.com/ is a front-end of their company showing various services that the company offers in the field of water recycling.
• Benefits of Advertising Your Restaurant on Soulfood Travel and Barbq Travel Websites Both Soulfood Travel and BarBQ Travel websites allow motivating the target audience to select a particular company among a range of others.
• A Website Comparison: The National Library of Medicine and Webmd Although both websites cover health-related topics, the first website is aimed primarily at healthcare practitioners, such as doctors and nurses.
• Delivery of a Functional and Interactive Website for a Lab and Medical Equipment Company The project is delivering a functional and interactive website for a lab and medical equipment company, which requires a number of specific features.
• Calhoun Community College Website’s Design The purpose of this paper is to analyze the design of Calhoun College’s website and reconsider the concept in the direction of changing the structure of the website.
• beliefnet.com – Website Evaluation This website is useful to many individuals from different faiths and is a helpful tool to many physically and emotionally hurting individuals.
• Development of a Website for McDouglas Company Technological advances and increased professionalism enable static website design and maintenance. The McDouglas website will also act as an auxiliary marketing tool for it.
• Website Critique: Four Seasons Four seasons have chosen and owned a short and a suitable domain name. As a result, its domain name has been easily memorized by its clients.
• Systems Analysis & Design to Enhance Website Visibility Search Engine Optimization (SEO) refers to a series of methods that the business will use to improve its website ranking in the search engine listings.
• Critique of the Website jbizmech.ca The site’s communication goals are not easy to tell as the home page lacks icons and taskbars that would act as a guide to the sections and subsection one wish to access.
• Web-Based Prototype of the E-Business Activity The prototype of the e-business activity will be based on the principles of caring and communicating with customers via e-mail or any other electronic communication tool.
• Security Jobs Network Website Review There are many job sites that list job openings from the old favorites such as Careerbuilder, Craigslist and Monster etc.
• Low Cost Website Protection and Customer Privacy Copyright is the basic legal protection measure to pursue which can be cost-effective to small-scale e-commerce firms, if undertaken well.
• Health Resources & Services Administration Website The HRSA (Health Resources and Services Administration) Data Warehouse is a website that provides maps, data, reports, and dashboards about HRSA’s health care programs.
• Breather Company Website’s Keyword Analysis In the current keyword analysis, the focus of the exploration is Breather, a business providing spaces for meetings, training and courses, offices, offsites, and headquarters.
• “How Big Is the Dark Web?” Documentary Analysis The documentary “How big is the dark web?” explores the construct of the Dark Web, a large portion of the internet that is hidden and requires special tools to access.
• American Historical Documents on the Websites The paper discusses following websites: The Federalist Papers of 1787-1788, The Bill of Rights of 1789, and The Writings of James Madison of 1900.
• Best Electronics Website’s Search Engine Optimization This paper reviews the official website of Best Electronics with the view to identifying design and usability issues rendering the website ineffective.
• IT for Marketing: Critical Look at Websites While the advantages of technology use are very obvious, it can be disastrous without proper implementation. Improperly designed websites can be very unprofessional and so difficult to use.
• Technical Communication and Website Design This paper outlines factors in building a webpage, the need to build mortised websites, defines what is CSS and SEO, and examines what does customizing a design mean.
• OutdoorPursuits Website’s Analytical Assessment This paper analytically assesses a corporate OutdoorPursuits website to determine its effectiveness in communicating with current and potential clients.
• Website Content: Blog Post for Submission This paper considers posts for blogs on different topics: Blogging trivia, the only thing you should learn about blogging, it’s not always about the traffic and others.
• Univeristy Website’s User Interface Structure Redesign This paper aims to discuss the redesign of the university website in the context of the mechanisms of the user interface structure.
• CIO.com Website’s Structure and Content The website cio.com primarily deals with providing information on the latest IT trends in the realm of business process outsourcing, cloud computing.
• Web Service Composition Methods Social commerce is an emerging and increasingly promising phenomenon that currently draws a lot of interest due to its multiple benefits for both consumers and businesses
• White Space in Website Layouts White space serves an important role in the web layout by providing an interface for readers to interact with various aspects of the web content.
• Information Gathering and Structuring Websites The resources allow creating a pilot model of a website by contacting local companies, gathering information, and structuring it on a website.
• IMDB, Wikipedia, Amazon Website Performance Tests The analysis shows how IMDB, Wikipedia, Amazon websites work on a low-tier, mid-tier, high-tier phones, and desktop, and scores these websites using the scale at http//ready.mobi.
• Seven-Eleven Japan Company: E-Commerce Website Seven-Eleven Japan is an organization that successfully operates since the previous century but suffered from global economic issues.
• Health eCareers Website and Cultural Diversity This essay gives a detailed analysis of Health eCareers’ website. The audit will examine how the organization’s website supports the concept of diversity.
• Why Business Firms Need to Have a Web Page? Businesses use few funds advertising over the internet through websites as compared to other forms of advertisements thereby making website adverts economical for corporations.
• Websites Preventing Rape and Types of Messages Articulated Rape is one of the most common crimes in the US and in the entire world. Masters explores one of the prevention strategies and examines six websites aimed at preventing rape.
• ITCore.com Company Website Design This is a website design report for ITCore.com a software, hardware and network product and services company with a steadily growing client base now in several states across the US.

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StudyCorgi . "109 Web Technology Topics." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/web-technology-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "109 Web Technology Topics." June 5, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/web-technology-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Web Technology were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 9, 2024 .

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113 Web Technology Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Web technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, work, and access information. With the rapid advancements in technology, there are endless possibilities for research and exploration in this field. If you are looking for some inspiration for your next essay on web technology, here are 113 topic ideas and examples to get you started:

The impact of artificial intelligence on web development

The role of blockchain technology in securing online transactions

The rise of virtual reality and its implications for web design

The importance of responsive web design in the mobile era

The future of voice search and its impact on SEO

The ethical considerations of data mining and web tracking

The potential of machine learning algorithms in improving user experience

The rise of chatbots and their role in customer service

The challenges and opportunities of cybersecurity in the age of IoT

The impact of 5G technology on web browsing speed and connectivity

The evolution of web browsers and their impact on user experience

The role of cloud computing in web hosting and development

The benefits and limitations of progressive web apps

The impact of augmented reality on web marketing strategies

The potential of quantum computing in revolutionizing web technology

The challenges of web accessibility for users with disabilities

The impact of social media on web design trends

The role of data visualization in web analytics

The future of web development frameworks like React and Angular

The rise of microservices architecture in web application development

The challenges and opportunities of serverless architecture in web development

The impact of voice assistants like Alexa and Siri on web search

The potential of edge computing in improving web performance

The role of UX design in enhancing user engagement on websites

The challenges of web scalability and performance optimization

The impact of GDPR on web data privacy and security

The role of content management systems in web publishing

The potential of AR/VR technology in enhancing e-commerce websites

The challenges of cross-browser compatibility in web development

The impact of mobile-first indexing on web SEO strategies

The role of web APIs in enabling data exchange between applications

The potential of blockchain technology in creating decentralized web applications

The challenges of web scraping and data extraction for business intelligence

The impact of server-side rendering on web performance

The role of web analytics in measuring user engagement and conversion

The challenges of web personalization and user profiling

The impact of voice search on local SEO strategies

The role of web security in preventing cyber attacks and data breaches

The potential of AI-driven content generation in web publishing

The challenges and opportunities of web monetization through advertising and subscription models

The impact of web design trends on user engagement and conversion rates

The role of web accessibility standards in ensuring equal access for all users

The potential of biometric authentication in enhancing web security

The challenges of web performance optimization for mobile devices

The impact of cloud-based CMS platforms on web publishing

The role of web standards in ensuring interoperability and compatibility

The potential of progressive web apps in replacing native mobile applications

The challenges of web governance and compliance with regulations

The impact of web push notifications on user engagement

The role of web typography in enhancing readability and user experience

The potential of web storytelling in creating immersive user experiences

The challenges of web design for users with visual impairments

The impact of web animations and microinteractions on user engagement

The role of web performance optimization in reducing bounce rates

The potential of web personalization in increasing conversion rates

The challenges of web security in preventing data breaches and cyber attacks

The impact of web design trends on brand identity and recognition

The role of web analytics in measuring user behavior and engagement

The potential of web content strategy in driving organic traffic

The impact of web design on search engine rankings

The potential of web animations in creating engaging user experiences

The impact of web storytelling in creating emotional connections with users

The role of web personalization in increasing user engagement

The potential of web push notifications in driving user actions

The challenges of web security in protecting user data and privacy

The impact of web design trends on brand perception and loyalty

The role of web analytics in measuring user behavior and conversion rates

The potential of web content strategy in driving organic traffic and engagement

The impact of web accessibility on user experience and inclusivity

The role of web typography in creating visual hierarchy and emphasis

The potential of web animations in enhancing user engagement and interaction

The challenges of web performance optimization for slow internet connections

The impact of web storytelling in creating memorable user experiences

The role of web personalization in building customer relationships

The potential of web push notifications in driving user retention and engagement

The challenges of web security in protecting against cyber threats

The impact of web design on brand perception and credibility

The role of web typography in conveying brand voice and personality

The potential of web animations in creating interactive and engaging experiences

The challenges of web performance optimization for high-traffic websites

The impact of web storytelling in building emotional connections with users

The role of web personalization in increasing user satisfaction and loyalty

The potential of web push notifications in driving user engagement and conversions

The impact of web design trends on user experience and conversion rates

The role of web analytics in measuring user behavior and website performance

The challenges of web governance and compliance with privacy regulations

With these 113 topic ideas and examples, you are sure to find a web technology essay topic that interests you and inspires you to delve deeper into this fascinating field. Whether you are interested in the latest trends in web design, the impact of emerging technologies on user experience, or the challenges of web security, there is no shortage of topics to explore. Happy writing!

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Current Web Development Technologies: A Comparative Review

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• Vishal Shrivastava 13 ,
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• Sangeeta Sharma 13  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 681))

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This paper highlights current web development technologies in IT industry and its measure. Developers of web-based applications are confronted with a bewildering array of available choice formats, languages, frameworks, and technical objects. They investigate, identify, and evaluate technology for creating web applications. They determine that although most of the web's connectivity issues have been resolved. The confusion of technology for web-based apps is that this area lacks a reliable model that is suited to it. A section-based library called ReactJS is intended to enhance clever user interfaces. It is the most well-known front-end JS library at present. In the Model View Regulator (M-V-C) scheme, it solidifies the view (V) layer. Facebook, Instagram, as well as local independent designers and organisations maintain it. The development of enormously complex electronic programmes that can modify their data without reviving the pages after them is the main focus of the answer. Better customer experiences and the advancement of web apps that are lightning fast and robust are its main goals. Similar to Angular JS, ReactJS can be planned with other JavaScript libraries or frameworks in MVC.

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Vibhakar Pathak, Vishal Shrivastava, Rambabu Buri, Shikha Gupta & Sangeeta Sharma

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Computer Engineering, University Of Milan, Milano, Italy

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Pathak, V., Shrivastava, V., Buri, R., Gupta, S., Sharma, S. (2023). Current Web Development Technologies: A Comparative Review. In: Rathore, V.S., Tavares, J.M.R.S., Piuri, V., Surendiran, B. (eds) Emerging Trends in Expert Applications and Security. ICE-TEAS 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 681. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1909-3_2

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Technology Research Paper Topics

This list of technology  research paper topics provides more than 400 ideas and is divided into 10 thematic categories:

• Agriculture and Food Technology

Biotechnology

• Chemical Technology
• Communication Technology
• Computer Technology 
• Construction Technology

Electronics

• Energy and Power Technology
• Military Technology
• Transportation Technology

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Get 10% off with 24start discount code, agriculture and food technology research paper topics.

• Activated Carbon
• Biological Pest Control
• Crop Protection, Spraying
• Dairy Farming
• Farming, Agricultural Methods
• Farming, Growth Promotion
• Farming, Mechanization
• Fertilizers
• Fish Farming
• Food Additives and Substitutes
• Food Preparation and Cooking
• Food Preservation: Cooling and Freezing
• Food Preservation: Freeze Drying, Irradiation, and Vacuum Packing
• Irrigation Systems
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Processed and Fast Food
• Synthetic Foods, Mycoprotein and Hydrogenated Fats
• Transportation of Foodstuffs

Biotechnology Research Paper Topics

• Animal Breeding: Genetic Methods
• Antibacterial Chemotherapy
• Artificial Insemination and in Vitro Fertilization
• Biopolymers
• Cloning, Testing and Treatment Methods
• Gene Therapy
• Genetic Engineering
• Genetic Screening and Testing
• Plant Breeding: Genetic Methods
• Tissue Culturing

Chemical Technology Research Paper Topics

• Chemical Process Engineering
• Chemical Warfare
• Chromatography
• Coatings, Pigments, and Paints
• Combinatorial Chemistry
• Electrochemistry
• Electrophoresis
• Environmental Monitoring
• Green Chemistry
• Industrial Gases
• Isotopic Analysis
• Oil from Coal Process
• Radioactive Dating
• Reppe Chemistry
• Synthetic Resins
• Synthetic Rubber

Communication Technology Research Paper Topics

• Automatic Telephony Systems
• Communications
• Digital Telephony
• Electronic Communications
• Fax Machine
• Long Distance Telephony
• Mobile (Cell) Telephones
• Radio-Frequency Electronics
• Satellite Communications
• Telecommunications

Computer Technology Research Paper Topics

• Analog Computers
• Artificial Intelligence
• Computer and Video Games
• Computer Displays
• Computer Memory for Personal Computers
• Computer Modeling
• Computer Networks
• Computer Science
• Computer-Aided Control Technology
• Computer-Aided Design and Manufacture
• Computer-User Interface
• Early Computer Memory
• Early Digital Computers
• Electronic Control Technology
• Encryption and Code Breaking
• Error Checking and Correction
• Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Gyrocompass and Inertial Guidance
• Hybrid Computers
• Information Theory
• Mainframe Computers
• Minerals Prospecting
• Packet Switching
• Personal Computers
• Processors for Computers
• Radionavigation
• Software Application Programs
• Software Engineering
• Supercomputers
• Systems Programs
• World Wide Web

Construction Technology Research Paper Topics

• Building Acoustics
• Building Designs for Energy Conservation
• Concrete Bridges
• Concrete Shells
• Construction Equipment
• Experimental Stress Analysis
• Fire Engineering
• Long Span and Suspension Bridges
• Power Tools and Hand-Held Tools
• Prefabricated Buildings
• Reinforced Concrete
• Skyscrapers
• Steel Bridges
• Timber Engineering
• Tunnels and Tunneling
• Vertical Transportation

Electronics Research Paper Topics

• Applications of Superconductivity
• Discovery of Superconductivity
• Electric Motors
• Electronic Calculators
• Hall Effect Devices
• Infrared Detectors
• Integrated Circuits Design and Use
• Integrated Circuits Fabrication
• Josephson Junction Devices
• Laser Applications
• Laser Theory and Operation
• Lasers in Optoelectronics
• Light Emitting Diodes
• Lighting Techniques
• Mechanical and Electromechanical Calculators
• Photocopiers
• Photosensitive Detectors
• Public and Private Lighting
• Quantum Electronic Devices
• Quartz Clocks and Watches
• Strobe Flashes
• Transistors
• Travelling Wave Tubes
• Vacuum Tubes/Valves

Energy and Power Technology Research Paper Topics

• Biomass Power Generation
• Early Fusion Nuclear Reactors
• Electrical Power Distribution
• Electricity Generation and the Environment
• Fast Breeders Nuclear Reactors
• Fossil Fuel Power Stations
• Gas Turbines
• Gas Turbines in Land Vehicles
• Hydroelectric Power Generation
• Large Scale Electrical Energy Generation and Supply
• Later Fusion Nuclear Reactors
• Power Generation and Recycling
• Primary and Secondary Batteries
• Solar Power Generation
• Steam Turbines
• Thermal Graphite Moderated Nuclear Reactors
• Thermal Water Moderated Nuclear Reactors
• Wind Power Generation

Military Technology Research Paper Topics

• Aircraft Carriers
• Air-to-Air Missiles
• Air-to-Surface Missiles
• Battleships
• Biological Warfare
• Bomber Warplanes
• Defensive Missiles
• Fighter and Fighter Bomber Warplanes
• Fission and Fusion Bombs
• High Explosive Shells and Bombs
• High-Frequency and High-Power Radars
• Long Range and Ballistic Missiles
• Long Range and Cruise Missiles
• Long Range Radars and Early Warning Systems
• Military Versus Civil Technologies
• Mines and Antipersonnel Devices
• Nuclear Reactors and Weapons Material
• Origins of Radar
• Radar Aboard Aircraft
• Radar Displays
• Radar Systems in World War II
• Reconnaissance Warplanes
• Short Range and Guided Missiles
• Surface-to-Air and Anti-Ballistic Missiles

Transportation Technology Research Paper Topics

• Air Traffic Control Systems
• Aircraft Design
• Aircraft Instrumentation
• Automobiles
• Diesel and Diesel Electric Locomotives
• Electric Automobiles
• Electric Locomotives
• Fly-by-Wire Systems
• Foodstuffs Transport
• Gas Turbines in Aircraft
• Helicopters
• High Speed Rail
• Hovercraft, Hydrofoils, and Hydroplanes
• Human Power Transport
• Hybrid Automobiles
• Internal Combustion Automobiles
• Internal Combustion Piston Engine
• Jet Driven Civil Aircraft
• Motorcycles
• Propeller Driven Civil Aircraft
• Railway Mechanics
• Rocket Planes
• Steam Locomotives
• Submersibles
• Supersonic Civil Aircraft
• Urban Transportation

History of Technology

Humans and their tools evolved symbiotically over millions of years. The hominid Australopithecines who lived in Africa from 4 to 2.5 million years ago used river cobbles as crude choppers to smash the bones of dead animals. Their descendents, members of the species Homo erectus, made hand axes by breaking flakes off both sides of a stone; they also learned how to control fire. With these tools, some hominids hunted big game while others gathered plants and insects. The size of their brains increased in tandem with their use of tools, while their teeth and jaws grew smaller.

The species Homo sapiens, humans like ourselves, appeared more than 150,000 years ago. They made a multitude of specialized tools, such as spear points, scrapers, and blades. Beginning 70,000 years ago, humans made clothing, houses, and oil lamps, as well as cave paintings, musical instruments, and decorative jewelry. With their advanced hunting and gathering equipment and skills, they migrated to previously uninhabited areas, such as Siberia and the Americas. They had boats of some sort, with which they crossed miles of open sea to reach New Guinea and Australia. They moved frequently in search of game and plant foods. Some 30,000 years ago, humans learned to sew clothing, using bone needles and sinew as thread, which allowed them to survive in formerly uninhabitable areas of the world like Siberia. Then, after 10,000 BCE, hunters began using bows and arrows to kill elusive and fast-moving game like deer and gazelles.

Permanent settlements coincide with the development of agriculture. Starting some 12,000 years ago, people in the Middle East began to harvest wild wheat and barley, and to help these plants grow by sowing seeds and clearing away weeds. To chop down trees, they made smooth-sided stone axes. By storing grains from one harvest to the next, they were able to stay in one place and build permanent houses; the first known settlement was Jericho, founded c. 7350 BCE. They also domesticated animals: first dogs, then sheep and goats, then pigs, donkeys, and cattle. Agriculture developed in China and Southeast Asia in the ninth millennium BCE, in Europe from the seventh millennium, in West Africa from the fourth, and in Mexico from the second millennium on. In the Americas, the process started later and took longer because there were fewer wild plants and animals that could be domesticated: corn, beans, and squash were the primary domesticated plants, and dogs, turkeys, guinea pigs, and llamas the primary domesticated animals. Other tools and skills that made possible agriculture and animal husbandry included digging sticks and hoes to prepare the ground, sickles to harvest grains, baskets and bins to hold crops, and fences to keep animals.

The shift to agriculture and animal husbandry took two thousand years, during which time people continued to hunt and gather wild foods. By growing and raising food, far more people could survive in a given area than was possible if they relied on the bounty of nature. Once their population grew, however, they could no longer return to their old lifestyle.

Hydraulic Civilizations (3500–1500 BCE)

As agriculture spread, people who lived on the banks of rivers, especially in hot dry regions, found that they could obtain phenomenal yields by watering their crops. To irrigate away from the riverbanks meant digging canals and constructing dikes. In the lower valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) the Sumerians (who arrived in the region between 4000 and 3500 BCE) organized large numbers of workers to carry out these public works projects. They used well-sweeps (a bucket at the end of a counterbalanced pole) to lift water from the canals to their fields. By the mid-fourth millennium BCE, the resulting food surpluses allowed their leaders to build cities, create governments and laws, and employ artisans, bureaucrats, soldiers, and merchants. In Mesopotamia, cities built ziggurats, multistory temples made of sun-dried bricks.

The same social revolution occurred in Egypt in the late fourth millennium, for the same reasons. Every year, the Nile River flooded the valley. To retain the water, farmers built dikes to enclose basins; once the soil was thoroughly soaked, the water was released to the next basin downstream. All of this required massive amounts of labor. During the off-season, farmers were recruited to build pyramids and temples.

Irrigation and water control were the key technologies of several other early civilizations. In northern China, civilization grew out of the need to protect the land from the dangerous floods of the Huang (Yellow) River. In the Valley of Mexico (central Mexico), farmers built raised fields called chinampas in shallows lakes by digging canals and heaping the rich mud on their plots. On the coastal plains of Peru, among the driest environments on Earth, farmers used the rivers that came down off the Andes to irrigate their fields. The people of Peru built cities with great walls of massive stones that fit together perfectly.

Early civilizations also developed other technologies. Women spun thread and wove cloth, some of exquisite beauty, out of flax in Egypt, wool in Mesopotamia and Peru, silk in China, and cotton in India and the Americas. Potters made pots for storage and cooking. Smiths learned to smelt metals from ores, first copper and later bronze, an alloy of copper and arsenic or tin. Wheeled carts were first used in Anatolia (now Turkey) and Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium, and spread from there to the rest of Eurasia.

Iron and Horses (1500 BCE–1500 CE)

The elites of first civilizations were very conservative, yet they could not prevent technological changes and the disruptions they caused. Among the many innovations that spread throughout the Eastern Hemisphere in the second millennium BCE, we can single out the two that had momentous consequences: the utilization of iron and the domestication of horses.

Iron, first smelted in Anatolia around 1500 BCE, required much more labor and fuel to make than bronze, but unlike copper and tin, its ores were found almost everywhere. Once blacksmiths learned to temper iron by repeated heating and quenching in water, it became hard enough to cut bronze. The low cost of iron made it possible to produce axes and saws for farmers and carpenters and knives and pots for household use.

Iron spread to the Middle East around 1000 BCE, and from there to Africa and India. Iron tools gave a tremendous advantage to those peoples who used them at the expense of nature and of people with less-developed technologies. Bantu-speaking people from the Nigeria-Cameroon region cleared wooded areas of central and southern Africa for agriculture and gradually pushed earlier inhabitants such as the Batwa (known by the pejorative term Pygmies), and San into forests and deserts not suitable for agriculture. In India, people with axes spread into the Ganges valley and the Deccan Plateau, turning forests into farmlands.

The Chinese created the most advanced iron industry. Not only did they make iron by hammering and tempering, like the peoples of Eurasia and Africa, they also invented bellows pumped by waterwheels that heated the furnace to the point at which the iron melted and could be poured into molds. As the deforestation of central and southern China proceeded, iron makers learned to heat their furnaces with coal. By the late first millennium CE, China was mass-producing iron tools, weapons, and household objects such as pots, pans, knives, and bells.

In the Middle East, meanwhile, blacksmiths learned to make “damascene” blades (after Damascus in Syria) by repeatedly heating a strip of iron in burning charcoal, hammering it thin and folding it over, until the iron turned to steel, becoming hard, sharp, and flexible. Such a process was extremely time-consuming and was used only for very costly swords.

Horses were first tamed in the third millennium BCE, but were of limited use until carpenters began building chariots with spoked wheels, pulled by two horses and carrying two men, one to drive the horses and the other armed with a bow and arrows. Charioteers from the grasslands to the north invaded the agrarian civilizations of the Middle East, India, and China, causing great havoc between 1700 and 1300 BCE. Chariots in turn were made obsolete around 1200 BCE when nomadic herdsmen learned how to shoot arrows while riding a horse. After about 1500 BCE, the agrarian states added cavalry and iron weapons to their infantry armies and established large empires of conquest. The Assyrians, Persians, and Romans in turn dominated Southwest Asia and the Mediterranean, while the Qin and Han dynasties controlled China. These empires, extending over thousands of miles, were held together by efficient road networks and postal services. The Romans were especially gifted at civil engineering; many of their roads, buildings, and aqueducts are still standing. However, nomadic herdsmen from the grasslands of Asia continued to increase in numbers and in military might, and periodically attacked the agrarian civilizations. For two thousand years, the history of Eurasia consisted in large part of the struggle between agrarian empires and nomadic herdsmen. For centuries after they were domesticated, horses could not be used in agriculture because the throat-and-girth harness caused them to choke and rear up if they had to pull a heavy load. The horse collar, which placed the load on their shoulders rather than their throats, first appeared in China in the third century BCE and reached Europe between the ninth and the eleventh centuries ce.

Advances in Agriculture (1500 BCE–1500 ce)

Agriculture was also transformed during this period. As Han Chinese moved from northern China into the tropical Yangzi (Chang) River valley and the south, they perfected the art of water management. Rice grows best in warm shallow ponds, but requires very careful terracing, plowing, planting, weeding, water control, and harvesting, most of which had to be done by human labor. In addition to rice, Chinese farmers also grew tea bushes and mulberry trees, whose leaves fed the silkworms for the silk industry. In return for more intensive labor inputs, the land produced ever more abundant yields per acre. As its population grew, China became the wealthiest and technologically most advanced civilization in the world, producing such innovations as paper, printing, paper money, and (later) the compass, oceangoing ships, and gunpowder.

A different kind of agricultural and technological revolution occurred in the Middle East from the seventh to the fifteenth centuries. The Arabs, a desert people, had domesticated the camel for use in regions too dry for horses. In the seventh century, they conquered the Middle East and North Africa. With a long tradition of trade, they welcomed and protected merchants and sailors. They rebuilt the irrigation works of Egypt and Mesopotamia and introduced several useful devices such as the saqiya (a chain of buckets) and the qanat, or underground tunnel, to carry water over long distances. They also introduced citrus fruits from China and sugar and cotton from India to the Mediterranean world.

European agriculture lagged far behind agriculture in China and the Middle East, especially after the collapse of the Roman Empire after the fifth century. Yet Europeans created several ingenious innovations that allowed them to populate the western and northern portions of the continent, which the Romans had found uninhabitable. One was the three-field rotation system, whereby fields lay fallow one year out of three, instead of every other year as in earlier times, resulting in a 50 percent increase in productivity. Another was the iron horseshoe, which prevented horses’ hooves from wearing out in wet weather. A third was the horse collar, which allowed a horse to pull much heavier loads than the throat strap used by the Romans. Europeans were also quick to adopt water wheels and windmills as sources of energy to grind grain, saw lumber, crush ores, and accomplish other tasks. While the yields per hectare in Europe in this period could not compare with those in China or the Middle East, the result of these innovations was to make the yields per person the highest in the world.

Technologies of Global Interaction

Ocean-going ships carried not only men and trade goods, but also animals and plants from one place to another. Domesticated plants and animals have been essential technologies since the Neolithic, requiring knowledge and skills to grow or breed them and to transform them into foods and fibers. From the beginning of agriculture, plants and animals had been transferred within the Eastern Hemisphere and also, with more difficulty, within the Americas. The voyages of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries allowed transfers between the Old World and the New. The Europeans brought with them wheat, rice, sugar, and cotton, along with many fruits, vegetables, and trees. From the Americas they returned with corn, potatoes, and tobacco, among others. The Portuguese transferred cassava (manioc) from Brazil to Africa and Indonesia.

Europeans also brought their animals with them wherever they went. Pigs and cattle ran wild in the Americas. Horses were used by Europeans and by the Plains Indians of North America. The New World had almost no animals to offer in exchange, however. Introduced crops and animals increased the food supply and contributed to the rise in population around the world. In the process, they accelerated the transformation of local environments and the destruction of native plants and animals. In the fifteenth century, improvements in ships and navigation led to the diffusion of other technologies around the globe. Let us consider two important technologies with global repercussions: navigation and gunpowder.

People had long navigated on rivers and lakes and along seacoasts. Humans reached New Guinea and Australia tens of thousands of years ago. Malay people from Southeast Asia migrated to Indonesia and reached Micronesia and New Caledonia by 2000 BCE. Others crossed the Indian Ocean to Madagascar. They learned to navigate by observing the stars, the sun, and the moon and by feeling the ocean swells. Gradually, they ventured out into the Pacific Ocean in dugout canoes equipped with outriggers and triangular “crab-claw” sails, finally reaching Hawaii and New Zealand. The peoples living along the Mediterranean Sea, by contrast, did not develop oceangoing vessels. Their cargo ships were broad-beamed with a square sail and could sail only in good weather and preferably with the wind. Their warships were propelled by oarsmen and were designed to ram and board enemy ships. Neither was suited to travel on the Atlantic.

The Indian Ocean lends itself to regular navigation because of the monsoons that blow toward Asia in the late summer and autumn and away from that continent in the winter and spring. In the early centuries of the common era, Arabs, Persians, and Indians built dhows, small sailing ships made of teak planks sewn together with coconut fibers with a lateen, or triangular sail, that could sail at an angle to the wind. The prosperity of the Indian Ocean trade was the envy of both Chinese and Europeans.

Beginning in the Song dynasty (960–1279), the Chinese developed a kind of ship called a junk, with a flat bottom, bamboo sails, and a sternpost rudder. Captains were equipped with magnetic compasses and charts of the waters they sailed in. Between 1405 and 1433, the Chinese government sent seven expeditions to the Indian Ocean. The first included 317 ships, some of which were 120 meters long and 48 meters wide. With the largest ships and the most powerful fleet in the world, the Chinese could have explored all the oceans of the world. But when warfare with nomadic tribes from Mongolia absorbed the government’s resources and attention, the government ended the expeditions and prohibited ocean navigation.

Meanwhile, Europeans were becoming more adept at navigation. By combining the best features of the Mediterranean oared galleys and the round-hulled sailing ships of the North Sea, the Portuguese created a ship called a caravel that had both square and lateen sails and a sternpost rudder, and that could be sailed in any wind with a small crew. During the fifteenth century, they figured out the wind patterns of the Atlantic. With such ships and knowledge Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) crossed the Atlantic in 1492, and Vasco da Gama (1460–1524) reached India six years later.

Gunpowder was first used in China in the thirteenth century for flame throwers and fireworks. In the fourteenth century, Europeans and Turks began casting large cannon that could hurl iron cannonballs and destroy the walls of fortified cities. Artillery gave a great advantage to centralized states like those of the Ottoman Turks, the Mughals in India, and the czars of Russia. Western Europeans were the first to build smaller naval cannon and ships strong enough to withstand the recoil of guns in battle, and with these they quickly dominated the Indian Ocean and the waters off East and Southeast Asia.

The Industrial Age (1750–1950)

Beginning in the mid-eighteenth century, a new set of technologies, which we call industrial, began to transform the world. Industrialization had five defining characteristics: an increased division of labor; the mechanization of production and transportation; energy from fossil fuels; mass production of goods and services; and the diffusion of practical knowledge. Each of these had been tried in various places before— for example, books were mass produced from the sixteenth century on—but it is the combination of all five that defined true industrialization.

Industrialization began with the British cotton textile industry, which used machines powered by flowing streams to produce cloth in large quantities at low cost. At the same time, abundant coal was used to produce cheap iron. The most spectacular invention of the eighteenth century, and the one that distinguished the British industrial revolution from all previous periods of rapid change, was the steam engine, improved by the condenser James Watt (1736–1819) patented in 1769. By the mid-nineteenth century, steam engines were used to pump water, turn machines, and power locomotives and ships.

The new industrial technologies spread to other countries, but very unevenly. Western Europe and northeastern North America soon followed Britain’s lead, but the rest of Europe and Russia lagged behind until the late nineteenth century. India and Latin America imported machines and technicians, but not the engineering culture that would have lessened their dependence on the industrial nations. Of all the non- Western nations, only Japan began industrializing before 1900.

Meanwhile, a second wave of industrial technologies appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mainly from Germany and the United States. Inventors found ways of mass-producing steel—formerly a rare and costly metal—at a cost so low that it could be used to build bridges and buildings and even thrown away after use. The German chemical industry, founded to produce synthetic dyestuffs, expanded into fertilizers, explosives, and numerous other products. Electricity from batteries has been used since the 1830s to transmit messages by telegraph, but after 1860 generators and dynamos produced powerful currents that could be used for many other purposes. In 1878, Thomas Edison (1847–1931) invented not only the incandescent light bulb, but also the generating stations and distribution networks that made electricity useful for lighting and later for electric motors, streetcars, and other applications. In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi (1874– 1937) created the first wireless telegraph, the ancestor of radio.

The beginning of the twentieth century saw the introduction of two other technologies that revolutionized life in the industrial countries and, later, in the rest of the world. In 1886 Karl Benz (1844–1929) and Gottlieb Daimler (1834–1900) put an internal combustion engine on a “horseless carriage.” In 1913 Henry Ford (1863– 1947) began building his Model T on an assembly line, making cars so inexpensive that even workers could afford them. By the 1920s, automobiles were common in the United States. After the mid-century, they became common in Europe as well.

The other revolutionary invention was the airplane. The brothers Wilbur (1867–1912) and Orville (1871– 1948) Wright were the first to fly in 1903. They were soon followed by others on both sides of the Atlantic. From the 1950s onward, flying became a common means of transportation around the world.

In peacetime, mass production meant mass consumption of cotton clothes, railroad transportation, automobiles, and other consumer items. But industrial production also made possible mass destruction in two widespread and murderous World Wars and in the annihilation of entire populations. Yet even after the most destructive wars in history, the nations that had suffered the heaviest damage—Russia, Germany, and Japan—were able to rebuild remarkably quickly. Industrialization spread more slowly to South Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America, and has not yet begun in earnest in most of Africa. The industrial world is still an exclusive club.

The Postindustrial World

Postindustrial does not mean that industry is disappearing; on the contrary, there is more industry producing more products than ever before. Yet we are clearly in the midst of another technological revolution, as dramatic—but much faster—than the agricultural and industrial revolutions that preceded it.

The new revolution involves many technologies that can trace their origins to World War II. In that war, governments understood that their hope of victory rested on developing new weapons and other military technologies. Such research programs were extremely costly, yet invention proceeded at an accelerated pace that would not have been possible if governments had relied on private enterprise. This realization led governments to continue funding research long after the war was over.

War-Related Technologies

The most dramatic invention of the war was the atom bomb, built by the United States between 1942 and 1945. After the war, the Soviet Union also built atom bombs, which were followed in the 1950s by the far more powerful hydrogen bomb. Nuclear energy was not limited to bombs. Nuclear reactors were harnessed to produce electricity and to power submarines and other ships.

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik. The rocket that hoisted it into orbit was based on the V-2 missile built by Germany during the war. Sputnik was the precursor of thousands of satellites put into space for espionage and surveillance, television broadcasting, and telecommunications. The most spectacular event of the space age was the Moon landing of 1969, proof of humankind’s growing power over the natural world.

Future historians will no doubt consider the new electronic technologies even more revolutionary than nuclear and rocket technology. Television, still experimental before the war, became a consumer item in the 1950s in the United States and in the 1960s in Europe and Japan. Radar, developed during the war for military purposes, later served civilian aviation, navigation, and law enforcement. Computers, also invented during the war, became important business tools with IBM’s System 360 in 1964 used in the banking, insurance, and retail industries, among others. Apple made the first popular personal computers in the late 1970s, but was soon overshadowed by IBM and a host of smaller companies that purchased operating systems and programs from the giant of the software industry, Microsoft. In the mid-1980s, the Internet began linking computer networks around the world. The World Wide Web, introduced in 1991, made it possible to send images as well as text, and made the Internet so user-friendly that companies soon used it to advertise and sell their products. Most computer hardware and software originated in the United States, but the manufacture and marketing of consumer electronics was dominated by Japanese companies.

Biotechnology is another area that has seen rapid technological development. In 1953, James Crick and Francis Watson discovered DNA, the substance that encodes all the information needed to create living beings. Their findings promised advances in medicine, agriculture, and other fields. In the 1970s, agronomists created more productive hybrids of rice, wheat, corn, and other crops: the Green Revolution. Since the mid-1990s, genetically modified organisms have confronted nations and their farmers and consumers with a controversial trade-off between present benefits and future risks.

Technology and the Future

The power of humans over nature has increased at an accelerating rate. Now humans are capable of extraordinary achievements, but also extraordinary damage to one another and to the planet. Advances in computers and communications will soon offer those who can afford them instant access to every text, film, or piece of music, and will enable powerful governments to track every vehicle and perhaps every person on Earth. Nuclear power has the potential to replace fossil fuels, but its exploitation also makes possible the creation of dangerous weapons, which may fall into the hands of desperate individuals. Biotechnology promises better health but also the manipulation of all forms of life in ways never imagined; cloning in particular is a headline-grabbing new technology fraught with difficult social and moral implications. These technologies and others not yet imagined are double-edged swords for those who possess them. Meanwhile, those who have no access to modern technologies—half or more of humankind—are no better off than they were a thousand years ago.

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54 Most Interesting Technology Research Topics for 2023

May 30, 2023

Scrambling to find technology research topics for the assignment that’s due sooner than you thought? Take a scroll down these 54 interesting technology essay topics in 10 different categories, including controversial technology topics, and some example research questions for each.

Social technology research topics

Whether you have active profiles on every social media platform, you’ve taken a social media break, or you generally try to limit your engagement as much as possible, you probably understand how pervasive social technologies have become in today’s culture. Social technology will especially appeal to those looking for widely discussed, mainstream technology essay topics.

• How do viewers respond to virtual influencers vs human influencers? Is one more effective or ethical over the other?
• Across social media platforms, when and where is mob mentality most prevalent? How do the nuances of mob mentality shift depending on the platform or topic?
• Portable devices like cell phones, laptops, and tablets have certainly made daily life easier in some ways. But how have they made daily life more difficult?
• How does access to social media affect developing brains? And what about mature brains?
• Can dating apps alter how users perceive and interact with people in real life?
• Studies have proven “doomscrolling” to negatively impact mental health—could there ever be any positive impacts?

Cryptocurrency and blockchain technology research topics

Following cryptocurrency and blockchain technology has been a rollercoaster the last few years. And since Bitcoin’s conception in 2009, cryptocurrency has consistently showed up on many lists of controversial technology topics.

• Is it ethical for celebrities or influential people to promote cryptocurrencies or cryptographic assets like NFTs ?
• What are the environmental impacts of mining cryptocurrencies? Could those impacts ever change?
• How does cryptocurrency impact financial security and financial health?
• Could the privacy cryptocurrency offers ever be worth the added security risks?
• How might cryptocurrency regulations and impacts continue to evolve?
• Created to enable cryptocurrency, blockchain has since proven useful in several other industries. What new uses could blockchain have?

Artificial intelligence technology research topics

We started 2023 with M3GAN’s box office success, and now we’re fascinated (or horrified) with ChatGPT , voice cloning , and deepfakes . While people have discussed artificial intelligence for ages, recent advances have really pushed this topic to the front of our minds. Those searching for controversial technology topics should pay close attention to this one.

• OpenAI –the company behind ChatGPT–has shown commitment to safe, moderated AI tools that they hope will provide positive benefits to society. Sam Altman, their CEO, recently testified before a US Senate He described what AI makes possible and called for more regulation in the industry. But even with companies like OpenAI displaying efforts to produce safe AI and advocating for regulations, can AI ever have a purely positive impact? Are certain pitfalls unavoidable?
• In a similar vein, can AI ever actually be ethically or safely produced? Will there always be certain risks?
• How might AI tools impact society across future generations?
• Countless movies and television shows explore the idea of AI going wrong, going back all the way to 1927’s Metropolis . What has a greater impact on public perception—representations in media or industry developments? And can public perception impact industry developments and their effectiveness?

Beauty and anti-aging technology 

Throughout human history, people in many cultures have gone to extreme lengths to capture and maintain a youthful beauty. But technology has taken the pursuit of beauty and youth to another level. For those seeking technology essay topics that are both timely and timeless, this one’s a gold mine.

• With augmented reality technology, companies like Perfect allow app users to virtually try on makeup, hair color, hair accessories, and hand or wrist accessories. Could virtual try-ons lead to a somewhat less wasteful beauty industry? What downsides should we consider?
• Users of the Perfect app can also receive virtual diagnoses for skin care issues and virtually “beautify” themselves with smoothed skin, erased blemishes, whitened teeth, brightened under-eye circles, and reshaped facial structures. How could advancements in beauty and anti-aging technology affect self-perception and mental health?
• What are the best alternatives to animal testing within the beauty and anti-aging industry?
• Is anti-aging purely a cosmetic pursuit? Could anti-aging technology provide other benefits?
• Could people actually find a “cure” to aging? And could a cure to aging lead to longer lifespans?
• How might longer human lifespans affect the Earth?

Geoengineering technology research topics

An umbrella term, geoengineering refers to large-scale technologies that can alter the earth and its climate. Typically, these types of technologies aim to combat climate change. Those searching for controversial technology topics should consider looking into this one.

• What benefits can solar geoengineering provide? Can they outweigh the severe risks?
• Compare solar geoengineering methods like mirrors in space, stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening, and other proposed methods. How have these methods evolved? How might they continue to evolve?
• Which direct air capture methods are most sustainable?
• How can technology contribute to reforestation efforts?
• What are the best uses for biochar? And how can biochar help or harm the earth?
• Out of all the carbon geoengineering methods that exist or have been proposed, which should we focus on the most?

Creative and performing arts technology topics

While tensions often arise between artists and technology, they’ve also maintained a symbiotic relationship in many ways. It’s complicated. But of course, that’s what makes it interesting. Here’s another option for those searching for timely and timeless technology essay topics.

• How has the relationship between art and technology evolved over time?
• How has technology impacted the ways people create art? And how has technology impacted the ways people engage with art?
• Technology has made creating and viewing art widely accessible. Does this increased accessibility change the value of art? And do we value physical art more than digital art?
• Does technology complement storytelling in the performing arts? Or does technology hinder storytelling in the performing arts?
• Which current issues in the creative or performing arts could potentially be solved with technology?

Cellular agriculture technology research topics

And another route for those drawn to controversial technology topics: cellular agriculture. You’ve probably heard about popular plant-based meat options from brands like Impossible and Beyond Meat . While products made with cellular agriculture also don’t require the raising and slaughtering of livestock, they are not plant-based. Cellular agriculture allows for the production of animal-sourced foods and materials made from cultured animal cells.

• Many consumers have a proven bias against plant-based meats. Will that same bias extend to cultured meat, despite cultured meat coming from actual animal cells?
• Which issues can arise from patenting genes?
• Does the animal agriculture industry provide any benefits that cellular agriculture may have trouble replicating?
• How might products made with cellular agriculture become more affordable?
• Could cellular agriculture conflict with the notion of a “ circular bioeconomy ?” And should we strive for a circular bioeconomy? Can we create a sustainable relationship between technology, capitalism, and the environment, with or without cellular agriculture?

Transportation technology research topics

For decades, we’ve expected flying cars to carry us into a techno-utopia, where everything’s shiny, digital, and easy. We’ve heard promises of super fast trains that can zap us across the country or even across the world. We’ve imagined spring breaks on the moon, jet packs, and teleportation. Who wouldn’t love the option to go anywhere, anytime, super quickly? Transportation technology is another great option for those seeking widely discussed, mainstream technology essay topics.

• Once upon a time, Lady Gaga was set to perform in space as a promotion for Virgin Galactic . While Virgin Galactic never actually launched the iconic musician/actor, soon, they hope to launch their first commercial flight full of civilians–who paid $450,000 a pop–on a 90-minute trip into the stars. And if you think that’s pricey, SpaceX launched three businessmen into space for $55 million in April, 2022 (though with meals included, this is actually a total steal). So should we be launching people into space just for fun? What are the impacts of space tourism?
• Could technology improve the way hazardous materials get transported?
• How can the 5.9 GHz Safety Band affect drivers?
• Which might be safer: self-driving cars or self-flying airplanes?
• Compare hyperloop and maglev Which is better and why?
• Can technology improve safety for cyclists?

Gaming technology topics

A recent study involving over 2000 children found links between video game play and enhanced cognitive abilities. While many different studies have found the impacts of video games to be positive or neutral, we still don’t fully understand the impact of every type of video game on every type of brain. Regardless, most people have opinions on video gaming. So this one’s for those seeking widely discussed, mainstream, and controversial technology topics.

• Are different types or genres of video games more cognitively beneficial than others? Or are certain gaming consoles more cognitively beneficial than others?
• How do the impacts of video games differ from other types of games, such as board games or puzzles?
• What ethical challenges and safety risks come with virtual reality gaming?
• How does a player perceive reality during a virtual reality game compared to during other types of video games?
• Can neurodivergent brains benefit from video games in different ways than neurotypical brains?

Medical technology 

Advancements in healthcare have the power to change and save lives. In the last ten years, countless new medical technologies have been developed, and in the next ten years, countless more will likely emerge. Always relevant and often controversial, this final technology research topic could interest anyone.

• Which ethical issues might arise from editing genes using CRISPR-Cas9 technology? And should this technology continue to be illegal in the United States?
• How has telemedicine impacted patients and the healthcare they receive?
• Can neurotechnology devices potentially affect a user’s agency, identity, privacy, and/or cognitive liberty?
• How could the use of medical 3-D printing continue to evolve?
• Are patients more likely to skip digital therapeutics than in-person therapeutic methods? And can the increased screen-time required by digital therapeutics impact mental health

What do you do next?

Now that you’ve picked from this list of technology essay topics, you can do a deep dive and immerse yourself in new ideas, new information, and new perspectives. And of course, now that these topics have motivated you to change the world, look into the best computer science schools , the top feeders to tech and Silicon Valley , the best summer programs for STEM students , and the best biomedical engineering schools .

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A NOVEL APPROACH FOR SEMANTIC WEB APPLICATION IN ONLINE EDUCATION BASED ON STEGANOGRAPHY

Semantic Web technology is not new as most of us contemplate; it has evolved over the years. Linked Data web terminology is the name set recently to the Semantic Web. Semantic Web is a continuation of Web 2.0 and it is to replace existing technologies. It is built on Natural Language processing and provides solutions to most of the prevailing issues. Web 3.0 is the version of Semantic Web caters to the information needs of half of the population on earth. This paper links two important current concerns, the security of information and enforced online education due to COVID-19 with Semantic Web. The Steganography requirement for the Semantic web is discussed elaborately, even though encryption is applied which is inadequate in providing protection. Web 2.0 issues concerning online education and semantic Web solutions have been discussed. An extensive literature survey has been conducted related to the architecture of Web 3.0, detailed history of online education, and Security architecture. Finally, Semantic Web is here to stay and data hiding along with encryption makes it robust.

Rule-based information extraction for mechanical-electrical-plumbing-specific semantic web

Cultural heritage storytelling, engagement and management in the era of big data and the semantic web.

Cultural heritage (CH) refers to a highly multidisciplinary research and application field, intending to collect, archive, and disseminate the traditions, monuments/artworks, and overall civilization legacies that have been preserved throughout the years of humankind [...]

Knowledge-based recommendation system using semantic web rules based on Learning styles for MOOCs

Digital cultural heritage standards: from silo to semantic web.

AbstractThis paper is a survey of standards being used in the domain of digital cultural heritage with focus on the Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) created by the Library of Congress in the United States of America. The process of digitization of cultural heritage requires silo breaking in a number of areas—one area is that of academic disciplines to enable the performance of rich interdisciplinary work. This lays the foundation for the emancipation of the second form of silo which are the silos of knowledge, both traditional and born digital, held in individual institutions, such as galleries, libraries, archives and museums. Disciplinary silo breaking is the key to unlocking these institutional knowledge silos. Interdisciplinary teams, such as developers and librarians, work together to make the data accessible as open data on the “semantic web”. Description logic is the area of mathematics which underpins many ontology building applications today. Creating these ontologies requires a human–machine symbiosis. Currently in the cultural heritage domain, the institutions’ role is that of provider of this  open data to the national aggregator which in turn can make the data available to the trans-European aggregator known as Europeana. Current ingests to the aggregators are in the form of machine readable cataloguing metadata which is limited in the richness it provides to disparate object descriptions. METS can provide this richness.

A multi-level semantic web for hard-to-specify domain concept, Pedestrian, in ML-based software

Raif-semantics: a robust automated interlinking framework for semantic web using mapreduce and multi-node data processing.

The era of the web has evolved and the industry strives to work better every day, the constant need for data to be accessible at a random moment is expanding, and with this expansion, the need to create a meaningful query technique in the web is a major concerns. To transmit meaningful data or rich semantics, machines/projects need to have the ability to reach the correct information and make adequate connections, this problem is addressed after the emergence of Web 3.0, the semantic web is developing and being collected an immense. Information to prepare, this passes the giant data management test, to provide an ideal result at any time needed. Accordingly, in this article, we present an ideal system for managing huge information using MapReduce structures that internally help an engine bring information using the strength of fair preparation using smaller map occupations and connection disclosure measures. Calculations for similarity can be challenging, this work performs five similarity detection algorithms and determines the time it takes to address the patterns that has to be a better choice in the calculation decision. The proposed framework is created using the most recent and widespread information design, that is, the JSON design, the HIVE query language to obtain and process the information planned according to the customer’s needs and calculations for the disclosure of the interface. Finally, the results on a web page is made available that helps a user stack json information and make connections somewhere in the range of dataset 1 and dataset 2. The results are examined in 2 different sets, the results show that the proposed approach helps to interconnect significantly faster; Regardless of how large the information is, the time it takes is not radically extended. The results demonstrate the interlinking of the dataset 1 and dataset 2 is most notable using LD and JW, the time required is ideal in both calculations, this paper has mechanized the method involved with interconnecting via a web page, where customers can merge two sets of data that should be associated and used.

Semantic City Planning Systems (SCPS): A Literature Review

This review focuses on recent research literature on the use of Semantic Web Technologies (SWT) in city planning. The review foregrounds representational, evaluative, projective, and synthetical meta-practices as constituent practices of city planning. We structure our review around these four meta-practices that we consider fundamental to those processes. We find that significant research exists in all four metapractices. Linking across domains by combining various methods of semantic knowledge generation, processing, and management is necessary to bridge gaps between these meta-practices and will enable future Semantic City Planning Systems.

Semantic Web Technologies for Internet of Things Semantic Interoperability

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Web Development Dissertation Topics – Based on Latest Technology Trends

Published by Owen Ingram at December 29th, 2022 , Revised On August 16, 2023

Web development is one of the most common research areas among students for information technology. A career in this field of web design and web development offers a lot of opportunities and is quite rewarding.

Many IT students choose to research a topic relating to web development, yet many frequently need help in selecting an appropriate topic to write their dissertation , and this is where our topic service and dissertation writing service come into the picture.

If you are an undergraduate, Master or PhD student, the distinctiveness of the topic should be your first consideration. It would be best if you remembered that your paper must be entirely original as you write it. An issue that has previously been covered cannot be rewritten even though you could explore it from a different angle or a fresh perspective. 

So let’s take a look at the following web development topics and suggestions to see if any of the ideas motivate you.

Web Development Dissertation Topics & Ideas

• Bringing a 19th-century web gateway into the new millennium
• The best strategy to enhance and safeguard e-commerce
• A website that won’t crash even if several users login simultaneously
• How to increase the accessibility of a web portal while still selling all the extensive material
• A gadget with a speedier internet connection than other gadgets
• The following stage is correctly exploiting LTE connections in web development
• How to improve a website’s usability so visitors stay longer
• The efficient means of putting an end to online bullying
• Make social networking more appealing to encourage individuals to begin living online
• How to reconcile the real and virtual worlds
• A network that works well and is bug-free
• Creating a gateway that will enable new forms of interpersonal communication
• A tool that will assist a user in keeping their identity secure online
• A survey of website development technologies
• Analyze the online Russian web development market operating on up-work farming assistant web services
• Web accessibility for people with cognitive impairments: A study of the UK web development industry
• Web development and performance comparison between Node.js vs. Python Web development technologies. Evaluation of site categories based on the layout type
• Development of integrated access control for software product line engineering
• Web development learning multi-attribute decision-making model for ranking web development frameworks
• An intelligent system for making recommendations regarding web development education
• A fusion of machine learning and web development
• Modern web-building techniques for adaptable websites
• An assessment of web development frameworks and their performance
• Web application development technologies for automated dashboard analysis and design
• Using experiential and collaborative learning techniques to examine the effect of SEO techniques on web development

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Hundreds of different options may influence your thoughts, and you could start to find yourself completely clueless and directionless. To complete the dissertation that gets you a high academic grade, you must ensure that the topic is original and that you have enough material to support it.

If you are looking for help with your dissertation or thesis and whether you need a dissertation written in the UK or another country, you can hire a qualified writer online with ResearchProspect. Our team of professionals will come up with appealing web development dissertation topics for your convenience, and write a winning thesis paper on the selected title. 

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• Follow industry trends and emerging technologies.
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• Analyze open source projects and their impact.
• Consider performance optimization or mobile development.
• Consult professionals for real-world insights.
• Select a topic that aligns with your passion and career aspirations.

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Nurses provide daily clinical care based on evidence-based practice. They improve patient health outcomes by using evidence-based practice nursing. Take a look at why you should consider a career as an EBP nurse to contribute to the healthcare industry.

Need interesting and manageable Education dissertation topics or thesis? Here are the trending Education dissertation titles so you can choose the most suitable one.

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Semantic Web and Linked Data: Journals, Articles and Papers

Best practices, standards and metadata application profiles (maps), blogs, listservs and wikis, instructional resources, journals, articles and papers, semantic web services, semantic web tools, ontologies and frameworks, registries, portals, and authorities, vocabularies, wikiprojects, wikidata properties, wikidata/wikimedia tools, workshops and projects.

The Semantic Web encompasses the technology that connects data from different sources across the Web as envisioned by Tim Berners-Lee and led by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). This Web of Data enables the linking of data sets across data silos on the Web by providing for machine-to-machine communication through the use of Linked Data. This Guide provides descriptions and links to resources used to implement this technology.

The UCLA Semantic Web LibGuide was compiled and written by Rhonda Super. It began as a data page on Ms. Super's personal resource home page. Over a twenty year period, the Semantic Web resources listed on Rhonda's Resource Page developed into a stand alone LibGuide that served as a comprehensive resource for the Semantic Web and Linked Data community providing links to tools, best standards, instructional materials, use cases, vocabularies, and more.The Guide was updated continuously through August 2022 using the SpringShare LibGuide platform as customized by the UCLA Library. Many of its resources provide a historical look at the development of Linked Data.

Ms. Super holds a BA in English and Government and an MA in Communications from Ohio University. She earned her MLIS from San Jose State University with a concentration in archives, rare books, and academic libraries. She earned a Certificate in XML and RDF Systems from the Library Juice Academy. Ms. Super was awarded scholarships to attend the California Rare Book School where she studied Rare Books for Scholars and Archivists, Descriptive Bibliography, and History of the Book: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Ms. Super was employed by the UCLA Library from 2007 until her retirement in 2022.

The final iteration of the Guide is deposited in the University of California eScholarship Open Access repository so the Linked Data community can continue to use it as a resource.

If you cite resources from this Guide, please check the original resource for copyright and citation requirements.

Scroll down the page to access the topics listed below.

• Best Practices, Standards, and Metadata Application Profiles (MAPS)

Blogs, Listservs, and Wikis

Journals, articles, and papers.

• Wikidata Tools

About the Semantic Web

The Semantic Web provides for the ability to semantically link relationships between Web resources, real world resources, and concepts through the use of Linked Data enabled by Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF uses a simple subject-predicate-object statement known as a triple for its basic building block. This provides a much richer exploration of Web and real world resources than the Web of Documents to which we are accustomed.

LINKED OPEN DATA (LOD) CLOUD

About the LOD Cloud

The diagram on this page is a visualization of Linked Open Datasets published in the Linked Data format as of April, 2014. The large circle in the center is Dbpedia, the linked data version of Wikipedia. Click on the diagram to learn more about the diagram, licensed and open linked data, statistics about the datasets in the diagram, and the latest version of the LOD Cloud. As of June, 2018, you can view Sub-CLouds by subject area.

Linking Open Data cloud diagram 2014, by Max Schmachtenberg, Christian Bizer, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak.

5-Star Open Data Rules

5-Star Open Data

Click on the image of the mug and open the link to access more information.

• 5-Star Open Data Click here for an explanation of the costs and benefits of the 5-Star Open Data deployment scheme, and examples.
• Open Data Certificate Open Data Institute. Open Data Certificate is a free online tool to assess and recognize the sustainable publication of quality open data. The tool benchmarks data against standards covering legal, practical, technical and social requirements to support the trust in and use of sustainable data. A badge that can be embedded in a website is awarded a data publisher based on answers provided by the publisher to a questionnaire. The Certificate builds on standards such as opendefinition.org, 5* of Open Data, Sunlight principles, and DCAT.

Getty Vocabularies Documentation

For the Getty Vocabularies, please see the Registries, Portals, and Authorities page under Vocabularies, Ontologies & Frameworks.

Best Practices and Standards

Trust is a major component of the Semantic Web. This requires providing accurate information when publishing a Linked Data instance. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), comprised of an international community, develops Web standards and best practices. Additionally, authorities in subject disciplines establish, administer, and maintain standards in their disciplines which adhere to W3C best practices.

This page provides access to information regarding best practices and standards relevant to Semantic Web technology as developed by W3C and other authoritative bodies. For controlled vocabularies, ontologies, etc., please consult the Vocabularies, Ontologies & Fameworks page.

• ALCTS Standards Association for Library Collections & Technical Services (ALCTS). The ALCTS Standards is designed to be an aggregator providing a single place to find standards pertinent to the information industry. The guide is organized by topic.
• Best Practice Recipes for Publishing RDF Vocabularies Berrueta, Diego and Jon Phipps. (2008, Aug. 28). W3C. This document describes best practice recipes for publishing vocabularies or ontologies on the Web in RDF Schema or OWL. Each recipe introduces general principles and an example configuration for use with an Apache HTTP server which may be adapted to other environments.
• Best Practices for Recording Faceted Chronological Data in Bibliographic Records American Library Association Institutional Repositor Subcommittee on Faceted Vocabularies; Mullin, Casey; Anderson, Karen; Contursi, Lia; McGrath, Kelley; Prager, George; Schiff, Adam. (2020, June 19). This document describes best practices for encoding the date(s) of creation of works and expressions in bibliographic descriptions. The categories of dates, currently serviced by MARC 046 and 388 fields, covered by these practices are: date(s) of creation of individual works; date(s) of creation of the aggregated works in a compilation; date(s) of creation of aggregating works (compilations, anthologies, etc.); and date(s)of creation of expressions.
• Data on the Web Best Practices This W3C document provides best practices on a range of topics including data formats, data access, data identification and metadata by providing guidelines on how to represent, describe and make data available in a way that it will be easy to find and to understand. The document provides a series of best practices. A template is used to show the "what", "why" and "how" of each best practice.
• Generating RDF from Tabular Data on the Web W3C. (2015, December 15). This document describes the process of converting tabular data to create RDF subject-predicate-object triples which may be serialized in a concrete RDF syntax such as N-Triples, Turtle, RDFa, JSON-LD, or TriG.
• Guidelines for Collecting Metadata on Linked Datasets in the datahub.io Data Catalog This page explains how data publishers describe datasets they want included in the DataHub (aka LOD Cloud), a registry of open data and content packages maintained by the Open Knowledge Foundation. The page also provides access to a validator that tests whether a data set fulfills the requirements for inclusion in the LOD Cloud.
• Library of Congress (LC) Metadata This page provides links to the LC Linked Data Service metadata structure standards including Metadata Authority Description Schema in RDF (MADS/RDF), Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS), Web Ontology Language (OWL), Resource Description Framework (RDF), RDF Schema (RDFS), Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Metadata Terms, and SemWeb Vocab Status ontology. There is also an explanation of the relationship between LC authorities and vocabularies and SKOS.
• Linked Data Platform Best Practices and Guidelines This W3C document provides best practices and guidelines for implementing Linked Data Platform [LDP] servers and clients. It also provides links to associated W3C documents.
• PCC Task Group on URIs in MARC Year One Report Bremer, Robert, Folsom,Steven, Frank, Paul, et al. (2016, October 6). This Program for Cooperative Cataloging report discusses the issues associated with setting standards for provisioning URIs in MARC in transitioning from MARC to linked data. Some of the issues include repeatability, pairing, ambiguous relationships, the significance of the ordinal sequence, and identifying a potential field and/or indicator/subfield to record an identifier representing a work.
• Wikipedia: Authority Control Wikipedia. This page describes the editing community's consensus with regard to authority control in Wikipedia articles. It describes how authority control is used in Wikipedia articles to link to corresponding entries in library catalogs of national libraries and other authority files all over the world. The page also provides instruction for using the Wikipedia template to add authority control identifiers to articles.

Additional Resources about Standards

• Using the W3C Generating RDF from Tabular Data on the Web Recommendation to manage small Wikidata datasets Baskauf, Steven J. and Baskauf Jessica K. (2021, June 6). This article discusses the W3c recommendation for generating RDF from tabular data.

Metadata Application Profiles (MAPs)

A metadata application profile (MAP) is a set of recorded decisions about a shared application or metadata service, whether it is a datastore, repository, management system, discovery indexing layer, or other, for a given community. MAPs declare what types of entities will be described and how they relate to each other (the model), what controlled vocabularies are used, what fields are required and which fields have a cap on the number of times they can be used, data types for string values, and guiding text/scope notes for consistent use of fields/properties.

A MAP may be a multipart specification, with human-readable and machine-readable aspects, sometimes in a single file, sometimes in multiple files (e.g., a human-readable file that may include input rules, a machine-readable vocabulary, and a validation schema).

The function of a MAP is to clarify the expectations of the metadata being ingested, processed, managed, and exposed by an application or service and document shared community models and standards, and note where implementations may diverge from community standards.

Cornell University Library. (2018, October 23).CUL Metadata Application Profiles. Downloaded January , 2020, from

Library of Congress. (2019, April 30). PCC Task Group on Metadata Application Profiles. Downloaded July 19, 2022 from https://confluence.cornell.edu/display/mwgweb/CUL+Metadata+Application+Profiles

• BIBCO Standard Record (BSR) RDA Metadata Application Profile Library of Congress, Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC). (2017, September 6). The BSR is a model for bibliographic monographic records using a single encoding level (Ldr/17=‘blank’) in a shared database environment, and it follows RDA 0.6.4 in its approach to core. The BSR establishes a baseline set of elements that emphasize access points over descriptive data, while not precluding the use of any data representing a more extensive cataloging treatment. The BSR MAP consists of a combination of RDA Core, RDA Core if, PCC Core, and PCC recommended elements applicable to archival materials, audio recordings, cartographic resources, electronic resources, graphic materials, moving images, notated music, rare materials, and textual monographs. Digital formats, digital reproductions, and authority records are also covered.
• BIBFRAME Profiles: Introduction and Specification Library of Congress. (2014, May 5). This document describes how BIBFRAME Profiles are created, maintained and used. It describes an information model and reference serialization to support a means for identifying and describing structural constraints addressing functional requirements, domain models, guidelines on syntax and usage, and possibly data formats.
• CONSER Standard Record (CSR) RDA Metadata Application Profile Library of Congress, Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC). (2020, January 21). The CSR is a model for serial descriptive records using a single encoding level (Ldr/17=‘blank’) in a shared database environment, and it follows RDA 0.6.4 in its approach to the concept of core. The CSR establishes a baseline set of elements that emphasize access points over descriptive data while not precluding the use of any data representing a more extensive cataloging treatment. The CSR consists of a combination of RDA Core, RDA Core if, PCC Core, and PCC Recommended elements applicable to textual serials in various formats. Instructions for rare serials and authority records are included.
• CUL Metadata Application Profiles Cornell University Library Metadata Application Profiles. This page provides an overview and documentation of Cornell University Library's use of metadata application profiles (MAPs). The page offers a definition and explains the role of MAPs in an application or metadata service, and gives examples. A wealth of information regarding documentation for training, MAPS used at CUL, and the CUL metadata ecosystem is provided.
• DLF AIG Metadata Application Profile Clearinghouse Project Digital Library Federation (DLF), Assessment Interest Group (AIG) Metadata Working Group. The mission of this project is to provide a hub and repository for collecting application profiles, mappings, and related specifications that aid or guide descriptive metadata conventions for digital repository collections to be shared with peers in the metadata community. The initial focus is on digital repository descriptive metadata documentation and specifications.
• Digital Public Library (DPLA) Metadata Application Profile DPLA MAP Working Group. (2017, December 7). Version 5. This is the technical specification of the DPLA's Metadata Application Profile and provides a list of classes and properties used. Links to other useful documentation include an introduction to the profile, geographic and temporal guidelines, metadata quality guidelines, and rights statements guidelines.
• Dublin Core Application Profiles (Guidelines for ) This document provides a framework for designing a Dublin Core Application Profile (DCAP), and more generally, a good blueprint for implementing a generic model for metadata records. A DCAP can use any terms that are defined on the basis of RDF, combining terms from multiple namespaces as needed.
• Dublin Core Collection Description Application Profile Dublin Core Collection Description Task Group. (2007, March 9). This document presents full details of the Dublin Core application profile using Dublin Core properties for describing a collection, a catalogue, or an index.
• IFLA Library Reference Model (IFLA LRM) International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA). (2017, December). IFLA LRM is a high-level conceptual reference model developed within an enhanced entity-relationship modelling framework for bibliographic data. The model aims to make explicit general principles governing the logical structure of bibliographic information, without making presuppositions about how that data might be stored in any particular system or application. Distinctions between data traditionally stored in bibliographic or holdings records and data traditionally stored in name or subject authority records are not made.
• PCC Task Group on Metadata Application Profiles Library of Congress, Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC). April 30, 2019. This page outlines the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC)’s Task Group on Metadata Application Profiles charge to help PCC understand issues and practices associated with the management of MAPs and to help develop the expertise needed within PCC to work with MAPs. The charge includes defining MAPs in the PCC context, performing an environmental scan of current work in this space, determining what shareable application profiles means in the PCC context, collaborating with LDRP2 profiles groups, monitoring ongoing LDRP2 PCC Cohort discussions, and recommending actions for a plan to create and maintain profiles that meet stated use cases for application profiles.
• BIBFLOW BIBFLOW is a two-year project of the UC Davis University Library and Zepheira, funded by IMLS. Its official title is “Reinventing Cataloging: Models for the Future of Library Operations.” BIBFLOW’s focus is on developing a roadmap for migrating essential library technical services workflows to a BIBFRAME / LOD ecosystem. This page collects the specific library workflows that BIBFLOW will test by developing systems to allow library staff to perform this work using LOD native tools and data stores. Interested stakeholders are invited to submit comments on the workflows developed and posted on this site. Information from comments will be used to adjust testing as the project progresses.
• CODE4LIB Wiki This is the Wiki for library computer programmers and library technologists. It provides information regarding software, conferences, topics, local & regional groups, and interest groups.
• DBPedia Blog DBpedia is an open, free, and comprehensive global knowledge base which is continuously extended and improved by putting into effect a quality-controlled and reliable fact extraction from Wikipedia and Wikidata. This blog provides information regarding DBpedia, tools, events, dataset releases, the the DBpedia ontology, and more.
• Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Wiki This MediaWiki for the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DMCI) provides information on DCMI's activities regarding work on architecture and modeling, discussions and collaborative work in DCMI Communities and DCMI Task Groups, annual conferences and workshops, standards liaison, and educational efforts to promote widespread acceptance of metadata standards and practices. Access the DCMI Handbook and LD4PE Linked Data Exploratorium.
• FRBR Open Comments This blog encourages transparency and invites comments regarding the continued development of the international library entity relationship model, the Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records (FRBR) and the FRBR-Library Reference Model (FRBR_LRM), a consolidation of the FRBR, FRAD and FRSAD conceptual models. Access an Executive Summary, and read or contribute to the General Comments or other areas of interest such as User tasks, Entities, User population considered, Entity-Relationship Diagrams, Modeling of Aggregates, and more.
• Hanging Together: The OCLC Research Blog Hanging Together is OCLC's research blog. It provides information about the types of projects and issues which OCLC is researching and with whom it is partnering. The blog covers a wide range of topics including Architecture and Standards, Digitization, Identifiers, Infrastructure, Linked Data, Metadata, Modeling New Services, and more.
• Schema Bib Extend Community Group This is the main Wiki page for the Schema Bib Extend Community Group, a W3C group formed to discuss and prepare proposal(s) for extending Schema.org schemas for the improved representation of bibliographic information markup and sharing. The Wiki provides links to the following topics: Recipes and Guidelines for those looking to adopt Schema.org for bibliographic data; Areas for Discussion; Use Cases; Scope; Object Types; Vocabulary Proposals; and Example Library.
• Schema blog This is the official schema.org blog.

Below is a list of books which provide a good introduction to the Semantic Web. Items whose titles are highlighted in blue link either to the UCLA Library record for that title if the tile is held by the library, or to an online copy if available. Use the Safari Books Online link to search for additional resources.

This page provides a short list of datasets and data portals. To explore the global network of datasets connected on the Web, click on the Linked Open Data Cloud on the home page.

• DataCite DataCite is a global non-profit organization that provides persistent identifiers (DOIs) for research data and other research outputs. Use it to locate, identify, and cite research data. DataCite provides several services including a global registry of research data repositories from a diverse range of academic disciplines and information about them (re3data.org), a citation formatter, content negotiation, a Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) service, and more.
• Data.gov This page provides access to the datasets in the United States open government data catalog. Data are provided by hundreds of organizations and Federal agencies. It provides an online repository of policies, tools, case studies, and other resources to support data governance, management, exchange, and use throughout the federal government.
• Data Hub - Linking Open Data Cloud This Data Hub group catalogs data sets that are available on the Web as Linked Data and contain data links pointing at other Linked Data sets. A search option for the datasets is available. The descriptions of the data sets in this group are used to generate the Linking Open Data Cloud diagram at regular intervals. The descriptions are also used generate the statistics provided in the State of the LOD Cloud document. The descriptions are also used generate the statistics provided in the State of the LOD Cloud document.
• Data Portals DataPortals.org is a comprehensive list of government and NGO open data portals across the world. It is curated by a group of leading open data experts from around the world, including representatives from local, regional and national governments, international organizations such as the World Bank, and numerous NGOs.
• DBpedia DBpedia is a crowd-sourced community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and make this information available on the Web. DBpedia provides the ability for sophisticated queries against Wikipedia, and to link the different data sets on the Web to Wikipedia data.
• EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset Geodesy Subcommittee of the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP). The EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset is a structured dataset of Coordinate Reference Systems and Coordinate Transformations. It can be accessed through an online registry or downloaded as zip files. Geographic coverage is worldwide, but it is does not record all possible geodetic parameters in use around the world. The dataset is maintained by the IOGP's Geomatics Committee.
• Europeana Europeana provides access to European cultural heritage material from institutions across Europe. Discover artworks, books, music, and videos on art, newspapers, archaeology, fashion, science, sport, and much more.
• GOKb GOKb (Global Open Knowledge base) is an an open data repository to describe electronic journals and books, publisher packages, and platforms for use in a library environment. It includes tracking changes over time, including publisher take-overs and bibliographic changes.
• Linked Open Data Cloud lod-cloud.net. This is the home of the LOD Cloud diagram. It is a dataset of datasets published in Linkded Data format contained in the LOD Cloud. Datasets contained in the Cloud should follow the Linked Data principles listed on the site's About page. Subject areas have been broken into Subclouds for easier use.
• List of online music databases Wikipedia. (2021, April 19). This page lists music domain datasets covering sheet music, reviews, artists, labels, a heavy metal encyclopedia, audio samples, a database of Arabic and Middle Eastern music artists, tracks, and albums, biographies and discographies, audio based music recognition and provision of song lyrics, and more.
• Resources.data.gov This repository of Federal enterprise data resources provides links to policies, tools, case studies, and other resources to support Federal government data governance, management, exchange, and use.
• WordNet WordNet® is a lexical database of English useful for computational linguistics and natural language processing. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are grouped into sets of cognitive synonyms (synsets). Synsets are interlinked by means of conceptual-semantic and lexical relations. The resulting network of meaningfully related words and concepts can be navigated with the browser. The dataset is available for downloading. Unfortunately, due to staffing, updates have been suspended.

There are many resources available to help you learn about the Semantic Web and Linked Data. This page provides access to a few instructional resources on topics relating to Linked Data in a variety of formats. See the SPARQL page for SPARQL related instructional resources.

• BIBFRAME Manual Library of Congress. (2019). This is the Library of Congress training manual for the BIBFRAME Editor and BIBFRAME Database.
• BIBFRAME Training at the Library of Congress The Library of Congress is providing training for participants in the BibFrame Pilot which is testing bibliographic description in multiple formats and in multiple languages. This website provides access to the three training modules: 1) Introduction to the Semantic Web and Linked Data; 2) Introduction to the BibFrame Tools; and 3) Using the BibFrame Editor. There is a PowerPoint presentation and quiz for each module, and some modules have additional resources.
• Catalogers Learning Workshop (CLW) Library of Congress. This page links to Library of Congress training materials for topics such as Library of Congress Subject Headings, RDA: Resource Description & Access; BIBFRAME training at the Library of Congress; BIBFRAME Webcasts and Presentations; and other training resources.
• Competency Index for Linked Data (CI) LD4PE. The Competency Index for Linked Data (CI) is an initiative of Exploring Linked Data, a Linked Data for Professional Educators (LD4PE) project. The web site supports the structured discovery of learning resources for Linked Data available online by open educational resource (OER) and commercial providers. The site indexes learning resources within a framework according to specific competencies, skills, and knowledge they address. Tutorials are available for such topics as Fundamental of Resource Description Framework (RDF), Fundamentals of Linked Data, RDF Vocabularies and Application Profiles, Creating and Transforming Linked Data, Interacting with RDF data, and Creating Linked Data applications. LD4PE is administered under the jurisdiction of the DCMI Education & Outreach Committee and is funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS).
• Free Your Metadata This site, geared for libraries, archives, and museums, enables the matching of metadata with controlled vocabularies connected to the Linked Data cloud and the enriching of unstructured description fields using the named entity extraction tool OpenRefine extension. Learn how to check for errors and correct them, and publish metadata in a sustainable way. The site also provides information on relevant publications.
• The language of languages Might, Matt. This article provides a brief explanation of grammars and common notations for grammars, such as Backus-Naur Form (BNF), Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF) and regular extensions to BNF. Grammars determine the structure of programming languages, protocol specifications, query languages, file formats, pattern languages, memory layouts, formal languages, config files, mark-up languages, formatting languages, and meta-languages. The Extended Backus-Naur Form notation is used to describe the essential BIBFRAME Profile syntax elements.
• Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space Tom Heath, Tom and Bizer, Christian. (2011). (1st edition). Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology, 1:1, 1-136. Morgan & Claypool. This overview of Linked Data principles and the Web of Data discusses patterns for publishing Linked Data and describes deployed Linked Data applications and their architecture. This book supersedes the publication, "How to Publish Linked Data on the Web," by Chris Bizer, Richard Cyganiak, and Tom Heath.
• Linked Data Tools This site has been created by professional developers to help the web community transition into Web 3.0, or the Semantic Web. The site provides tools and tutorials for learning how to begin using the semantic web.
• MarcEdit and OpenRefine Reese, Terry. (2016, January 16). This page describes how to export a MARC file for use in OpenRefine.
• MARCEdit You Tube Videos This page lists over 90 videos produced by Terry Reese providing instructions for using MARCEdit. Topics include "MarcEdit 101: I have a MARC record, now what?," "Installing MarcEdit natively on a Mac operating system," "Extract and Edit Subsets of Records in MarcEdit," "MarcEdit Task Automation Tool," and "MarcEdit RDA Helper."
• NCompass Live: Metadata Manipulations: Using MarcEdit and OpenRefine Nebraska Library Commission. (2015, June 24). This tutorial provides instruction for using OpenRefine and MARCEdit.
• NCompass Live: Metadata Manipulations: Using Marc Edit And Open Refine To Enhance Technical Services Workflows Nebraska Library Commission. (2015, June 24). This video shows how to use MARCEdit and OpenRefine to edit your catalog records more efficiently, transform your library data from one format to another, and detect misspellings and other inaccuracies in your metadata.
• Ontogenesis Lord, Phillip. (2012). This is an archived Knowledge Blog which provides access to descriptive, tutorial, and explanatory material about building, using, and maintaining ontologies, as well as the social processes and technology that support this. There are links to articles, many peer reviewed, and tutorials regarding a range of topics of interest for developers and users of ontologies.
• Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology Noy, Natalya F. and McGuiness, Deborah L. Stanford University. This guide discusses the reasons for developing an ontology and the methodology for creating an ontology based on declarative knowledge representation systems.
• OpenRefine Wiki External Resources This page lists tutorials and resources developed outside the OpenRefine wiki covering a wide range of topics and use cases, including general instruction, data clean up, geospatial metadata, spreadsheet transformations, and much more.
• Programming Historian Crymble, Adam, Fred Gibbs, Allison Hegel, Caleb McDaniel, Ian Milligan, Evan Taparata, and Jeri Wieringa, eds. (2016). The Programming Historian. 2nd ed. This blog provides peer-reviewed tutorials geared towards helping humanists learn a wide range of digital tools, techniques, and workflows to facilitate their research. Several of the tutorials are related to linked data. Other tutorials may be of interest to those generating or consuming data.
• RDFa with schema.org codelab: overview Scott, Dan. (2014, Dec.1). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Using detailed instructions and examples, this page walks through the process of using schema.org to enhance library web pages so that they contain structured data using the schema.org vocabulary and RDFa attributes.
• Semantic Web Data at the University of Washington Libraries Cataloging and Metadata Services, University of Washington. This webpage links to a wide range of useful resources and guidelines for working with Linked Data in a University setting. The project was developed by the Institute of Museum and Library Services.
• What Can We Do About Our Legacy Data? Hillmann, Diane. (2015). This is Diane Hillmann's presentation given at the 2015 American Library Association Conference raising questions about moving library data onto the Semantic Web. Posted to SlideShare on June 29, 2015.
• XPath Tutorial This W3schools page provides an introductory tutorial for XPath, a language for finding information in an XML document.
• Bulletin of the Association for Information Science and Technology Association for Information Science and Technology. Silver Spring, Maryland. [2013-]
• Cataloging & Classification Quarterly Haworth Press. Binghamton, NY. (1981)- ISSN: 1544-4554. The journal covers the full spectrum of creation, content, management, use, and usability of bibliographic records, including the principles, functions, and techniques of descriptive cataloging. The range of methods of subject analysis and classification, provision of access for all formats of materials, and policies, planning, and issues connected to the effective use of bibliographic data in modern society are also focuses of this journal.
• The Code{4}Lib Journal Code{4}Lib Journal, Chapil HIll, N.C.. (2007-). ISSN: 1940-5758The focus of this journal is to provide the library community with information regarding technology tools for managing information in libraries.
• International Journal of Web & Semantic Technology Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC). (2010 - .) ISSN: 0975-9026; EISSN: 0975-9026. This journal focuses on theory, methodology, and applications of web and semantic technology.
• Journal of library metadata Haworth Press. New York, NY. (2008 - ). SSN : 1937-5034; ISSN : 1938-6389. The metadata that describes library resources is becoming more critical for digital resource management and discovery. This journal covers application profiles, best practices, controlled vocabularies, cross walking of metadata and interoperability, digital libraries and metadata, federated repositories and searching, folksonomies, individual metadata schemes, institutional repository metadata, metadata content standards, resource description framework, SKOS, topic maps, and more.
• Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology Association for Information Science and Technology. Wiley Blackwell. Hoboken, NJ. (2014). This journal publishes original research that focuses on the production, discovery, recording, storage, representation, retrieval, presentation, manipulation, dissemination, use, and evaluation of information and on the tools and techniques associated with these processes.
• Library Technology Reports American library Association, Chicago, Ill. (2009 - ). Library Technology Reports focuses on the application of technology to library services, including evaluative descriptions of specific products or product classes and covers emerging technology. The journal is sunsetting December, 2022 and will be available for single-issue sales only.
• Web Semantics : Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web Elsevier Science. Amsterdam; New York. (2004)- ISSN: 1873-7749; ISSN : 1570-8268. This journal covers all aspects of Semantic Web development including topics such as knowledge technologies, ontology, agents, databases and the semantic grid. It also focuses on disciplines such as information retrieval, language technology, human-computer interaction and knowledge discovery.

Articles and Papers

• Addressing the Challenges with Organizational Identifiers and ISNI Smith-Yoshimura, Karen, Gatenby, Janifer, Agnew,Grace, Brown,Christopher, Byrne, Kate, Carruthers,Matt, Fletcher, Peter, Hearn, Stephen, Li, Xiaoli, Muilwijk, Marina, Naun, Chew Chiat, Riemer, John, Sadler, Roderick, Wang, Jing, Wiley, Glen, and Willey, Kayla. (2016). Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Research. This paper discusses a model for using unique identifiers that are resolvable globally over networks via a specific protocol to provide the means to find and identify an organization accurately and to define the relationships among its sub-units and with other organizations.
• A Division of Labor: The Role of Schema.org in a Semantic Web Model of Library Resources Godby, Carol Jean. (2017). This article describes experiments with Schema.org conducted by OCLC as a foundation for a linked data model for library resources, and why Schema.org was the vocabulary considered in designing the next generation standards for library data.
• Creating Organization Name Authority within an Electronic Resources Management System Blake, K., & Samples, J. (2009) Library Resources & Technical Services, 53(2), 94-107. To access the linked data project associated with this article, click on Organization Name Linked Data on our Use Cases Page.
• Creating Value with Identifiers in an Open Data World Open Data Institute and Thomson Reuters. (2014) Creating Value with Identifiers in an Open Data World. Retrieved from http://thomsonreuters.com/site/data-identifiers. This joint effort between Thomson Reuters and the Open Data Institute serves as a guide for how identifiers can create value by empowering linked data for publishing and discovery.
• The Global Open Knowledgebase (GOKb): open linked data supporting electronic resources management and scholarly communication Antelman ,Kristin and Wilson, Kristen. (2015). DOI: http://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.217. CC BY 3.0 License. Kristen Wilson Global Open Knowledgebase is an open data repository of information related to e-resources as they are acquired and managed in a library environment. This article describes how the GOKb model was developed to track this information.
• Hello BIBFRAME2.0: Changes from 1.0 and Possible Directions for the Future Kroeger, Angela. J. (2016, October 20). Criss Library Faculty Proceedings & Presentations. 65. This presentation introduces the basics and history of the BIBFRAME model, and its relationship to RDF, FRBR, and RDA. It covers core classes, editors, mixing metadata, holdings, approaches, PREMIS, changes from BIBFRAME1.0, and more.
• Introducing the FRBR Library Reference Model Riva, Pat, and Žumer, Maja. (2015). This paper serves as an introduction to the FRBR Library Reference Model which consolidates the FRBR, FRAD, and FRSAD models for bibliographic data, authority data, and subject authority data so that the model's definitions can be readily transferred to the IFLA FRBR namespace for use with linked open data applications.
• Linked Data in Libraries: A Case Study of Harvesting and Sharing Bibliographic Metadata with BIBFRAME Tharani, Karim. (2015). In "Information Technology and Libraries", 34(1). This paper illustrates and evaluates the Bibliographic Framework (BIBFRAME) as a means for harvesting and sharing bibliographic metadata over the web for libraries. With BIBFRAME disparate library metadata sources such as catalogs and digital collections can be harvested and integrated over the web.
• LTS and Linked Data: a position paper Naun,Chew Chiat , Kovari,Jason, and Folsom, Steven. (2015, Dec. 16). Prepared for Cornell University Library Technical Services (LTS), this paper explores reasons for adopting linked data techniques techniques for describing and managing library collections, and seeks to articulate a specific role for Library Technical Services within this linked data environment.
• Making Ontology Relationships Explicit in a Ontology Network Díaz, Alicia, Motz, Regina, and Rohrer, Edelweis. (2011). This paper formally defines the different relationships among networked ontologies and shows how they can be modeled as an ontology network in a case study of the health domain.
• RDA vocabularies for a twenty-first-century data environment Coyle, Karen. (2010). Library technology reports, v. 46, no. 2, p.5-39. Contents include Library Data in the Web World, Metadata Models of the World Wide Web, FRBR, the Domain Model, and RDA in RDF.
• The Relationship between BIBFRAME and OCLC’s Linked-Data Model of Bibliographic Description: A Working Paper Godby, Carol Jean. (2013, June). Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Research. This paper describes a proposed alignment between BIBFRAME and an OCLC model using Schema Bib Extend extensions to enhance Schema.org for use with the description of library resources.
• Sharing Research Data and Intellectual Property Law: A Primer Carroll. Michael W. (2015) PLoS Biol 13(8): e1002235. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002235. This article explains how to work through the general intellectual property and contractual issues for all research data.
• Towards Identity in Linked Data McCusker, James P. and McGuinness, Deborah L. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. This paper poses problems with and solutions for using owl:sameAs for linking datasets when dealing with provenance, context, and imperfect representations in Linked Data. The paper uses examples of merging provenance in biomedical applications.
• Understanding Metadata Riley, Jenn. National Information Standards Organization (NISO). This primer serves as a guidance for using data and covers developments in metadata, new tools, best practices, and available resources.
• Web-Scale Querying through Linked Data Fragments Verborgh, Ruben, Vander Sande, Miel, Colpaert, Pieter, Coppens, Sam, Mannens, Erik, Van de Walle, Rik. (2014). This paper explains the core concepts behind Linked Data Fragments, a method that allows efficient linked data query execution from servers to clients through a lightweight partitioning strategy.
• When owl:sameAs Isn’t the Same: An Analysis of Identity in Linked Data Halpin, Harry, Hayes, Patrick J., McCusker, James P., McGuinness, Deborah L., and Thompson, Henry S. (2010). Patel-Schneider, P. F. et al. (Eds.): ISWC 2010, Part I, LNCS 6496, pp. 305–320, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. This document discusses how owl:sameAs is being used and misused on the Web of data, particularly with regards to interactions with inference. The authors describe how referentially opaque contexts that do not allow inference exist, and outline some varieties of referentially-opaque alternatives to owl:sameAs.

This page lists Semantic Web services which are of interest to information specialists, libraries, museums, and cultural organizations.

• Library.Link Network Library.Link Network is a service which transforms data from library resources into searchable resources on the Web using Linked Data.
• Library of Congress Linked Data Service This is the portal for all of the Library of Congress' Linked Data Vocabularies and Authorities, including without limitation, LC Subject Headings, Name Authority File, MARC Relators, LC Classification, LC Children's Subject Headings, LC Genre/Form Terms, ISO Languages, Cultural Organizations, Content Types, to name a few.
• Share-VDE Share-VDE (SVDE) is a discovery interface offering an intuitive delivery service of wide-ranging and detailed search results to library patrons. Library catalogues of participating institutions are converted from MARC to Resource Description Framework (RDF) using the BIBFRAME vocabulary and other ontologies to form clusters of entities. The network of resources created is published as linked data. A common knowledge base of clusters is compiled in a Cluster Knowledge Base named Sapientia. Participating libraries handle their own data as independently as possible and receive their original records converted into linked data. The SVDE infrastructure is built on the LOD Platform.
• VIAF: The Virtual International Authority File VIAF links and matches multiple name authority files from global resources into a single OCLC-hosted name authority service increasing the utility of library authority files and making them available on the Web.
• WorldCat Entities OCLC. (2022). This OCLC service provides the ability to search WorldCat Entities for persons and works. Browse through different languages and explore the way each entity links to other external vocabularies and authority.

Semantic Web technology uses an array of tools. This page lists conversion tools, data management tools, glossaries, ontology & vocabulary building platforms, Semantic Web browsers, validators, XML editors, and XPath tools.

• W3C Semantic Web Tools This Wiki lists an array of tools for developing Semantic Web applications compiled by the W3C, including development environments, editors, libraries or modules for various programming languages, specialized browsers, and more.

Assessment Tools

• DLF AIG MWG Metadata Assessment Toolkit The Digital Library Federation (DLF) Assessment Interest Group (AIG) Metadata Working Group (MWG) aka DLF Metadata Assessment Working Group. The toolkit is a great resource for assessment information and tools and covers a review of the literature, tools, and organizations concerning metadata assessment, quality, and best practices. The site provides a list of metadata assessment tools, and a collection of application profiles, mappings, code and best practices provided by several institutions.
• LODQuator LODQuator is a data portal built on the Luzzu Quality Assessment Framework for ranking and filtering Linked Open Data Cloud datasets. It provides the ability to search datasets based on their quality using over a dozen metrics which are listed on the site.
• Luzzu Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) at Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems (IAIS), University of Bonn. Luzzu is a quality assessment framework for Linked Data Open datasets based on the Dataset Quality Ontology (daQ). It assesses Linked Data quality using user-provided domain specific quality metrics in a scalable manner, provides query enabled quality metadata on assessed datasets, and assembles detailed quality reports on assessed datasets.

Authority Tools

• Authority toolkit: create and modify authority records Strawn, Gary L. (2016, June 30). Northwestern University. Evanston, IL USA. This document describes how the Authority Toolkit can be used to create a new authority record from an access field in a bibliographic record. Use the tool to help you enhance the preliminary authority record, enhance an existing authority record, or extract one identity from an undifferentiated personal name authority record and then enhance the preliminary authority record for the extracted identity. The tool can be used to extract information from sources such as VIAF, Wikidata, Wikipedia, and the CERL thesaurus into authority records.

BIBFRAME Tools

• BIBFRAME Comparison Tool This tool provides for the side-by-side conversion of MARCXML records from the Library of Congress database to BIBFRAME2 using a LCCN or record number. Records can be serialized in Turtle or RDF XML.
• Bibliographic Framework Initiative Library of Congress. The Bibliographic Framework Initiative is the replacement for MARC developed by the Library of Congress and is investigating all aspects of bibliographic description, data creation, and data exchange. More broadly the initiative includes accommodating different content models and cataloging rules, exploring new methods of data entry, and evaluating current exchange protocols.This page provides access to the BIBFRAME 2.0 model, vocabulary, extension list view, and MARC 21 to BIBFRAME conversion tools. The BIBFRAME Implementation Register can be accessed here.
• marc2bibframe2 This tool, available on GitHub, uses an XSLT 1.0 application to covert MARCXML to RDF/XML, using the BIBFRAME 2.0 and MADSRDF ontologies. Information regarding integration of the application with Metaproxy is also available.
• MARC 21 to BIBFRAME 2.0 Conversion Specifications These specifications were developed to support a pilot in the use of BIBFRAME 2.0 at the Library of Congress. They specify the conversion of MARC Bibliographic records to BIBFRAME Work, Instance and Item descriptions, and MARC Authority records for titles and name/titles to BIBFRAME Work descriptions. The specifications were written from rom the perspective of MARC so that each element in MARC would at least be considered, even if not converted. The specifications are presented in MS Excel files with explanatory specifications in MS Word.
• Sinopia Sinopia is an implementation of the Library of Congress BIBFRAME Editor and Profile Editor.

Conversion Tools

• Freeformatter JSON to XML Converter This tool converts a JSON file into an XML file. The converter uses rules to make allowances for XML using different item types that do not have an equivalent JSON representation.
• Freeformatter XML to JSON Converter This tool converts an XML file into a JSON file. The converter uses rules to make allowances for XML using different item types that do not have an equivalent JSON representation.
• OxGarage OxGarage is a web, RESTful conversion service developed by the University of Oxford IT Services. The majority of transformations use the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) format as a pivot format, and many other formats are supported, including TEI to Word and Word to TEI. Give the page a moment to load. Choose a format from a menu of Documents, Presentations, or Spreadsheets to convert to a format from a list provided for each menu option.
• Pandoc Pandoc converts documents in markdown, reStructuredText, textile, HTML, DocBook, LaTeX, MediaWiki markup, TWiki markup, OPML, Emacs Org-Mode, Txt2Tags, Microsoft Word docx, LibreOffice ODT, EPUB, or Haddock markup to HTML formats, word processor formats, Ebooks, documentation formats, page layout formats, outline formats, TeX formats, PDF, lightweight markup formats, and custom formats.
• SearchFAST OCLC Research. SearchFast is a suite of tools for working with FAST headings. The tools include a converter to convert Library of Congress Subject Headings to FAST headings, searchFast, a search interface for the FAST database, and mapFast, a Google Maps mashup to provide map based access to bibliographic records using FAST geographic and event authorities. Other tools in the suite include FAST Linked Data, authorities formatted using schema.org and SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) that are linked to LCSH and other authorities such as VIAF, Wikipedia, and GeoNames, and assignFast, a web service that automates manual selection of FAST subjects.

Data Management Tools

• CKAN CKAN (Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network) is open-source data portal platform aimed at data publishers such as national and regional governments (including the U. S. government), companies and organizations wanting to make their data open and available. CKANs harvesting framework can be used to retrieve, normalize, and convert dataset metadata from multiple catalogs. It provides a catalog system, integration with third-party content management systems like Drupal and WordPress, data visualization and analytics, integrated data storage and full data API, and more. CKAN is maintained by the Open Knowledge Foundation which provides support and hosting.
• DataHub DataHub is a free data management platform from the Open Knowledge Foundation. It can be used to publish or register datasets as well as create and manage groups and communities. It is based on the CKAN data management system.
• The Dataverse Project A repository for research data that supports the sharing of open data and enables reproducible research.
• eXistdb eXistdb is a NoSQL XML and non-documents database which uses the XML Query Language (XQuery) for coding and indexing. It can work alongside oXygen. Users of eXistdb include the Office of the Historian, United States Department of State and the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre.
• Fedora Fedora (Flexible Extensible Digital Object Repository Architecture) is a modular, open source repository platform for the management and dissemination of digital content, including curating research data throughout the research life cycle from beginning through preservation in a RDF environment. Fedora is being used for digital collections, e-research, digital libraries, archives, digital preservation, institutional repositories, open access publishing, document management, digital asset management, and more.
• Jupyter Jupyter is an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents containing live code, equations, visualizations and narrative text. It can be used for data cleaning and transformation, numerical simulation, statistical modeling, data visualization, machine learning, and much more. Jupyter supports over 40 programming languages, including Python, R, Julia, and Scala.
• KriKri KriKri is a Ruby on Rails open source engine for metadata aggregation, enhancement, and quality control developed by the Digital Library of America (DPLA) released under the MIT License. It works with Heiðrún, DPLA's metadata ingestion system. Features include: harvesting metadata from OAI-PMH providers; creating RDF metadata models, with specific support for the DPLA Metadata Application Profile; enrichments for mapped metadata, including date parsing and normalization, stripping and splitting on punctuation; parsing metadata and mapping to RDF graphs using a Domain Specific Language; and more.
• OpenRefine OpenRefine (formerly Google Refine) is a tool for working with data. Use it to clean data, transform data from one format into another, extend data with web services, and link it to databases such as Wikidata.
• Samvera Samvera (previously, Hydra), is an open source digital asset management framework. The system uses Ruby gem building blocks allowing for customization. Samvera instances can be cloned and adapted to local needs. Bundled solutions requiring fewer local resources or cloud-based, hosted versions include Avalon, Hyrax, and Hyku.
• Wikibase Wikibase was developed for Wikidata as an open source collection of applications and libraries for creating and sharing structured data as linked data entities and their relationships. It consists of a set of extensions to the MediaWiki software for storing and managing data (Wikibase Repository) and for embedding data on other wikis (Wikibase Client). Wikibase provides an editing interface for creating, updating, merging, and deleting item and property entities.

Discovery Interfaces

• Blacklight Blacklight is in open source, discovery interface platform framework for searching an Apache Solr index. Blacklight MARC provides library catalog enhancements, Spotlight enables the creation of feature rich websites for digital collections, and Geoblacklight provides for the discovery and sharing of geospatial data. Search box, facet constraints, stable document urls, and more are customizable via Rails templating mechanisms. It accommodates heterogeneous data, allowing different information displays for different types of objects.
• Geany Geany is an open source text editor using the GTK+ toolkit with basic features of an integrated development environment (IDE). It supports many filetypes including C, Java, Java Script, PHP, HTML, CSS, Python, Perl, Pascal, Ruby, XML, SQL, and more. Features include syntax highlighting, code folding, symbol name auto-completion, auto-closing of XML and HTML tags, code navigation, build system to compile and execute your code, symbol lists, and a plug-in interface. Geany runs on every platform which is supported by the GTK libraries including Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, MacOS X, AIX v5.3, Solaris Express and Windows. Only the Windows port of Geany is missing some features.
• LIME Palmirani, Monica, Vitali, Fabio, and Cervone, Luca, et al. LIME is an open source, customizable web based editor for converting non-structured legal documents into XML. Currently, there are demo versions of LIME for three schema languages: AkomaNtoso; TEI; and LegalRuleML. LIME provides a linked outline view of the document and a contextual markup menu showing available elements. Click on the Demo tab at the top of the web site to choose a schema. LIME is under development at CIRSFID and the University of Bologna.
• MarcEdit MarcEdit is a free Marc editing tool. Use the tool to download a MARC record and transform it into an RDF/XML serialization of the record. The tool also can be used to perform MARC database maintenance. MarcEdit includes a tool for querying registered xslt crosswalks and downloading them for use with MarcEdit.
• Notepad ++ Notepad ++ is a free source code editor that runs in the MS Windows environment.
• oXygen oXygen is a licensed cross platform XML editor that works with all XML-based technologies including XML databases, XProc pipelines, and web services. oXygen XML Author comes with a configurable and extensible visual editing mode based on W3C CSS stylesheets with ready-to-use DITA, DocBook, TEI, XHTML, XSLT, and XQuery support.
• pymarc Python Software Foundation. (2019). pymarc is a python library for working with bibliographic data encoded in MARC21. It provides an API for reading, creating, and modifying MARC records.
• RDFa Play RDFa Play is a real-time RDFa 1.1 editor, data visualizer and debugger. Paste your HTML+RDFa code into the editor to view a preview page, a data visualization, and the raw data of your code.
• Dublin Core Generator This site provides three tools developed by Nick Steffel to generate Dublin Core code. The Simple Generator generates simple Dublin Core metadata using only the 15 main elements. Advanced Dublin Core metadata code using the more detailed qualified elements and encoding schemes can be generated using the Advanced Generator, and there is a generator for the xZINECOREx variation of Dublin Core.
• Glossary of Metadata Standards This glossary lists the most common metadata standards used in the cultural heritage community. Several of them are listed on our Vocabularies page, which you can access by clicking on Vocabularies, etc. in the menu on the left. A color version of the Seeing Standards poster is also shown on that page. A poster version of the glossary is also available.
• Glossary of Terms Relating to Thesauri and Other Forms of Structured Vocabulary Will, Leonard D. and Will, Sheena. (2013). This is an alphabetical list of terms associated with thesauri and structured vocabularies.
• Linked Data Glossary This is the W3C's glossary of Linked Data terms.

Ontology/Vocabulary Building Platforms and Tools

• Fluent Editor Fluent Editor is a tool for editing and manipulating complex ontologies that use Controlled Natural Language. A main feature is the usage of Controlled English as a knowledge modeling language. it prohibits one from entering any sentence that is grammatically or morphologically incorrect and actively helps the user during sentence writing. It is free for individual or academic use. Access to updates and information is given with registration.
• Neologism Neologism is an open source vocabulary publishing platform for creating and publishing vocabularies compatible with Linked Data principles. It supports the RDFS standard enabling you to create RDF classes and properties. It also supports a part of OWL. Neologism is written in PHP and built on the Drupal platform.
• NeOn NeOn is an open source multi-platform for the support of the ontology engineering life-cycle. The toolkit is based on the Eclipse platform and provides an extensive set of plug-ins covering a variety of ontology engineering activities, including Annotation and Documentation, Development, Human-Ontology Interaction, Knowledge Acquisition, Management, Modularization and Customization, Neon Plugins, Old Main Page, Ontology Dynamics, Ontology Evaluation, Ontology Matching, Reasoning and Inference, and Reuse. NeOn’s aim is to advance the state of the art in using ontologies for large-scale semantic applications in distributed organisations by improving the ability to handle multiple networked ontologies that exist in a particular context, are created collaboratively, and might be highly dynamic and constantly evolving.
• OOPS! (OntOlogy Pitfall Scanner!) OOPS! is an application used to detect common pitfalls when developing ontologies. Enter the URI or the RDF code of the ontology. Once the ontology is analyzed, a results list of pitfalls appear that can be expanded to display information regarding the pitfalls.
• Protégé Protégé is a free, open­source platform with a suite of tools to construct domain models and knowledge ­based applications with ontologies. Protégé Desktop is a feature rich ontology editing environment with full support for the OWL 2 Web Ontology Language,and direct in-memory connections to description logic reasoners like HermiT and Pellet. Protégé Desktop supports creation and editing of one or more ontologies in a single workspace via a completely customizable user interface. Visualization tools allow for interactive navigation of ontology relationships. It is W3C standards compliant and offers ontology refactoring support, direct interface to reasoners like HermiT and Pellet and is cross compatible with WebProtégé. Protégé provides an environment to create, upload, modify, and share ontologies for collaborative viewing and editing. Protégé was developed by the Stanford Center for Biomedical Inforamtics Research at the Stanford University School of Medicine. Download the desktop version or use the Web version from this site.
• VOWL: Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies This page provides access to three tools for visualizing ontologies: WebVOWL; QueryVOWL; and the Protégé plug-in, ProtégéVOWL. A link to the VOWL (Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies) specification and a Language Reference for QueryVOWL (Visual Query Language) for Linked Data is also provided.

Query Tools, Search Engines & Browser Add-ons

• Linked Data Fragments Use this tool to execute queries against live Linked Data on the Web in your browser. The tool supports federated querying.
• OpenLink Data Explorer Extension OpenLink Software. This web browser extension provides options for viewing Data Sources associated with Web Pages to explore the raw data and entity relationships that underlay the Web resources it processes. The extension enables Hypertext and Hyperdata traversal of Web data. The browser add-on is easy to install. It was first developed for use on most browsers, but with some browser updates, the add-on doesn't work. Try using it with Chrome. The browser provides filters for faceted searching and visualization options.
• OpenLink Structured Data Sniffer (OSDS) OpenLink Software. OpenLink Structured Data Sniffer is a browser extension for Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, and Vivaldi that reveals structured metadata embedded in HTML pages in notations including POSH (Plain Old Semantic HTML), Microdata, JSON-LD, RDF-Turtle, and RDFa. Buttons assist in navigating the Web, and it provides the ability to save extracted metadata or new annotations to the cloud or local storage.
• Metaproxy Index Data. Metaproxy is a proxy Z39.50/SRW/SRU front end server designed for integrating multiple back end databases into a single searchable resource. It also works in conjunction with Index Data’s library of gateways to access non-standard database servers. Index Data works with libraries, consortia, publishers, aggregators, technology vendors, and developers.
• Ontobee He Group. University of Michigan. Ontobee is a Linked Data server designed to facilitate ontology sharing, visualization, query, integration, and analysis. It dereferences term URIs to HTML web pages for user-friendly browsing and navigation and to RDF source code for Semantic Web applications.

Triple Store Tools

• Blazegraph Blazegraph is a scalable, high-performance graph database with support for Blueprints and RDF/SPARQL APIs. It supports up to 50 billion edges on a single machine. Blazegraph works in a Python environment. Wikimedia uses it to power their wikidata query service.
• Gruff Gruff is a free, downloadable graphical triple-store browser with a variety of tools for laying out cyclical graphs, displaying tables of properties, managing queries, and building queries as visual diagrams. Use gruff to display visual graphs of subsets of a store’s resources and their links and build a visual graph that displays a variety of the relationships in a triple-store. Gruff can also display tables of all properties of selected resources or generate tables with SPARQL queries, and resources in the tables can be added to the visual graph.
• Freeformatter JSON Validator This tool validates a JSON string against RFC 4627 (the application/json media type for JavaScript Object Notation) and against the JavaScript language specification. Configure the validator to be lenient or strict.
• Link Checker W3C. (2019). Use this validator to check issues with links, anchors and referenced objects in Web pages, CSS style sheets, or whole Web sites. Best results are achieved when the documents checked use Valid (X)HTML Markup and CSS.
• RDF Validation Service Use this tool to parse RDF/XML documents. A 3-tuple (triple) representation of the corresponding data model as well as an optional graphical visualization of the data model will be displayed.
• Structured Data Linter The Structured Data Linter was initiated by Stéphane Corlosquet and Gregg Kellogg. It is a tool to verify structured data present in HTML pages. The Linter provides snippet visualizations for schema.org and performs limited vocabulary validations for schema.org, Dublin Core Metadata Terms, Friend of a Friend (FOAF), GoodRelations, Facebook's Open Graph Protocol, Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities (SIOC), Facebook's Open Graph Protocol, Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS), and Data-Vocabulary.org.
• Toolz Online XML Validator Insert a fragment of an XML document into this tool to validate it.
• Yandex Yandex is a structured data Microformat validator for checking semantic markup. Check all the most common microformats: microdata, schema.org, microformats, OpenGraph and RDF by cutting and pasting the source code into the validator.

Visualization Tools

• D3 Data-Driven Documents is a JavaScript library for manipulating documents based on data using HTML, SVG and CSS. Using D3, data can be displayed in a vast array of visualization formats including, but not limited to Box Plots, Bubble Charts, Bullet Charts, Calendar Views, Chord Diagrams, Dendograms, Force-Directed Graphs, Chord Diagrams, Circle Packings, Population Pyramids, Steamgraphs, Sunbursts, Node-link Trees, Treemaps, Voronoi Diagrams, Collision Detections, Hierarchical Edge Bundlings, Word Cloud, and more.
• Visual Data Web The Visual Data Web provides links to visualization tools compatible with RDF and Linked Data on the Semantic Web, especially for average Web users with little to no knowledge about the underlying technologies. The site provides information regarding developments, related publications, and current activities to generate new ideas, methods, and tools to make the Data Web more accessible and visible.

XPath Tools

• eagle-i The eagle-i Software and ontology consists of six web applications: eagle-i Central Search and iPS Cell Search — for resource discovery and exploration; Institutional search — for a single repository search UI; Ontology Browser — for viewing the eagle-i ontology without any additional applications; SWEET (Semantic Web Entry & Editing Tool) — for manually entering and managing data in an eagle-i repository; RDF repository — for storing resource and provenance metadata as RDF triples; and SPARQLer — a SPARQL query entry point and workbench to query an eagle-i repository. These applications are served by the ETL (extract, transform, and load) toolkit — for batch entry of information to an eagle-i repository in an ontology-compliant manner and the Data management toolkit — for bulk data maintenance and migration. The open source software development platform offers integrated tools for JIRA bug tracking, Confluence Wiki, Bamboo continuous builds, Nexus download repository, project mailing lists, repository monitoring, and more.
• Freeformatter XPath Tester/Evaluator Use this tool to test XPath expressions/queries against an XML file. It supports most of the XPath functions (string(), number(), name(), string-length() etc.) and is not limit to working against nodes.
• Toolz XPath Tester/Evaluator Use this tool to run an XPATH statement against an XML fragment
• W3C XPath evalutation online Use this W3C tool yo check a XPath expression against XML.

Miscellaneous

• Keyword Planner The Google AdWords Keyword Planner is not a semantic web tool. While geared towards advertising, it can be a useful took to discover similar keywords for a topic. It is a free tool, but you will have to create an account.
• prefix.cc Enter a namespace prefix in this tool to find the full namespace for the prefix. The service also provides a reverse lookup option which finds a prefix for a given namespace URI.

Instructional Resources for Semantic Tools

• WebLearn This blog provides examples of using OpenRefine to clean MARC data. Stephen shares his experience working with MARC data while developing the Sir Louie Project, a project to improve the searching of library catalogues and the displaying availability information with a reading list on behalf of the British Library.

SPARQL serves as the search engine for RDF. It is a set of specifications recommended by W3C Recommendation that provide languages and protocols to query and manipulate RDF graph content on the Web or in an RDF triple store.

SPARQL Documentation

• SPARQL 1.1 Entailment Regimes Glimm, Birte, and Ogbuji, Chimezie, editors. (2013, March21). This document defines entailment regimes and specifies how they can be used to redefine the evaluation of basic graph patterns from a SPARQL query making use of SPARQL's extension point for basic graph pattern matching. Entailment regimes specify conditions that limit the number of entailments that contribute solutions for a basic graph pattern.
• SPARQL 1.1 Federated Query Seaborne, Andy, Polleres, Axel, Feigenbaum, Lee, and Williams, Gregory Todd. (2013, March 21). The SPARQL Federated Query extension is a specification which defines the syntax and semantics for using the SERVICE keyword to execute queries that merge data distributed over different SPARQL endpoints. It provides for the ability to direct a portion of a query to a particular SPARQL endpoint. Results are returned to the federated query processor and are combined with results from the rest of the query.
• SPARQL 1.1 Graph Store HTTP Protocol Ogbuji, Chimezie, editor. (2013, March 21). This document describes the use of HTTP for managing a collection of RDF graphs as an alternative to the SPARQL 1.1 Update protocol interface. For some clients or servers, HTTP may be easier to implement or work with, and this specification serves as a non-normative suggestion for HTTP operations on RDF graphs which are managed outside of a SPARQL 1.1 graph store.
• SPARQL 1.1 Overview W3C SPARQL Working Group. (2013, March 21).This document provides an introduction to a set of W3C specifications for querying and manipulating RDF graph content on the Web or in an RDF store. It gives a brief description of the eleven specifications that comprise SPARQL.
• SPARQL 1.1 Protocol Feigenbaum, Lee, Williams, Gregory Todd, Clark, Kendall Grant, Torres, Elias. (2013, March 21. The SPARQL 1.1 Protocol describes a means for conveying SPARQL queries and updates to a SPARQL processing service and returning the results via HTTP to the entity that requested them. It has been designed for compatibility with the SPARQL 1.1 Query Language [SPARQL] and with the SPARQL 1.1 Update Language for RDF. The intended use of this document is primarily intended for software developers implementing SPARQL query and update services and clients.
• SPARQL 1.1 Query Results CSV and TSV Formats Seaborne, Andy. (2013, March 21). This document describes the use of Comma Separated Values (CSV) and tab separated values (TSV ) for expressing SPARQL query results from SELECT queries. CSV and TSV are formats for the transmission of tabular data, particularly spreadsheets.
• SPARQL 1.1 Query Results JSON Format Clark, Kendall Grant, Feigenbaum, Lee, Torres,Elias. (2013, March 21). SPARQL is a set of standards which defines several Query Result Forms used to query and update RDF data, along with ways to access such data over the web. This document defines the representation of SELECT and ASK query results using JSON.
• SPARQL Query Results XML Format (Second Edition) Beckett, Dave, and Broekstra, Jeen. (2013, March 21). SPARQL is a set of standards which defines several Query Result Forms used to query and update RDF data, along with ways to access such data over the web. This document defines the SPARQL Results Document that encodes variable binding query results from SELECT queries and boolean query results from ASK queries in XML.
• SPARQL 1.1 Query Language Harris, Steve, Seaborne, Andy. (2013, March 21). This document defines the syntax and semantics of the SPARQL query language for RDF, a directed, labeled graph data format for representing information in the Web. SPARQL is used to express queries across data sources, whether the data is stored natively as RDF or viewed as RDF via middleware. SPARQL supports querying required and optional graph patterns along with their conjunctions and disjunctions, aggregation, subqueries, negation, creating values by expressions, extensible value testing, and constraining queries by source RDF graph. Results of SPARQL queries can be result sets or RDF graphs.
• SPARQL 1.1 Service Description Williams, Gregory Todd. (2013, March 21). A SPARQL service description lists the features of a SPARQL service made available via the SPARQL Protocol for RDF. This document describes how to discover a service description from a specific SPARQL service and an RDF schema for encoding such descriptions in RDF.
• SPARQL 1.1 Update Gearon, Paula, Passant, Alexandre, and Polleres, Axel. (2013, March 21). SPARQL 1.1 Update is a language used to update RDF graphs using a syntax derived from the SPARQL Query Language for RDF. Operations are provided to update, create, and remove RDF graphs in a Graph Store.

GeoSpatial SPARQL

In addition to the W3c SPARQL documents, there is documentation for a Geospatial SPARQL query language.

• OGC GeoSPARQL - A Geographic Query Language for RDF Data Matthew Perry, Matthew, and Herring, John, editors. (2012, September 10). Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). This OGC standard defines a vocabulary for representing geospatial data in RDF. It also defines an extension to the SPARQL query language for processing geospatial data. The GeoSPARQL query language is designed to accommodate systems based on qualitative spatial reasoning and systems based on quantitative spatial computations.

SPARQL Endpoints

This box provides links to some SPARQL endpoints that are useful for researchers, and are good examples of datasets to practice using SPARQL queries. The Europeana dataset is used in the SPARQL for humanists tutorial on the left.

• Europeana SPARQL API Use this API to explore connections between Europeana data and outside data sources, like VIAF, Iconclass, Getty Vocabularies (AAT), Geonames, Wikidata, and DBPedia.

SPARQL Tools

This box contains SPARQL tools.

• Apache Jena Fuseki2 Apache Jena Fuseki is a SPARQL server. It has the capability to run as a operating system service, as a Java web application (WAR file), and as a standalone server. It provides SPARQL 1.1 protocols for query, update and the SPARQL Graph Store. Fuseki can be configured with TDB to provide a transactional persistent storage layer, and incorporates Jena text query and Jena spatial query.
• Pubby Bizer, Christian, and Cyganiak, Rhichard. Freie Universität Berlin. Pubby adds Linked Data interfaces to SPARQL endpoints. It can turn a SPARQL endpoint into a Linked Data server, and is implemented as a Java web application. Features include providing dereferenceable URIs by rewriting URIs found in the SPARQL-exposed dataset into the Pubby server's namespace, providing an HTML interface showing the data available about each resource, handling 303 redirects and content negotiation, and provides for the addition of metadata. It is compatible with Tomcat and Jetty servlet containers.

SPARQL Instructional Resources

• SPARQL Sample Queries Coombs, Karen. This page on the github blog, Library Web Chic, provides useful examples of SPARQL queries. This is an excellent place to browse through when learning how to query with SPARQL. Examples include simple queries for finding subjects, predicates, and objects and build into more complex federated and filtered queries across datasets. This serves as a companion to Karen Coombs' Querying Linked Data webinar.
• SPARQL for humanists Lincoln, Matthew. (2014, July 10). From The Programming Historian. This blog entry describes using SPARQL using the Europeana Data Model (EDM). It provides a good introduction to SPARQL. more... less... For a more advanced lesson in learning SPARQL, see Matthew Lincoln, Using SPARQL to access Linked Open Data, from The Programming Historian.
• Using SPARQL to access Linked Open Data Lincoln, Matthew. (2015, November 24). From The Programming Historian. This blog entry provides a lesson explaining why cultural institutions are moving to graph databases. The entry also gives a detailed lesson in using SPARQL to access data in cultural institution databases.

Vocabularies, Ontologies and Frameworks

Vocabularies, ontologies & frameworks.

Controlled vocabularies, ontologies, schemas, thesauri, and syntaxes are building blocks used by Resource Description Framework (RDF) to structure data semantically, identify resources, and to show the relationships between resources in Linked Data. Libraries and cultural institutions belong to one of the many knowledge organization domains making use of controlled authorities. These pages focus especially on the vocabularies and computer languages that are used in the library and cultural heritage institutions data landscape.

Seeing Standards: Visualization of the Metadata Universe

About Seeing Standards

Becker, Devin and Jenn L. Riley. (2010). Seeing Standards: A Visualization of the Metadata Universe . Click on the chart to access a PDF version and a Glossary of Metadata Standards.

About Vocabularies

• About Taxonomies & Controlled Vocabularies American Society for Indexing, Taxonomies & Controlled Vocabularies Special Interest Group. This page describes the differences between controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, thesauri, and ontologies.

Ontologies & Frameworks

International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF)

IIIF is a framework for image delivery developed by a community of leading research libraries and image repositories. The goals are to provide access to an unprecedented level of uniform and rich access to image-based resources hosted around the world, define a set of common application programming interfaces supporting interoperability between image repositories, develop, cultivate and document shared technologies, such as image servers and web clients, for providing viewing, comparing, manipulating, and annotating images.

The two core APIs for the Framework are:

• IIIF Image API 3.0

IIIF Consortium. (2021). Appleby, Michael, Crane, Tom, Sanderson, Robert, Stroop, Jon, and Warner, Simeon. This document describes an image delivery API specification for a web service that returns an image in response to a standard HTTP or HTTPS request. The URI can specify the region, size, rotation, quality characteristics and format of the requested image as well as be enabled to request basic technical information about the image to support client applications.

• IIIF Presentation API 3.0.

IIIF Consortium. (2021). Appleby, Michael, Crane, Tom, Sanderson, Robert, Stroop, Jon, and Warner, Simeon. The IIIF Presentation API provides information necessary to human users to allow a rich, online viewing environment for compound digital objects. It enables the display of digitized images, video, audio, and other content types associated with a particular physical or born-digital object, allows navigation between multiple views or time extents of the object, either sequentially or hierarchically, displays descriptive information about the object, view or navigation structure, and provides a shared environment in which publishers and users can annotate the object and its content with additional information.

• Presentation Cookbook of IIIF Recipes

The Cookbook provides resource types and properties of the Presentation specification and for rendering by viewers and other software clients. Examples are provided to encourage publishers to adopt common patterns in modeling classes of complex objects, enable client software developers to support these patterns, for consistency of user experience, and demonstrate the applicability of IIIF to a broad range of use cases.

Additional APIs for the Framework are:

• IIIF Authentification API 1.0

IIIF Consort ium. (2021). Appleby, Michael, Crane, Tom, Sanderson, Robert, Stroop, Jon, and Warner, Simeon.The Authentication specification describes a set of workflows for guiding the user through an existing access control system. It provides a link to a user interface for logging in, and services that provide credentials, modeled after elements of the OAuth2 workflow acting as a bridge to the access control system in use on the server, without the client requiring knowledge of that system.

• IIIF Content Search API 1.0

IIIF Consort ium. (2021). Appleby, Michael, Crane, Tom, Sanderson, Robert, Stroop, Jon, and Warner, Simeon. The Content Search specification lays out the interoperability mechanism for performing searches among varied content types from different sources. The scope of the specification is searching annotation content within a single IIIF resource, such as a Manifest, Range or Collection.

Linked Art is a data model which provides an application profile used to describe cultural heritage resources, with a focus on artworks and museum-oriented activities. Based on real world data and use cases, it defines common patterns and terms used in its conceptual model, ontologies, and vocabulary. Linked Art follows existing standards and best practices including CIDOC-CRM, Getty Vocabularies, and JSON-LD 1.1 as the core serialization format.

Ontologies are formalized vocabularies of terms, often covering a specific domain. They specify the definitions of terms by describing their relationships with other terms in the ontology. OWL 2 is the Web Ontology Language designed to facilitate ontology development and sharing via the Web. It provides classes, properties, individuals, and data values that are stored as Semantic Web documents. As an RDF vocabulary, OWL can be used in combination with RDF schema.

VOWL : Visual Notation for OWL Ontologies

Negru,Stefan, Lohmann, Seffan, and Haag, Florian. (2014, April 7). Specification of Version 2.0. VOWL defines a visual language for user-oriented representation of ontologies. The language provides graphical depictions for elements of OWL that are combined to a force-directed graph layout visualizing the ontology. It focuses on the visualization of the classes, properties and datatypes, sometimes called TBox, while it also includes recommendations on how to depict individuals and data values, the ABox. Familiarity with OWL and other Semantic Web technologies is required to understand this specification.

• OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview (Second Edition) This is the W3C introduction to OWL 2 and the various other OWL 2 documents. The document describes the syntaxes for OWL 2, the different kinds of semantics, the available sub-languages, and the relationship between OWL 1 and OWL 2. Read this document before reading other OWL 2 documents.
• OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Structural Specification and Functional-Style Syntax (Second Edition) This document defines the OWL 2 language. The core part, the structural specification, describes the conceptual structure of OWL 2 ontologies and provides a normative abstract representation for all OWL 2 syntaxes. The document also defines the functional-style syntax, which follows the structural specification and allows OWL 2 ontologies to be written in a compact form. This syntax is used in the definitions of the semantics of OWL 2 ontologies, the mappings from and into the RDF/XML exchange syntax, and the different OWL 2 profiles.
• OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Mapping to RDF Graphs (Second Edition) This document defines two mappings between the structural specification of OWL 2 and RDF graphs. The mappings can be used to transform an OWL 2 ontology into an RDF graph and an RDF graph into an OWL 2 ontology.
• Time Ontology in Owl Cox, Simon, Little, Chris, Hobbs, Jerry R., and Pan, Feng. (2017, October 19). W3C. Time Ontology in Owl (OWL-Time) can be used to describe temporal relationships. It focuses particularly on temporal ordering relationships. Elements of a date and time are put into separately addressable resources. OWL-Time supports temporal coordinates (scaled position on a continuous temporal axis) and ordinal times (named positions or periods) and does not necessarily expect the use of the Gregorian calendar.
• PRESSoo Le Boeuf, Patrick (2016, January). PRESSoo is an ontology designed to represent bibliographic information relating to serials and continuing resources. PRESSoo is an extension of the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records – Object Oriented model (FRBRoo). PRESSoo has been developed by representatives of the ISSN International Centre, the ISSN Review Group, and the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF).

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a framework for representing information in the Web of Data. It comprises a suite of standards and specifications whose documentation is listed below.

• Cool URIs for the Semantic Web Leo Sauermann, Leo and Cyganiak, Richard. (2008, Dec.3). W3C. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) are at the core of RDF providing the link between RDF and the Web. This document presents guidelines for their effective use. It discusses two strategies, called 303 URIs and hash URIs. It gives pointers to several Web sites that use these solutions, and briefly discusses why several other proposals have problems.
• RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax This W3C document defines an abstract syntax (a data model) for linking RDF-based languages and specifications. The syntax has a data structure for expressing descriptions of resources as RDF graphs made of sets of subject-predicate-object triples, where the elements may be IRIs, blank nodes, or datatyped literals. The document introduces key concepts and terminology, and discusses datatyping and the handling of fragment identifiers in IRIs within RDF graphs.
• RDF 1.1 Primer The Primer introduces basic RDF concepts and shows concrete examples of the use of RDF. It is designed to provide the basic knowledge required to effectively use RDF.
• RDF Schema 1.1 The RDF Schema provides a data-modeling vocabulary for RDF data and is an extension of the basic RDF vocabulary. The IRIs for the namespaces for the RDF Schema and the RDF Syntax are defined in this document. The RDF Schema provides mechanisms for describing groups of related resources and the relationships between these resources which can be used to describe other RDF resources in application-specific RDF vocabularies.
• RDF 1.1 Semantics This is one of the documents that comprise the full specification of RDF 1.1. It describes semantics for the Resource Description Framework 1.1, the RDF Schema, and RDFS vocabularies.

RDF 1.1 Serializations

There are a number of RDF serialization formats for implementing RDF. The first format was XML/RDF. Subsequent serialization formats have been developed and may be more suited to particular environments.

• JSON-LD 1.0 Sporny, Manu, Longley, Dave, Kellogg, Gregg, Lanthaler, Markus, and Lindström, Niklas. (2014, Jan.16).A JSON-based Serialization for Linked Data. Recommendation. W3C. This specification defines JSON-LD, a JSON-based format to serialize Linked Data. JSON-LD with RDF tools can be used as a RDF syntax.
• RDF 1.1 Turtle Terse RDF Triple Language. David Beckett, Berners-Lee, Tim, Prud'hommeaux, Eric, and Carothers, Gavin. (2014, Feb.25). Recommendation. W3C. This document defines Turtle, the Terse RDF Triple Language, a concrete syntax for RDF that allows an RDF graph to be written in a compact, natural text form with abbreviations for common usage patterns and datatypes. Turtle provides levels of compatibility with the N-Triples format and SPARQL.
• RDF 1.1 XML Syntax This W3C document defines the XML syntax for RDF graphs. W3C. (2014, Feb.25). Recommendation. Gandon, Fabien and Schreiber, Guus. eds.
• RDFa Core 1.1 Adida, Ben, Birbeck, Mark, McCarron, Shane, and Herman, Ivan. (2015, Mar. 17). Syntax and processing rules for embedding RDF through attributes. 3rd. ed. Recommendation. W3C. RDFa Core is a specification for attributes to express structured data in any markup language. The rules for interpreting the data are generic, so that there is no need for different rules for different formats. The embedded data already available in the markup language (e.g., HTML) can often be reused by the RDFa markup
• RDFa 1.1 Primer Herman, Ivan, Adida, Ben, Sporny, Manu, and Birbeck, Mark. (2015, Mar. 17). Rich Structured Data Markup for Web Documents. W3C. RDFa (Resource Description Framework in Attributes) is a technique to add structured data to HTML pages directly. This Primer shows how to express data using RDFa in HTML, and in particular how to mark up existing human-readable Web page content to express machine-readable data.

SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System)

SKOS is a W3C data model defined as an OWL Full ontology for use with knowledge organization systems including thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading systems, and taxonomies. Many Semanatic Web vocabularies incorporate the SKOS model. The Library of Congress Subject Headings and the Getty Vocabularies are an examples of vocabularies published as SKOS vocabularies.

• SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System eXtension for Labels (SKOS-XL) Namespace Document - HTML Variant SKOS-XL defines an extension for SKOS which provides additional support for describing and linking lexical entities.This document provides a brief description of the SKOS-XL vocabulary.
• SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Namespace Document - HTML Variant This W3C document provides an HTML non-normative table of the SKOS vocabulary.
• SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Primer SKOS provides a model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, folksonomies, and other similar types of controlled vocabulary. This document serves as a user guide for those who would like to represent their concept scheme using SKOS.
• SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference This document defines the SKOS namespace and vocabulary. SKOS is a data-sharing standard which aims to provide a bridge between different communities of practice within the library and information sciences involved in the design and application of knowledge organization systems widely recognized and applied in both modern and traditional information systems.

Ontology Development

• Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology Noy, Natalya F. and McGuiness, Deborah L. This guide discusses the reasons for developing an ontology and the methodology for creating an ontology based on declarative knowledge representation systems.

Open Linked Vocabularies (LOV)

Click on the LOV image to access vocabularies chosen based on quality requirements and publication best practices.

Click on a vocabulary. Look for a circled elipse in the upper right corner, click on it and have fun playing with tools for vocabularies. Explore around a bit more, and find useful information about the vocabulary you have chosen.

• EMBL-EBI Ontology Lookup Service EMBL-EBI. (2022). Administered by the European Bioinformatics Institute, the Ontology Lookup Services (OLS) serves as a repository for the latest versions of biomedical ontologies. The site also provides access to several services including OxO, a cross-ontology term mapping tool, Zooma which assists in mapping data to ontologies in OLS, and Webulous, a tool for building ontologies from spreadsheets. OLS includes over 270 structured vocabularies and ontologies.
• Library of Congress Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies This page provides access to commonly used ontologies, controlled vocabularies, and other lists for bibliographic description including Genre/Form headings, Subject Headings for Children, Thesaurus of Graphic Materials, Preservation Events, Crytographic Hash Functions, schemes, and codelists, etc. A search function is provided. Clicking on Technical Center in the menu on the left will provide information on how to download datasets, searching and querying, and serialization formats.
• Library of Congress Standard Identifiers Scheme The Standard Identifiers Scheme from the Library of Congress lists standard number or code systems and assigns a URI to each database or publication that defines or contains the identifiers in order to enable these standard numbers or codes in resource descriptions to be indicated by a URI. This is an extensive list which includes for example: Digital Object Identifier, EIDR: Entertainment Identifier Registry; International Article Number; International Standard Book Number; Library of Congress Control Number; Linking International Standard Serial Number; Locally defined identifier; Publisher-assigned music number; Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier; Standard Technical Report Number; U.S. National Gazetteer Feature Name Identifier; Universal Product Code; Virtual International Authority File number; and more.
• Linked Open Vocabularies (LOV) Use this site to find a list of vetted linked open vocabularies (RDFS or OWL ontologies) used in the Linked Open Data Cloud, which conform to quality requirements including URI stability and availability on the Web, use of standard formats and publication best practices, quality metadata and documentation, an identifiable and trusted publication body, and proper versioning policy. Vocabularies are individually described by metadata and classified by the following vocabulary spaces: General and Meta; Library; City; Market; Space-Time; Media; Science; and Web. They are interlinked using the dedicated vocabulary VOAF. Search the LOV dataset at the vocabularly or element level. LOV Stats provide metric informataion regarding the vocabularies such as the number of vocabulary element occurrences in the LOD, the number of vocabularies in LOV that refer to a particular element, and more.
• Open Metadata Registry The Registry provides a means to identify, declare, and publish through registration metadata schemas (element/property sets), schemes (controlled vocabularies) and Application Profiles (APs). It supports the machine mapping of relationships among terms and concepts in those schemes (semantic mappings) and schemas (crosswalks). The Registry supports metadata discovery, reuse, standardization, and interoperability locally and globally.
• RDA Registry The RDA Registry defines vocabularies that represent the Resource Description Access (RDA) element set, relationship designators, and controlled terminologies as RDA element sets and RDA value vocabularies in Resource Description Framework (RDF). The published vocabularies are currently available in several sets which reflect the underlying FRBR conceptual model.
• TaxoBank Terminology Registry TaxoBank contains information about controlled vocabularies of all types and complexities. The information collected about each vocabulary follows a study conducted by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) of the Higher and Further Education Funding Councils. The site offers additional resources including information on Thesauri and Vocabulary Control - Principles and Practice, and a Glossary of Terms Relating to Thesauri and Other Forms of Structured Vocabulary.
• Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) VIAF is a utility that matches and links authority files of national libraries. Data are derived from the personal name authority and related bibliographic data of the participating libraries. VIAF is implemented and hosted by OCLC.

The Getty Vocabularies

• Art & Architecture Thesaurus® Online The Getty Research Institute. The scope of this vocabulary includes terminology needed to catalog and retrieve information about the visual arts and architecture
• Cultural Objects Name Authority® Online and Iconography Authority (IA) The Getty Research Institute. The Cultural Objects Name Authority ® (CONA) compiles titles, attributions, depicted subjects, and other metadata about works of art, architecture, and other cultural heritage, both extant and historical, physical and conceptual and can be used to record works depicted in visual surrogates or other works. Metadata may be gathered and linked from photo archive collections, visual resource collections, special collections, archives, libraries, museums, scholarly research, and other sources. The Getty Iconography Authority (IA) includes proper names and other information for named events, themes and narratives from religion/mythology, legendary and fictional characters, themes from literature, works of literature and performing arts, and legendary and fictional places.
• The Getty Vocabularies as Linked Open Data The Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) ®, Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN) ®, and the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN) ® are available as Linked Open Data. This link provides access the vocabularies and information regarding how to use them. Examples of URIs for each vocabulary are provided.
• Getty Vocabularies: Linked Open Data Semantic Representation Vladimir Alexiev, Joan Cobb, Gregg Garcia, Patricia Harpring. (2017, June 13). This document explains the representation of the Getty Vocabularies in semantic format, using RDF and appropriate ontologies. It covers the Art and Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)®, the Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN)® and the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN)®.
• Getty Vocabularies OpenRefine Reconciliation The Getty Research Institute. This page offers information and a tutorial on how to reconcile data sets to the Getty Vocabularies using the browser add-on OpenRefine. Use data reconciliation to compare local data to values in the Getty Vocabularies in order to map to them.
• Thesaurus of Geographic Names® Online The Getty Research Institute. The scope of this vocabulary spans a wide spectrum of geographic vocabulary in cataloging and scholarship of art and architectural history and archaeology.
• Traing Materials The Getty Research Institutes. This page provides training materials for the Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT)®, the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN)®, the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN)®, the Cultural Objects Name Authority (CONA)®, the Getty Iconography Authority (IA)™, Categories for the Description of Works of Art (CDWA), Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO), and standards in general. It also provides access conference presentations.
• Union List of Artist Names® Online The Getty Research Institute. The ULAN is a structured vocabulary containing names and other information about artists, patrons, firms, museums, and others related to the production and collection of art and architecture. Names in ULAN may include given names, pseudonyms, variant spellings, names in multiple languages, and names that have changed over time (e.g., married names).

A schema uses a formal language to describe a database system and refers to how the organization of data in a database is constructed. Several schemas addressing varied domain areas are listed in this box. Scroll down to the Dublin Core box to access information regarding the Dublin Core schema and tools.

• BIBFRAME (Bibliographic Framework) Initiative This is the homepage for BIBFRAME the Library of Congress' Bibliographic Framework Initiative. BIBFRAME is a replacement for MARC and serves as a general model for expressing and connecting bibliographic data to the Web of Data. Access links to general information, the vocabulary, BIBFRAME implementation register, tools, draft specifications for Profiles, Authorities, and Relationships, a BIBFRAME testbed, webcasts and presentations, and more.
• BIBFRAME Model & Vocabulary 2.0 This page provides access to three available vocabulary views of the BIBFRAME Vocabulary. The vocabulary is comprised of RDF properties, classes, and relationships between and among them RDF properties, classes, and relationships between and among them.
• BIBFRAME Pilot (Phase One—Sept. 8, 2015 – March 31, 2016): Report and Assessment Acquisitions & Bibliographic Access Directorate, Library of Congress. (2016, June 16). This document describes Phase One of the Library of Congress' pilot to test the efficacy of BIBFRAME. It includes descriptions of the planning process, what was being tested, the results, and lessons learned that will assist the Library of Congress as it moves to Phase Two of assessing the BIBFRAME model and vocabulary.
• Bibliographic Framework as a Web of Data: Linked Data Model and Supporting Services Eric Miller, Eric, Ogbuji, Uche, Mueller, Victoria , and MacDougall, Kathy. (2012, Nov. 21). Library of Congress. This document provides an introduction and overview of the Library of Congress, Bibliographic Framework Initiative.
• bibliotek-o: a BIBFRAME Ontology Extension Bibliotek-o is an ontology extension which defines additions and modifications to BIBFRAME, intended as a supplement to the core BIBFRAME ontology. It provides a set of recommended fragments from external ontologies and an application profile based on its recommended models and patterns. Bibliotek-o ontology extension is a joint product of the Mellon Foundation-funded Linked Data for Libraries Labs and Linked Data for Production projects.
• bib.schema.org This is a bibliographic extension for schema.org. The page lists the types, properties, and enumeration values for use in describing bibliographic material using schema.org.
• DataCite Metadata Schema DataCite. (2019, August 16). The DataCite Metadata Schema provides a list of core metadata properties chosen for accurate and consistent identification of resources for citation and retrieval purposes.Recommended use instructions are provided.
• Direct Mapping of Relational Data to RDF Arenas, Marcelo, Bertails, Alexandre, Prud'hommeaux, Eric, Sequeda, Juan (editors). (2012 Sept.27). This document defines a direct mapping from relational data to RDF with provisions for extension points for refinements within and outside of the document.
• FAST Linked Data FAST (Faceted Application of Subject Terminology) is an enumerative, faceted subject heading schema derived from the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH). The purpose of adapting the LCSH with a simplified syntax to create FAST is to retain the vocabulary of LCSH while making the schema easier to understand, control, apply, and use. The schema maintains upward compatibility with LCSH, and any valid set of LC subject headings can be converted to headings. The site provides access to searchFAST, a user interface that simplifies the process of heading selection, and to a Web interface for FAST Subject selection available at FAST.
• JSON Schema Version 7 (Draft). (2019 March 31). This is a vocabulary that provides for the annotation and validation of JSON documents. It can be used to describe data formats, provide human and machine-readable documentation, make any JSON format a hypermedia format, allow the use of URI templates with instance data, describe client data for use with links using JSON Schema., and recognize collection and collection items.
• Metadata Authority Description Schema (MADS) MADS is an XML schema for an authority element set used to provide metadata about agents (people, organizations), events, and terms (topics, geographics, genres, etc.). It serves to provide metadata about the authoritative entities used in MODS descriptions.
• Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) MODS is a bibliographic element set that may be used for a variety of purposes, and particularly for library applications. MODS is an XML schema intended to be able to carry selected data from existing MARC 21 records as well as to enable the creation of original resource description records. It includes a subset of MARC fields and uses language-based tags rather than numeric ones, in some cases regrouping elements from the MARC 21 bibliographic format. It is maintained by the Library of Congress.
• Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) - Conversions Access MODS mapping including MARC to MODS, MODS to MARC, RDA to MODS, Dublin Core (simple) to MODS, and MODS to Dublin Core (simple). Style sheets are also available on this page.
• Music Encoding Initiative (MEI) MEI is an XML DTD for the representation and exchange of comprehensive music information. MEI is a schema that provides ways to encode data from all the separate domains: logical; visual; gestural (performance); and analytical, commonly associated with music. It accommodates bibliographic description required for archival uses. It also addresses relationships between elements, cooperative creation and editing of music markup, navigation within the music structure as well as to external multimedia entities, the inclusion of custom symbols, etc. MEI can record the scholarly textual apparatus frequently found in modern editions of music.
• R2RML: RDB to RDF Mapping Language Das, Souripriya, Sundara, Seema, Cyganiak, Richard (editors). (2012, Sept. 27). This document describes R2RML, a language for expressing customized mappings from relational databases to RDF datasets. The mappings provide the ability to view existing relational data in the RDF data model, expressed in a structure and target vocabulary of the mapping author's choice.
• R2RML: RDB to RDF Mapping Language Schema This document defines the R2RML: RDB to RDF Mapping Language schema which is used to specify a mapping of relational data to RDF.
• Schema.org Schema.org is a vocabulary that can be used with many different encodings, including RDFa, Microdata and JSON-LD to mark up web pages and e-mail messages. Sponsored by Google, Microsoft, Yahoo and Yandex, the vocabularies are developed by an open community process which includes an extension mechanism to enhance the core vocabulary for specific knowledge domains. It's primary function is to provide web page publishers a means by which they can enhance HTML pages so they can be crawled by semantic search engines linking the pages to the web of data.
• Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is a global consortium which develops and maintains a set of Guidelines which specify encoding methods for machine-readable texts. TEI Guidelines have been widely used by libraries, museums, publishers, and individual scholars to present texts chiefly in the humanities, social sciences and linguistics. The site provides information on resources, projects using TEI, a bibliography of TEI-related publications, and TEI related software including Roma, a web-based application to generate P5-compatible schemas and documentation, and OxGarage, a tool for converting to and from TEI. In addition, the site links to a page of tools for use with TEI resources.
• Thema Thema is a multilingual subject category schema designed for the commercial global book trade industry to meet the needs of publishers, retailers, trade intermediaries, and libraries. Thema aims to reduce the duplication of effort required by the many distinct national subject schema, and to eliminate the need for scheme-to-scheme mapping that inevitably degrades the accuracy of classification, by providing a single scheme for broad international use. It can be used alongside existing national schema.
• XML 1.0 Bray, Tim, Jean Paoli, Jean, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, Maler, Eve, Yergeau, François, eds. (2013, Feb. 7). XML 1.0 is a version of the Extensible Markup Language used to store and transport data on the Web. It is both human and machine readable.
• XML Path Language (XPath) 2.0 Berglund, Anders, Boag, Scott, Chamberlin, Don, Fernández, Mary F., Kay, Michael, Robie, Jonathan, Siméon, Jérôme, (eds.) (2015, Sept. 7). 2nd edition. XPath is an expression language that uses a path notation for navigating through the hierarchical structure of XML documents. XPath 2.0 is a superset of XPath 1.0. It supports a richer set of data types and takes advantage of the type information that becomes available when documents are validated using XML Schema.
• XQuery 1.0: An XML Query Language Boag, Scott, Chamberlin, Don, Fernández, Mary F., Florescu, Daniela, Robie, Jonathan, Siméon, Jérôme, (eds.). (2015, Sept. 7). 2nd edition. This is a version of XQuery, A query language that uses the structure of XML to express queries across all kinds of data, whether physically stored in XML or viewed as XML via middleware.

Dublin Core

• Dublin Core Metadata Initiative This site provides specification of all Dublin Core vocabulary metadata terms maintained by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, including properties, vocabulary encoding schemes, syntax encoding schemes, and classes.
• DCMI Application Profile Vocabulary Coyle, Karen, editor (2021, April 9). This vocabulary supports the specification of Dublin Core Tabular Application Profiles (DC TAP). It is used to create a table or spreadsheet that defines the elements of an application profile. The vocabulary is also provided as a comma separated value template for use in a tabular form.
• DC Tabular Application Profiles (DC TAP) - Primer Coyle, Karen, editor. (2021, April 3). This primer describes DC TAP, a vocabulary and a format for creating table-based application profiles.
• dctap DCMI. (2021). dctap is a module and command-line utility for reading and interpreting CSV files formatted according to the DC Tabular Application Profiles (DCTAP) model. This document explains the project, installation, sub-commands, model, configuration, and provides a glossary.
• dctap-python DCMI. dctap requires Python 3.7 or higher. This GitHub page provides information and documentation on installing tap-python.
• dctap/TAPtemplate.csv Coyle, Karen. (2020, December 2). Access the TAP csv template from this GitHub page.

Legal Schemas

• Akoma Ntoso Akoma Ntoso is an initiative to develop a number of connected XML standards, languages and guidelines for parliamentary, legislative and judiciary documents, and specifically to define a common document format, a model for document interchange, data schema, metadata schema and ontology, and schema for citation and cross referencing.
• Legislative Documents in XML at the United States House of Representatives U.S. House of Representatives. This page provides Document Type Definitions (DTD) for use in the creation of legislative documents using XML, links to DTDs, and background information regarding legislative XML. Access element descriptions and content models for bills, resolutions, Amendments, and roll call votes. This initiative was conducted under the direction of the Senate Committee on Rules and Administration and the House Committee on Administration, and with the involvement of the Secretary of the Senate and the Clerk of the House, the Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress, and the Government Publishing Office.
• Electronic Court Filing Version 4.01 Plus Errata 01 OASIS. Angione, Adam and Cabral, James, editors. (2014, July 14). This specification defines a technical architecture and a set of components, operations and message structures for an electronic court filing system, and sets forth rules governing its implementation. It was developed by the OASIS LegalXML Electronic Court Filing Technical Committee.

RELATED RESOURCES

• Akoma Ntoso an open document standard for Parliaments Palmirani, Monica, and Vitali, Fabio. (2014). World e-Parliament Conference. This set of slides describes an open XML standard for legal documents used in Parliamentary processes and judgments.
• BIBFLOW: A Roadmap for Library Linked Data Transition Smith, MacKenzie, Stahmer, Carl G., Li, Xiaoli, and Gonzalez, Gloria. (2017, March 14). University of California, Davis and Zepheira, Inc. This is the report of the BIBFLOW project which provides a roadmap for libraries to use to transition into Linked Data environment. Recommendations for a phased transition are provided, as well as an analysis of transition tools, workflow transitions, estimated training, and work effort requirements.
• Library of Congress BIBFRAME Manual Library of Congress. (Revised 2020, May). This is the training manual for the BIBFRAME Editor and BIBFRAME Database.
• Artists’ Books Thesaurus This controlled vocabulary is for artists’ books. The Thesaurus is administered by the Arts Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS/NA). The platform,currently in draft form, will offer an illustrated, user-friendly guide to exploring and finding vocabulary terms.
• DCAT (Data Catalog Vocabulary) DCAT is an RDF vocabulary designed to facilitate interoperability between data catalogs published on the Web. This document defines the schema and provides examples for its use.
• Data Documentation Initiative (DDI) DDI Alliance. (2021). DDI is a free international standard for describing data produced by by surveys and other observational methods in the social, behavioral, economic, and health sciences. It can be used to document and manage different stages in the research data lifecycle, such as conceptualization, collection, processing, distribution, discovery, and archiving.
• DOAP (Description of a Project) DOAP is an XML/RDF vocabulary to used to describe software projects, and in particular open source projects. This site hosts the DOAP wiki, and provides links to DOAP validators, generators, viewers, aggregators, and web sites using DOAP.
• Expression of Core FRBR Concepts in RDF This vocabulary is an expression in RDF of the concepts and relations described in the IFLA report on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR). It includes RDF classes for the group 1, 2, and 3 entities described by the FRBR report and properties corresponding to the core relationships between those entities. Where possible, appropriate relationships with other vocabularies are included in order to place this vocabulary in the context of existing RDF work.
• FOAF (Friend of a Friend) Vocabulary Specification This specification describes the FOAF language used for linking people and information. FOAF integrates three kinds of network: social networks of human collaboration, friendship and association; representational networks that describe a simplified view of a cartoon universe in factual terms, and information networks that use Web-based linking to share independently published descriptions of this inter-connected world.
• Language of Bindings (LoB) Ligatus, University of the Arts London. Based on SKOS, LoB is a thesaurus which provides terms used to describe historical binding structures. LoB can be used as a lookup resource on the website or as a software service where terms can be retrieved through an application. It can also be used for learning about book structures and materials, the frequency of the occurrence of bookbinding components, or other aspects connected with the book trade.
• Lexvo.org Lexvo defines global IDs (URIs) for language-related objects, and ensures that these identifiers are dereferenceable and highly interconnected as well as externally linked to a variety of resources on the Web. Data sources include the Ethnologue Language Codes database, Linguist List, Wikipedia, Wiktionary, WordNet 3.0, ISO 639-3 specification, ISO 639-5 specification, ISO 15924 specification, Unicode Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), et. al. The site provides mappings between ISO 639 standards and corresponding Lexvo.org language identifiers and downloads of Lexvo datasets. Search over 7,000 language identifiers with names in many languages, links to script URIs (Latin and Cyrillic scripts, Indian Devanagari, the Korean Hangul system, etc.), geographic region URIs, etc.
• OLAC video game genre terms (olacvggt) Online Audiovisual Catalogers Network (OLAC). (2019). Guidelines for OLAC video game genre terms (olacvggt). This vocabulary provides a list of video game genre terms, each of which has a corresponding MARC authority record. Links to the MARC authority records are provided.
• PeriodO Rabinowitz, Adam T., Shaw, Ryan, and Golden, Patrick. PeriodO is a period gazetteer which documents definitions of historical period names. Definitions include a period name, temporal bounds on the period, an implicit or explicit association with a geographical region, and must have been formally or informally published in a citable source. Period definitions are modeled as SKOS concepts. Temporal extent is modeled using the OWL-Time ontology.
• Rights Statements The Rights Statements vocabulary provides rights statements for three categories of rights statements - In Copyright, No Copyright, and Other. Statements are meant to be used by cultural heritage institutions to communicate the copyright and re-use status of digital objects to the public. They are not intended to be used by individuals to license their own creations. RightsStatements.org is a joint initiative of Europeana and the Digital Public Library of America (DPLA).
• Texas Digital Library Descriptive Metadata Guidelines for Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Version 2.0 Potvin, Sarah, Thompson, Santi, Rivero, Monica, Long, Kara, Lyon, Colleen, Park, Kristi. These Guidelines, produced by the Texas Digital Library ETD Metadata Working Group, comprise two documents to guide and shape local metadata practices for describing electronic theses and dissertations. The Dictionary, which lays out the standard, and the Report lays out detailed explanations for rationale, process, findings, and recommendations.

Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets (VoID)

• Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID Vocabulary Alexander, Keith, Cyganiak, Richard, Hausenblas, Michael, and Zhao, Jun. (2011, March 3). This document describes the VoID model and how to provide general metadata about a dataset or linkset (and RDF triple whose subject and object are described in different datasets.
• Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets (VoID) Digital Enterprise Research Institute, NUI Galway. (2011, March 6). This document describes the formal definition of RDF classes and properties for VoID, an RDF Schema vocabulary for expressing metadata about RDF datasets. It functions as a bridge between publishers and users of RDF data, with applications including data discovery, cataloging, and archiving of datasets.
• WorldCat Linked Data Vocabulary OCLC's WorldCat Linked Data uses a subset of terms from Schema.org/ as its core vocabulary. Access the list of classes, attributes, and extensions with this link.

For the Getty Vocabularies, please see the Registries, Portals, and Authorities page.

Wikibase and Wikidata

Wikibase is the platform on which Wikidata, A Wikimedia Project, is built. It allows for multi-language instances. For Wikibase Use Cases, see the Wikibase Use Case box on the bottom of the Use Cases page.

Wikimedia Movement

Wikimedia is a global movement that seeks to bring free education to the world vai websites known as Wikimedia Projects. Wikimedia Projects are hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. Some of these Projects are listed below. Access the full family of Wikimedia Projects here .

• WikiCite Wikimedia. WikiCite. (2019, July 20). WikiCite is an initiative to develop a database of open citations and linked bibliographic data to better manage citations across Wikimedia projects and languages. Potential applications include ease of discovering publications on a given topic, profiling of authors and institutions, and visualizing knowledge sources in new ways.
• Wikidata Wikidata is a free linked database that acts as central storage for the structured data of Wikimedia projects including Wikipedia, Wikivoyage, Wikisource, and others. It can be read and edited by both humans and machines. The content of Wikidata is available under a free license, exported using standard formats, and can be interlinked to other open data sets on the linked data web.
• Wikipedia Wikipedia is the open source encyclopedia within the MediaWiki universe. A page in Wikipedia is an article to which Wikidata can link.
• Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Commons is a repository of freely usable media files to which anyone can contribute. Media files from Wikimedia can be linked to Wikidata statements.
• Wikiquote Wikiquote is a free compendium of sourced quotations from notable people and creative works in every language and translations of non-English quotes. It links to Wikipedia for further information.
• Wiktionary Wiktionary. (2019, June 27). Wiktionary is the English-language collaborative Wikimedia Project to produce a free-content multilingual dictionary. It aims to describe all words of all languages using definitions and descriptions in English. It includes a thesaurus, a rhyme guide, phrase books, language statistics and extensive appendices.
• Wikibase DataModel MediWiki. (2019, May 19). This specification describes the structure of the data that is handled in Wikibase. It specifies which kind of information can be contributed to the system. The Wikibase data model provides an ontology for describing real world entities, and these descriptions are concrete models for real world entities. For a less technical explanation of the model, see the Wikibase DataModel Primer.
• Wikibase DataModel Primer MediaWiki. (2018, August 1). This primer gives a good introduction to the Wikibase data model. It provides an outline and an explanation of the different elements of the Wikibase knowledge base and describes the function of each.

Wikibase Resources

• Install Docker Compose In order to install a usable instance of Docker Desktop, the installation package must contain Docker Compose. If an instance is missing Docker Compose, this page provides instructions for installing it.
• Installing a stand-alone Wikibase and most used services This GitHub page provides instructions for establishing a Wikibase instance. It was developed by a member of Wikimedia Deutschland e. V. and four other software developers.
• Use cases for institutional Wikibase instances Mendenhall, Timothy R., Chou, Charlene, Hahn, Jim, et.al. (2020, May). Developed informally by library staff at Columbia University, Harvard University, New York University, and the University of Pennsylvania this GitHub page provides a wealth of information for for institutions considering installing their own Wikibase instance. Covering a wide range of topics such as local vocabularies, authority control, organizational name changes, cross-platform discovery, multilingual discovery, pipeline to Wikidata and broader web discovery, digital humanities, database, metadata, and exploratory projects, and more, each topic also supplies a use case example.
• Wikibase Consultants and Support Providers Wikimedia. (2021, Jan. 14). This page list Wikibase service providers who may help with issues with Wikibase instances.
• Wikibase Install Basic Tutorial Miller, Matt. (2019, September). Semantic Lab at Pratt Institute. This tutorial provides instructions for setting up Wikibase using Docker. The tutorial uses Digital Ocean, and it requires setting up an account at Digitalocean.com.
• Wikibase Roadmap 2020 High-level Overview (Public) WikiMedia. (2021, Jan. 11). This is an interactive chart that describes Wikibase development initiatives, including Wikibase Features, Wikibase System Improvements, Partnerships & Programs, Documentation, Wikibase Strategy & Governance, and Developer Tools.

Wikidata Alert

• Wikidata:SPARQL query service/Blazegraph failure playbook Wikidata. (2021, Dec. 13). This Wikidata article describes the proposed steps the Wiki Media Foundation is considering in the event of a catastrophic failure of its SPARQL Query Service powered by Blazegraph. The failure would occur when the amount of query-able data in Blazegraph exceeds Blazegraph's limits.

Wikidata is a free, collaborative, multilingual software application built from Wikibase components that can be read and edited by humans and machines. It collects structured data to provide support for Wikimedia Projects including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikivoyage, Wiktionary, Wikisource, and others. The content of Wikidata is available under a free license, exported using standard formats, and can be interlinked to other open data sets on the linked data web.

• Wikidata Introduction Wikidata. (2018, June 18). This page provides a quick overview of Wikidata, its function withing the Wikimedia Universe, and an introduction to Wikidata basics.
• Wikidata List of Policies and Guidelines Wikidata. (2019, January 16). This page lists the proposed and approved policies and guidelines that govern Wikidata covering a wide range of topics including Living people, Deletion policy, Sources, Editing restrictions, Statements, Sitelinks, Verifiability, Administrators, Property creators, CheckUser, and more.
• Wikidata: Notability Wikidata.Notability. (2019, October 10). This page describes the Wikidata policy that sets forth the criteria needed for an item to be acceptable in Wikidata. It provides a link to a list of Wikimedia pages that are not considered automatically acceptable in Wikidata, and a link to a list of items that have been considered acceptable, in accordance to the general guidelines on this page.
• Wikidata: Property constraints portal Wikidata. (2020, June 19). Help:Property constraints portal. This page provides information on property constraints including a list of types and links to pages explaining how the constraints should be applied.
• Wikidata Sandbox Wikidata. (2020, August 24). This page provides a link to the Wikidata Sandbox in which you can experiment and practice using Wikidata. For experimenting with creating new items and properties, use the test.wikidata link on this page.
• Wikidata Tours (2018, April 7). This page provides access to interactive tutorials showing how Wikidata works and how to edit and add data.

Articles, Development Plans, & Reports

• ARL White Paper on Wikidata Opportunities and Recommendations Association of Research Libraries (ARL). (April, 2019). In Wikisource. This paper discusses joint efforts between ARL and Wikidata to explore a way to interlink Wikidata to sources of library data and provide libraries and other GLAM institutions the opportunity to get involved in contributing to modeling and data efforts on a larger scale. Some possible contributions include name authorities, institutional holdings, and faculty information. Suggestions for contributing to Wikidata are also explored.
• Creating Library Linked Data with Wikibase: Lessons Learned from Project Passage OCLC Research. (2019, August). This document describes OCLC's Project Passage, a Wikibase prototype in which librarians from 16 US institutions experimented with creating linked data to describe resources without requiring knowledge of the technical machinery of linked data. The report provides an overview of the context in which the prototype was developed, how the Wikibase platform was adapted for use by librarians, and discusses use cases where participants describe creating metadata for resources in various formats and languages using the Wikibase editing interface. The potential of linked data in library cataloging workflows, the gaps that must be addressed before machine-readable semantic data can be fully adopted and lessons learned are also addressed.
• Differences between Wikipedia, Wikimedia, MediaWiki, and wiki MediaWiki. (2019, April 19). This article provides a brief description of components and related software of the Wikimedia movement. It also provides links to additional Wikimedia movement resources.
• Introducing Wikidata to the Linked Data Web Erxleben, Fredo, Gunter, Michael, Krotzsch, Markus, Mendez, Julian, and Vrandecic, Denny. (2014). This document explains the Wikidata model and discusses its RDF encoding. It is a good place to start if you are considering editing Wikidata.
• Lexemes in Wikidata: 2020 Status Nielsen, Finn Arup. (2020, May). Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data in Linguistics, pages 82–86. This article discusses the use of lexemes in different languages, senses, forms, and etymology in Wikidata.
• Wiki Wikipedia. (2019, August 22). This Wikipedia article explains the features of a wiki knowledge base website and discusses the software, history, implementations, editing, trustworthiness, and other aspects of a wiki.
• Wikidata:Development Plan [2020] Wikidata. (2020, June 17). This page provides an interactive roadmap to the projects on which the Wikidata Development Team is working during 2020. Clicking on projects in the Wikidata matrix will provide information on projects under the categories: Increase Data Quality & Trust; Build Out the Ecosystem; Encourage More Data Use; Enable More Diverse Data and Users; and Other. The Wikibase matrix includes categories: Wikibase Features; Wikibase System Improvements; Partnerships & Programs; Documentation; Wikibase Strategy & Governance; and Developer Tools.
• Wikidata: Development Plan [2022] Wikidata. (2022, February 10). This page provides the roadmap for the Wikidata development team (Wikimedia Deutschland) for Wikidata and Wikibase for 2022. Highlights of the plan include empowering the community to increase data quality, strengthen underrepresented languages, increase re-use for increased impact, empowering knowledge curators to share their data, ecosystem enablement, and to connect data across technological & institutional barriers. Some objectives include better understanding of which organizations want to use Wikibase in the future and for what, ensure Wikibases can connect more deeply with each other and Wikidata to form an LOD web, user testing of federated properties in combination with local properties, and more.
• Wikidata/Strategy/2019 Wikimedia. (2019, August 27). Wikidata/Strategy/2019. This page provides access to a product vision paper and three product strategy papers discussing possible future developments for Wikidata and Wikibase and a very ambitious role in shaping the future of the information commons through 2030. Topics discussed include strategies for making Wikimedia projects ready for the future; maintaining and supporting Wikimedia's growing content; ensuring the integrity of Wikimedia content; furthering knowledge equity; and enabling new ways of consuming and contributing knowledge. There is a strategy paper discussing Wikidata as a platform and another discussing the Wikibase ecosystem.
• Wikimedia:LinkedOpenData/Strategy2021/Joint Vision Wikimedia. Linked Open Data/Strategy 2021/Joint Vision. This document sets out the Wikibase and Wikidata joint vision for working in Linked Open Data. The document describes the vision, strategy, guiding principles, and approach to building out the Wikibase ecosystem.

Wikidata Related Resources

• Creating and editing libraries in Wikidata Scott, Dan. (2018, February 18). Dan Scott's blog provides useful linked data information. This blog entry describes how to create a Wikidata item for a particular library. Properties useful for describing libraries and their collections are also provided.
• Linked Open Data Cloud Wikidata Page This LOD Cloud page provides information about Wikidata, including download links, contact information, SPARQL endpoint, triples count, the Wikidata namespace, and more. It also provides examples of Wikidata concepts using information about Nelson Mandela in Wikidata.
• MediaWiki MediaWiki. (2019, June 14). This is the MediaWiki main page. MediaWiki is a multilingual, free and open, extensible, and customizable wiki software engine used for websites to collect, organize, and make available knowledge. It was developed for Wikipedia and other WikiMedia Projects. It includes an API for reading and writing data, and support for managing user permissions, page editing history, article discussions, and an index for unstructured text documents.
• Practical Wikidata for Librarians Wikidata. (2021, Feb. 11). Wikidata:WikiProject Linked Data for Production/Practical Wikidata for Librarians. This page provides a vast array of resources for librarians and archivists interested in editing Wikidata, and provides a space to share data models and best practices. Among the resources are instructional materials, policies, project recipes, verifiability, guidelines for describing entities in particular domains, constraint reports, user scripts, gadgets, and more.
• User:HakanIST/EntitySchemaList Wikidata. (2021, April 20). This is a list of schemas used for describing Entities in Wikidata compiled by Wikidata user HkanIST.
• Wikidata editing with OpenRefine Wikidata: Tools/OpenRefine/Editing. (2021, April 25). This page provides links to tutorials, videos and a reference manual demonstration how to use OpenRefine to add and edit items in Wikidata. It also demonstrates using MarkEdit with OpenRefine and Wikidata.
• Wikidata in Brief Wikimedia Commons. (2017, July 31). This document gives a one page overview of Wikidata.
• Wikidata Query Service in Brief Stinson, Alex. (2018, March). This document gives a one page overview of the Wikidata query service.
• Wikimedia Wikibooks. (2019, April 12). This open book provides information on how to use Wikis covering topics including editing, basic markup language, images, templates, categories, namespaces, administrative namespaces, user namespaces, Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wikibooks, Meta, Wikidata, Wikiversity, Wikispecies, Wikiquotes, Wikivoyage, and more.
• Works in Progress Webinar: Introduction to Wikidata for Librarians OCLC Research. (2018, June, 12). This OCLC Webinara gives a brief introduction to Wikidata.

WikiProject Universities

• WikiProject Universities Wikidata. (2019, August 21). The purpose of this WikiProject is to provide better coverage of universities and other research institutions in Wikidata. The goal is to create a comprehensive and rich catalog of institutions, with strong links to other entities in the academic ecosystem (researchers, publications, alumni, facilites, projects, libraries…). The scope of the project includes listing the recommended statements about universities and evaluating their coverage across Wikidata; Building showcase items to demonstrate what an university item should ideally look like; Linking between items about universities and their subunits; Linking items about people to items of the universities they are/were educated at, work(ed) at or were/ are otherwise affiliated with; and providing counts by type, country, etc. Subpages and participants are listed.
• WikiProject University of California Wikipedia. (2019, February 17). This Wikipedia article describes the WikiProject to improve Wikipedia's coverage of the University of California system, which encompasses University of California campuses, professional schools, facilities and biographies of major figures. The site provides links to WikiProjects for all of the University of California campuses and the UC System.
• WikiProject Stanford Libraries Stanford Wikidata Working Group. (2019, September 4). This is the page for a WikiProject for work done at Stanford Libraries to connect library data with Wikidata. The page provides useful links, references, and guides covering a wide range of topics including Description guidelines, Wikidata policies and guidelines, Quick reference guides, Property resources, Projects, and much more.
• WikiProject Books WikiProject Books is used to: define a set of properties to be used by book infoboxes, Commons books templates, and Wikisource; map and import relevant data currently spread in Commons, Wikipedia, and Wikisource; and establish methods to interact with this data from different projects. Based on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model, Wikimedia projects uses a two level model, "work", and replaces the "expression" and "manifestation" levels of the FRBR model into one "edition" level. Bibliographic properties and qualifiers are listed here.
• WikiProject Heritage institutions Wikidata. (2019, October 3). This project aims to create a comprehensive, high-quality database of archives, museums, libraries and similar institutions. While the main focus is on institutions that have curatorial care of a collection, the scope of the project includes related institutions, such as lending libraries, exhibition centers, zoos, and the like, to the extent that they are not covered by any other WikiProject. The project also serves to coordinate a range pf activities including the creation of an inventory of all existing public databases that contain data about heritage institutions, the implementation and maintenance of ontologies and multilingual thesauri relating to heritage institutions, the ingestion of data about heritage institutions into Wikidata, the inclusion of the data into Wikipedia and its sister projects, through Wikidata-powered infobox templates or lists, and more.
• WikiProject Libraries Wikidata. (2019, September 25). The aims of this Wiki Project is to define a structure for libraries and to create and improve the items about library. The page provides item identifiers for types of libraries.
• WikiProject Linked Data for Production/Practical Wikidata for Librarians Wikidata. (2020, August 25). This project seeks to gather and organize resources for librarians interested in editing Wikidata as well as to prevent duplicative work and provide stepping stones and guidance for librarians interested in working with Wikidata. Resources, links to gadgets and user scripts, information on data modeling, and project recipes are provided.
• WikiProject Maps Wikidata:WikiProject Maps. (2019: April 25). This Wikidata page provides access to geographic projects in Wikidata, possible properties to use for maps entered into Wikidata, a list of map types, and a link to maps on Wikidata.
• WikiProject Medicine/National Network of Libraries of Medicine Wikimedia. (2019, September 17). The goals of this Wikipedia project are to Improve the quality of Wikipedia medical related articles using authoritative mental health resources, raise visibility of NLM mental health resources, and promote Wikipedia as an outreach tool for engagement and open data. The project is centered on an edit-a-thon for October and November, 2019.
• WikiProject Museums Wikidata. (2018, May 22). This project aims to define properties for items related to museums and the rules of use for these properties (qualifiers, datatypes, ...) and to organize the creation and improving the quality of the elements. The page provides suggested properties to use with museum related entities, tools, and example queries.
• WikiProject Source MetaData Wikidata. WikiProject Source MetaData. (2019, August 11). WikiProject Source MetaData aims to: act as a hub for work in Wikidata involving citation data and bibliographic data as part of the broader WikiCite initiative; define a set of properties that can be used by citations, infoboxes, and Wikisource; map and import all relevant metadata that currently is spread across Commons, Wikipedia, and Wikisource; establish methods to interact with this metadata from different projects; create a large open bibliographic database within Wikidata; and reveal, build, and maintain community stakeholdership for the inclusion and management of source metadata in Wikidata. This page provides information regarding ongoing imports and projects, and a very substantial list of metadata sub-pages belonging to this project.
• WikiProject Periodicals Wikidata: WikiProject Periodicals. (2019, June 15). This project aims to: define a set of properties from w:Template:Infobox_journal and w:Template:Infobox_magazine (and other languages), especially prior names with year ranges, and standard abbreviations; define a set of properties about periodical publishers, including learned societies; map and import 'Journals cited by Wikipedia; map and import all relevant data to the Wikipedia collection of journal articles at w:Category:Academic journal articles / w:Category:Magazine articles (and other languages), and link these items to the reason for their notability - e.g. the discovery that was made, or event it records; prepare for linking Wikisource collection of journal/magazine articles into Wikidata; map and import all other relevant data that currently is spread in Commons, Wikipedia, and Wikisource; and establish methods to interact with this data from different projects. This page provides lists of properties relevant to periodicals.
• Citing sources Wikidata. (2019, January 5). This is a list of properties appropriate for citing sources in Wikidata. The list includes such properties as place of publication, imported from Wikimedia project, publisher, author, stated in, chapter, described by source, quote, inferred from, archive date, etc.
• Wikidata List of Properies Wikidata. (2019, July 22). This page provides access to Wikidata properties by broad description topics. The page also lists tools for browsing properties in different languages, and a download option for all properties.
• Wikidata property for items about people or organisations Wikidata. (2019, February 7). This is a list of properties that can be used to describe people or organizations. It encompasses a very wide range such as head of state, flag, logo, movement, league, chief executive officer, headquarters location, record label, Queensland Australian Football Hall of Fame inductee ID, field of work, award received, etc.
• Wikidata property for items about people or organisations/human/authority control Wikidata. (2019, October 5). This is a list of Wikidata name authority control properties for writers, artists, architects, and organizations.
• Wikidata property for items about works Wikidata. (2019, February 11). This is a list of properties to describe works such as articles, books, manuscripts, authority control for works, plays, media items, musical works, algorithms, software, structures, comics, television programs, works of fiction, and films.

There are many tools developed for working with Wikidata, many which are listed on the Wikidata Tools page listed below. General tools that are helpful with editing and adding items to Wikidata are listed here.

• Author Disambiguator Wikidata:Tools/Author Disambiguator. (2020, October 2). Author Disambiguator is a tool for editing authors of works recorded in Wikidata, and is partially coordinated with the Scholia project that provides visual representations of scholarly literature based on what can be found in Wikidata. By converting author strings into links to author items a much richer analysis and tracing of relationships between researchers and their works, institutions, co-authors, etc. can be achieved. The tools ability to integrate with Scholia provides enhanced visual analysis.
• Cradle Manski, Magnus. Cradle is a tool for creating new Wikidata items using a form. A link to existing forms along with their descriptions is provided. It is also possible to compose an original form.
• Docker Desktop Docker Desktop is a MacOS and Windows application for building and sharing containerized applications and microservices and delivering them from your desktop. It enables the leveraging of certified images and templates in a choice of languages and tools. Docker Desktop uses the Google-developed open source orchestration system for automating the management, placement, scaling, and routing of containers.
• EntiTree Schibel, Martin. EntiTree generates dynamic, navigable tree diagrams of people, organizations, and events based on information drawn from several sources and linked to Wikipedia articles.
• FindingGLAMs This tool is a modified version of Monumental used to display information and multimedia about cultural heritage institutions gathered through Wikidata, Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons. Search by name of institution or explore by geographic region. example item, or city.
• Miraheze Miraheze is non-profit MediaWiki hosting service created by John Lewis and Ferran Tufan. The service offers free MediaWiki hosting, compatible with VisualEditor and Flow.
• Monumental Marynowski, Paweł and LaPorte, Stephen. (2017). This tool displays information and multimedia about cultural heritage monuments gathered through Wikidata, Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons. Explore by entering a name of a monument, geographical region, example monument, or city.
• OpenRefine Wikidata:Tools/OpenRefine. (July 17,2019). OpenRefine is a free data wrangling tool used to clean tabular data and connect it with knowledge bases, including Wikidata. This page provides recipes, instructions, and resources to tutorials.
• osm-wikidata Betts, Edward. Downloaded October 22, 2019. Use this tool to match Open Street Map (OSM) Entities with Wikidata Items. It uses the Wikidata SPARQL query service and the OSM Overpass and Nominatim APIs. Installation and configuration instructions are provided.
• Scholia Nielsen, Finn Arup, Mietchen, Daniel, et. al. (2020). Scholia is a service which uses the information in Wikidata to create visual scholarly profiles for topic, people, organizations, species, chemicals, etc. It can be used with the Author Disambiguator tool to generate bar graphs, bubbles charts. line graphs, scatter plots, etc.
• Semantic MediaWiki Krötzsch, Markus. (2020, Apr. 19). Semantic MediaWiki (SMW) is an open source extension for MediaWiki, the software that powers Wikipedia. It provides the ability to store data in wiki pages, and query it elsewhere, thus turning a wiki that uses it into a semantic wiki.
• Wikidata:SourceMD Wikidata. (2019, February 10). SourceMD,aka Source Metadata Tool, can be used to take the persistent Wikidata identifier for a scholarly article or book to automatically generate Wikidata items using metadata from scholarly publications. The tool works with these identifiers: ISBN-13 (P212); DOI (P356); ORCID iD (P496); PubMed ID (P698); and PMCID (P932).
• Wikidata Tools (2019, January 18). This page provides a list of tools to ease working with Wikidata, inlcuding a property list, query tools, lexicographical data tools, tools for editing items, data visualization tools, a Wikidata graph builder, and more.
• Wikimedia Programs & Events Dashboard Wikimedia. (2020, January 21). The Programs & Events Dashboard is a management tool used to initiate and organize edit-a-thons, campaigns, and other wiki events. It provides instructions, registration functions, tracking functions to measure and report the outcome of a program (number of editors, number of edits, items created, references added, number of views, etc.).

This page provides access to documents and reports associated with workshops, institutions, organizations, or other entities which relate valuable information, or describe initiatives or projects regarding the Semantic Web or Linked Data.

• Addressing the Challenges with Organizational Identifiers and ISNI Smith-Yoshimura, Karen, Wang, Jing, Gatenby, Janifer, Hearn, Stephen, Byrne, Kate. (2016). This webinar discusses documenting the challenges, use cases, and scenarios where the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) can be used to disambiguate organizations by using a unique, persistent and public URI associated with the organization that is resolvable globally over networks via specific protocols, thus providing the means to find and identify an organization accurately and to define the relationships among its sub-units and with other organizations.
• BIBCO Mapping BSR to BIBFRAME 2.0 Group: Final Report to the PCC Oversight Group BBIBCO Mapping BSR to BIBFRAME 2.0 Group. (2017, July). This report summarizes the BIBCO Mapping the BIBCO Standard Record (BSR) to BIBFRAME 2.0 group's work and identifies issues that require further discussion by the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC).
• BIBCO Standard Record to BIBFRAME 2.0 Mapping BIBCO Mapping BSR to BIBFRAME 2.0 Group. (2017, July). This spreadsheet maps BIBCO Standard Record elements to BIBFRAME 2.0. Amid the information included in the spreadsheet are RDA instructions & elements, MARC coding, rda-rdf properties as defined in the RDA Registry, Triple statements needed to properly map the element, and specific instructions pertaining to elements.
• BIBFLOW BIBFLOW is a two-year project of the UC Davis University Library and Zepheira, funded by IMLS. Its official title is “Reinventing Cataloging: Models for the Future of Library Operations.” BIBFLOW’s focus is on developing a roadmap for migrating essential library technical services workflows to a BIBFRAME / LOD (LOD) ecosystem. This page collects the specific library workflows that BIBFLOW will test by developing systems to allow library staff to perform this work using LOD native tools and data stores. Interested stakeholders are invited to submit comments on the workflows developed and posted on this site. Information from comments will be used to adjust testing as the project progresses.
• British Library Data Model This is the British Library's data model for a resource.
• British Library Data Model - Book This is the British Library's data model for cataloging a book in a Semantic Web environment.
• British Library Data Model - Serial This is the British Library's data model for cataloging a serial in a Semantic Web environment. This is the British Library's data model for cataloging a serial in a Semantic Web environment.
• Common Ground: Exploring Compatibilities Between the Linked Data Models of the Library of Congress and OCLC Jean Godby,Carol and Denenberg, Ray. (2015, Jan.). Library of Congress and OCLC Research. This white paper compares and contrasts the Bibliographic Framework Initiative at the Library of Congress and OCLC’s efforts to refine the technical infrastructure and data architecture for at-scale publication of linked data for library resources in the broader Web.
• CONSER CSR to BIBFRAME Mapping Task Group: [Final Report] of the PCC BIBFRAME Task Group CONSER CSR to BIBFRAME Mapping Task Group. (2017). This report summarizes the mapping outcomes and recommendations of the group for mapping CONSER Standard Record (CSR) elements to BIBFRAME 2.0. It also identifies several issues that will require further discussion.
• CONSER Standard Record to BIBFRAME 2.0 Mapping CONSER CSR to BIBFRAME Mapping Task Group. (2017, July). This spreadsheet maps the CONSER Standard Record (CSR) elements to BIBFRAME 2.0. The spreadsheet "Examples' column contains links to sample code documents containing Turtle serializations of each CSR element in BIBFRAME.
• Europeana pro Europeana Foundation. This site provides a detailed description of the European Union's Linked Open Data initiative, including a history, the Europeana Data Model, a list of namespaces used, tools, and more.
• Game Metadata and Citation Project (GAMECIP) This University of California Santa Cruz and Stanford University project is developing the metadata needs and citation practices surrounding computer games in institutional collections. It seeks to address the problems of cataloging and describing digital files, creating discovery metadata, and providing access tools associated with the stewardship of digital games software stored by repositories. The site provides information regarding tools and vocabularies under development.
• IIIF Explorer OCLC ResearchWorks. (2020). The IIIF Explorer is a prototype tool that searches across an index of all of the images in the CONTENTdm digital content management systems hosted by OCLC.
• Library of Congress Labs The Library of Congress Labs site shares experimental initiatives the Library is conducting with its digital collections. Access videos, reports, presentations, and APIs. Clicking on the LC for Robots tab provides bulk data for Congressional bills, MARC records (in UTF-8, MARC8, and XML), Chronicling America, and more. The site demonstrates how to interact with the Library's collection.
• Linked Art Linked Art is a Community working on creating a shared model to describe art based on Linked Open Data. The site lists partner projects, consortia, and institutions.
• Linked Data for Libraries (LD4L) LD4L is a collaborative project of Cornell University Library, the Harvard Library Innovation Lab, and the Stanford University Libraries. The project is developing a Linked Data model to capture the intellectual value added to information resources when they are described, annotated, organized, selected, and used, along with the social value evident from patterns of usage.
• Linked Data for Production: Closing the Loop (LD4P3) LD4P3 aims to create a working model of a complete cycle for library metadata creation, sharing, and reuse. LD4P3 builds on the foundational work of LD4P2: Pathway to Implementation, LD4P Phase 1, and Linked Data for Libraries Labs (LD4L Labs). Access the statement of objectives for two domain projects, one for cartographic material and one for film/moving image resources.
• Linked Data for Production: Pathway to Implementation (LD4P2) Futornick, Michelle. (2019, January 14). LD4P Phase 2 builds upon the work of Linked Data for Production (LD4P) Phase 1 and Linked Data for Libraries Labs (LD4L Labs). This phase marks the beginning of implementing the cataloging community’s shift to linked data for the creation and manipulation of their metadata. Access information regarding the seven goals of Phase 2 outlined by the institutions collaborating on the project: Cornell; Harvard; Stanford; the University of Iowa School of Library and Information Science; and the Library of Congress and the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC).
• Linked Data Wikibase Prototype OCLC Research. In partnership with several libraries, OCLC has developed a prototype to demonstrate the value of linked data for improving resource-description workflows in libraries. The service is built on the Wikibase platform to provide three services: a Reconciler to connect legacy bibliographic information with linked data entities; a Minter to create and edit new linked data entities; and a Relator to view, create, and edit relationships between entities.
• Looking Inside the Library Knowledge Vault Washburn, Bruce and Jeff Mixter, Jeff. (2015, Aug.26). This is a U-Tube recording of an OCLC Research Works in Progress webinar describing how OCLC Research is evaluating the Google Knowledge Vault model to test an approach to building a Library Knowledge Vault.
• OCLC Data strategy and linked data This page describes OCLC library bibliographic initiatives focusing on designing and implementing new approaches to re-envision, expose, and share library data as entities that are part of the Semantic Web.
• RDA Input Form The RDA Input Form is a proof-of-concept experiment created by the Cataloging and Metadata Services of the University of Washington to demonstrate that RDA cataloging (input) can be easily output in multiple schemas using a processing pipeline and mappings. The form focuses on PCC core and output is in RDA/RDF and BIBFRAME in RDF-XML. The experiment showed that output in these schemas can be generated in an automated fashion using a pipeline. Implications for future production cataloging systems is that input and output should not be directly tied to each other, and cataloging systems should have sufficient flexibility to output in multiple schemas, which can be achieved in an automated way.
• Report of the Stanford Linked Data Workshop This report includes a summary of the workshop agenda and a chart showing the use of Linked Data in cultural heritage venues for the workshop held at Stanford University June 27 - July 1, 2011.
• rightsstatements.org This GitHub page provides access to the request for proposals issued by the International Rights Statements Working Group, a joint Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) and Europeana Foundation working group to develop and implement a technical infrastructure for a rights statements application, a content management system, and a server configuration, deployment, and maintenance implementation for rights management. Links to a PDF version of the request and a PDF version of the "Requirements for the Technical Infrastructure for Standardized International Rights Statements" are provided.
• Schema Bib Extend Community Group This W3C group was formed to discuss and prepare proposal(s) for extending Schema.org schemas for the improved representation of bibliographic information markup and sharing. Access the group wiki, contact information, a mailing list, information regarding joining the group, information about proposals, an RSS feed, and recipes and guidelines.
• SHARE Virtual Discovery Environment project Casalini Libri, @Cult, and participating libraries. The aim of this project (Share-VDE Project) is to design a flexible configuration that uses the paradigms of the Semantic Web to provide a way for libraries to handle their data related to information management, enrichment, entity identification, conversion, reconciliation, and publication processes of the Semantic Web as independently as possible. The project provides a prototype of a virtual discovery environment with a three BIBFRAME layer architecture (Person/Work, Instance, Item) established through the individual processes of analysis, enrichment, conversion, and publication of data from MARC21 to RDF. Records from libraries with different systems, habits, and cataloguing traditions were included in the prototype.
• Stanford Linked Data Workshop Technical Plan This report summarizes the output of the Linked Data in cultural heritage venues workshop held at Stanford University June 27 - July 1, 2011.
• Stanford Tracer Bullets Futornick, Michelle. (2008, August 6). This Stanford Linked Data production project focused on all the steps to transition to a linked data environment in four technical services workflows: copy cataloging through the Acquisitions Department, original cataloging, deposit of a single item into the Stanford Digital Repository, and deposit of a collection of resources into the Stanford Digital Repository.
• Wikipedia + Libraries: Better Together Wikipedia + Libraries: Better Together was an 18-month OCLC project to strengthen the ties between US public libraries and English Wikipedia which ended in May, 2018. Information provided includes how librarians use and contribute to Wikipedia, teach information literacies using Wikipedia, and use Wikipedia for events. Training materials are provided.
• The Europeana Linked Open Data Pilot Haslhofer, Bernhard and Isaac, Antoine. Proc. In Int’l Conf. on Dublin Core and Metadata Applications 2011. This is the model developed to make metadata available from Europeana data providers as Linked Open Data. The paper describes the model and experiences gained with the Europeana Data Model (EDM), HTTP URI design, and RDF store performance.

This page provides links to examples of Linked Data currently in use.

• BBC Academy: Linked Data The British Broadcasting Company (BBC) is an early experimenter and adopter of Linked Data. The BBC Backstage project, working with Wikipedia, developed and produced content rich prototypes showing the potential of Linked Data. Explore this site to experience the hidden power seamless exploitation of Linked Data.
• Becoming Data Native: How BIBFRAME Extensibility Delivers Libraries a Path to Scalable, Revolutionary Evolution Miller, Eric. (2017). Zepheira and The Library.Link Network. This is a PowerPoint presentation by Eric Miller presented at the 2017 American Library Association conference. It describes how third party linked data library vendor Zepheira uses BIBFRAME in its iterations to connect library collections to the linked data cloud, including the Library of Congress collection.
• BIBFRAME 2.0 Implementation Register Library of Congress. The BIBFRAME 2.0 implementation register lists existing, developing, and planned implementations of BIBFRAME 2.0, the Library of Congress' replacement for MARC.
• The British National Bibliography The BNB is the single most comprehensive listing of UK titles, recording the publishing activity of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. It includes print publications since 1950 and electronic resources since 2003.
• Dallas Public Library This Dallas Public Library site demonstrates a Library.Link Network instance of library resources implemented by third party linked data vendor, Zepheira.
• Data.gov Data.gov is the open data initiative of the United States government. It provides federal, state and local data, tools, and resources to conduct research, build apps, design data visualizations, and more. Data are provided by hundreds of organizations and Federal agencies, and the code is open source. The data catalog is powered by CKAN, and the content seen is powered by WordPress.
• data-hnm-hu - Hungarian National Museum Datasets The Hungarian National Museum has made its Linked Data datasets available on datahub. As a means of familiarizing Hungarian librarians with BIBFRAME, the datasets were published so that the BIBFRAME and MARC descriptions were crossed linked. Conversion features work and entity recognition and name entities are linked to external datasets.
• dblp computer science bibliography Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz Center for Informatics. (2020, January 4). dblp is an on-line reference database providing free access to high-quality bibliographic meta-data and links to the electronic editions of computer science publications. When an external website that hosts an electronic edition of a research paper is known, a hyperlink together with the bibliographic meta-data is provided. Some links require subscriptions and some are open access.
• Digital Public Library of America (DPLA) The Digital Public Library of America is a portal that brings together and makes freely available digitized collections of America’s libraries, archives, and museums. More than that, DPLA is a platform that provides developers, researchers, and others the ability to create tools and applications for learning, and discovery. This is a site worth exploring to see the next generation library. Click on Bookshelf to search for a book. Visit the Apps page to find ways of accessing DPLA's resources. DLPA uses Krikri, a Ruby on Rails engine for metadata aggregation, enhancement, and quality control as part of Heiðrún, its metadata ingestion system.
• DTU Orbit - The Research Information System DTU Orbit is the official research database of the Technical University of Denmark, DTU. Available to browse in standard web browsers and in addition to providing open access to articles, it provides a linked data type graph interface to cross search publications, projects, activities, department profiles and staff profiles related to publications to which DTU employees have contributed.
• English Language Books listed in Printed Book Auction Catalogues from 17th Century Holland Alexander, Keith. This datahub dataset lists books in the English language section of Dutch printed book auction catalogues of collections of scholars and religious ministers. For access to this data set and other auction catalogues, see the Printed Book Auction Catalogues resource.
• Europeana Pro Europeana Foundation. This is the European Union's initiative to share its countries' rich cultural heritage resources. Information regarding APIs, tools, grants, and events are also provided.
• Harvard LibraryCloud APIs Created by Licht, Jeffrey Louis, last modified by Wetherill, Julie M. (2019, May 6). Library Cloud is a metadata service that provides open, programmatic access to item and collection APIs that provide search access to Harvard Library collections metadata.
• Ligatus Ligatus. (2021). Ligatus is part of an initiative of the University of the Arts London conducting research on documentation in historical libraries and archives. Some of the projects include the Language of Bindings Thesaurus, Linked Conservation Data, Artivity (a tool capturing contextual data produced during the creative process of artists and designers while working on a computer), The St. Catherine's Project (conservation support for the unique monastery library in Sinai), and Archive as Event (online archive of the artist John Latham structured using Creative Archiving principles based on Latham's ideas).
• Linked Jazz This Pratt Institute project is built around oral histories of jazz musicians from Rutgers Institute for Jazz Studies Archives, Smithsonian Jazz Oral Histories, the Hamilton College Jazz Archive, UCLA’s Central Avenue Sounds series, and the University of Michigan’s Nathaniel C. Standifer Video Archive of Oral History. Tools developed for the project include the Linked Jazz Transcript Analyzer, a Name Mapping and Curator Tool, the crowd sourcing tool Linked Jazz 52nd Street, and the Linked Jazz Network Visualization Tool. The project also used Ecco! - a Linked Open Data application for entity resolution designed to disambiguate and reconcile named entities with URIs from authoritative sources.
• London DataStore The London DataStore is a free and open data-sharing portal providing access to over 500 datasets about London.
• National Széchényi Library catalogue (National Library of Hungary) The National Széchényi Library provides an example of a library Linked Data interface. Use the search box to perform a search. Click on "Semantic Web" under "Services" and click on Semantic web to learn more about this library's service and its move to Virtuoso.
• OCLC Research This page shows OCLC's current research projects on libraries, metadata, collections, library enterprises, and more.
• Office of the Historian Department of State, United States. The Office of the Historian publishes the Foreign Relations of the United States and a Guide to Country Recognition and Relations, and the World Wide Diplomatic Archives Index. Among other resources provided by the Office are bibliographic information about U. S. Presidents and Secretaries of State, information about travels of the President and Secretaries of State, Visits by Foreign Heads of State, and more. The office is using the TEI Processing Model and eXistdb for publishing its documents on the Web.
• Organization Name Linked Data The Organization Name Linked Data (ONLD) is based on the North Carolina State University Organization Name Authority, a tool maintained by the Libraries' Acquisitions & Discovery department to manage the variant forms of name for journal and e-resource publishers, providers, and vendors in their local electronic resource management system (ERMS). Names chosen as the authorized form reflect an acquisitions, rather than bibliographic, orientation. Data is represented as RDF triples using properties from the SKOS, RDF Schema, FOAF and OWL vocabularies. Links to descriptions of the organizations in other linked data sources, including the Virtual International Authority File, the Library of Congress Name Authority File, Dbpedia, Freebase, and International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI) are provided.
• SHARE Catalogue @ Cult Rome Italy. Scholarly Heritage and Access to Research Catalog (SHARE Catalogue) is a portal providing a single point of access to the entirety of the integrated resources of eight Italian libraries organized according to the BIBFRAME linked data model.
• Share-VDE (Virtual Discovery Environment) Share-VDE is a library-driven initiative which collects the bibliographic records and authority files in a shared discovery environment using Linked Data. It is a collaborative endeavor between Casilini Libri, @CULT, the Program for Cooperative Cataloging, international research libraries, and the LD4P project. The Share-VDE interface provides wide-ranging and detailed search results to library patrons. Each library received the information corresponding to its own catalog in Linked Data which may be re-used according to local requirements with no restrictions.
• Text Creation Partnership (TCP) The TCP is making available standardized, accurate XML/SGML encoded electronic text editions from Early English Books Online (EEBO-TCP), Eighteenth Century Collections Online (ECCO-TCP), Evans Early American Imprints (Evans-TCP), and EEBO-TCP Collections: Navigations. Texts are from ProQuest’s Early English Books Online, Gale Cengage’s Eighteenth Century Collections Online, and Readex’s Evans Early American Imprints and are made available through through web interfaces provided by the libraries at the University of Michigan and University of Oxford.
• University of Edinburgh Wikimedian in Residence University of Edinburgh. (2021). This page lists Wikidata Use Cases from the University of Edinburgh's collaboration with Wikimedia UK. Cases which have garnered international acclaim and served as inspiration for other research and collaborations include Scottish Witches, The Aberdeen Tower Block Archives, Documenting Biomedical Sciences: The Gene Wiki Project, Mapping the Scottish Reformation, Digitising Collections at the National Library of Wales, and others. Projects developed student skills as they surfaced data from MS Access databases to Wikidata as structured, machine-readable, linked open data.
• University of Southampton Open Data Service University of Southampton Open Data service has developed several mobile apps based on datasets using linked data. The data sets cover all aspects of university life including academic sessions, campus map, buildings, disabilities informaton, food services, organizations, and more. This initiative won the Times Higher Award in 2012 for Outstanding ICT Initiative of the Year, and a Cost Sector Catering award in 2015 for Best Innovation in Catering.

Wikibase Use Cases

• Enslaved Michigan State University, Matrix: Center for Digital Humanities & Social Sciences. This Wikibase instance provides for the exploration of individuals who were enslaved, owned slaves, or participated in the historical trade. Search over numerous datasets and browse interconnected data, generate visualizations, and explore short biographies of enslaved and freed peoples.
• The EU Knowledge Graph European Commission. (2021, March 29). This Wikibase instance contains structured information about the European Union. Click on the Kohesio link to see the Project Information Portal for Regional Policy, which showcases how linked data can be uses to provide local policy information regarding different topics.
• Rhizome Artbase Rhizome provides a dataset for born-digital artworks from 1999 to the present day using the Wikibase platform. Search by date or artist name. Some entries include external links to artworks maintained by artists or others, archived copies hosted on Rhizome infrastructure, and documentation. The instance provides timeline capability and uses its own ontology data model that integrates with Wikidata and other standards.

University of Edinburgh Wikimedian in Residence Projects

• Mapping the Scottish Reformation This project maps the Scottish Reformation by tracing clerics across early modern and modern Scotland using information from a database of the Scottish clergy generated by Wikidata. Information from this database runs parallel to another University of Edinburgh project, Scottish Witches.
• Sottish Witches Access the data visualizations of geolocation information pulled from the Survey of Scottish Witchcraft by Geology and Physical Geography student Emma Carroll. The work transformed the Survey from a static database to an acclaimed interactive linked open data collaboration with Wikimedia and with the support from Ewan McAndrew, University of Edinburgh’s Wikimedian in Residence. Information about the project is available.
• Last Updated: Feb 26, 2024 1:06 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.ucla.edu/semantic-web

316 Web Technology Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best web technology topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on web technology, ⭐ simple & easy web technology essay titles, 💡 interesting topics to write about web technology, 📑 good research topics about web technology, 📌 most interesting web technology topics to write about.

• Jewwatch.com: The Anti-Semitic Website Jew watch.com is a website that is dedicated to the spread of negative news about Jews. Based on the information that is available on the website, the general purpose of the site is to spearhead […]
• Web-Based School Management Mobile Application The implementation process was scheduled to commence with the infrastructural development of the web-based system and upload all school data into the system.
• Amazon Web Services The following are the current problems with the use of traditional in-house based systems: High Upfront cost of Systems and Personnel When it comes to creating the systems architecture of a company, it would be […]
• stickK.com Website Development The purpose of this paper is to describe the situation related to the development of the stickK.com website, to analyze the problem referring to the six-step decision-making model, and to provide the rationale for the […]
• Visual Argument Analysis: Kentucky Fried Chicken Website Advertisement The realistic picture of the chicken products offers the benefits of acquiring the product. In terms of warranty, the realistic picture of the chicken product increases the demand for the Kentucky Fried Chicken products.
• Introduction to the Web Mining Today World Wide Web has become an increasingly popular platform for storing, retrieving, and disseminating information as a result of the significant and rapid growth of Web data the knowledge available over the Internet.
• Badrul Khan’s Web-Based Framework Providing the opportunity of learning in any convenient manner, time, and pace as well as benefiting the instructor in terms of the idea of distributed instructions and assessment, the course focuses on both learners’ and […]
• The TimeMaps History Atlas Website Analysis On the right side of the screen, there is another enumeration of the world’s civilizations this time as a classical list, with embedded links as well.
• The Importance of Web Portals In some organizations the company portal is used by employees and clients to access important services that are available virtually. Tender’s portals are used by bidders to bid for bidding tenders electronically which is much […]
• Adidas IMC: Website Structure and Analysis Additionally, the site has animated tabs that are highlighted when the cursor is on them to encourage the user to click them. It is easy to navigate through the site and get what one is […]
• The Government Blocks Access to Internet Websites Generally, the intentions of the government can be described as formative and wise; however, in certain cases, it is difficult to agree with the position of the government.
• Pinterest: A Social Website Connecting People Although the results on Pinterest were “less inflammatory,” the platform still required the use of specific keywords to search for makeup and hairstyles for non-white females.
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Web-Based Electronic Maps Maps delivered through ArcGIS are beneficial in the sense that the user is able to gain access to the GIS functionality.
• The Amazon Web Service Key Features When it comes to the hardware of the AWS system, there are various concepts that a reader must understand to comprehend the configurations of the Amazon application.
• Interoperability of Web Services Interoperability is the felicity of a software interface working with diverse and varied software systems swiftly and at ease for providing special finesse and rhythm to web services’ network and its operations.
• Dark Web: Criminal Activity or Dissident Communication A variety of options for ordinary users create a serious problem for society to understand a possible impact of the Dark Web on the present and the future.
• Pirate Bay Website and Its Effects on Media Industry The founders of the private bay formed organizations in Europe to oppose the existence of copyrighted music and videos and called for the elimination of restrictions imparted upon music, videos, television, and other digital content.
• Amazon.com Website Products Marketing Through a comparison of price, delivery time and amount of effort needed in order to purchase a mass produced product or a customized product, it is anticipated that this paper will be able to showcase […]
• Readers and Online News Websites The paper will also take into account the thoughts of the readers on their role in that success, and members of the site’s staff on the news and the new developments they wish to adopt.
• Teaching Web Design in Secondary School Classroom The three main areas of Web design are construction and layout patterns, content and images, and management of the site. Students and teachers should know that usability of a Web site is critical in designing […]
• Case Studies in Website Upgrade for Improved User Experience Ultimately, the paper implies the critical necessity to improve website accessibility and design in the UAE to meet the standards of international organizations.
• Dental Hygienist Career Path: Website Analysis The website’s front page includes a with the illustration of the dental room and the name of the essay in a large distinctive font.
• Important Items on NAMI Website for Social Workers Other available and crucial information to social staff includes updates on mental health status and legislation in the nation. In conclusion, social workers need to gain knowledge of the common illnesses related to mental health, […]
• The Fashion Scholarship Fund Website Rhetoric Analysis There are also shared personal stories of alumni and other people who have benefitted from using the website before that, making one visit the website to feel a connection on the importance of the website.
• The Diane Kordas Jewellery Website Proposal The event details will be on a separate website specifically dedicated to the event, particularly for millennials and the Gen-x market interested in fine jewelry.
• The Planet Fitness Gym Website Analysis The most realistic responses from the users can be the requests related to the design change and the instructions regarding the usage of the navigation bar.
• Bipolar Disorder Info on the National Health Service Website The proposals are sent to the Department of Health of the NHS for review. The NHS advises a specialized examination for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder, in which the psychiatrist should present questions to determine […]
• Comparative Analysis of Technical and General Audience Websites: Business Memo However, for the Care Cloud, the audience needs to be familiar with the coding system and the Fifth Edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases.
• E-Commerce: Shopbop Website Analysis Overall, the website offers a good range of products and a fast delivery option, which are essential for online fashion retailers.
• Developing the Website for Complex Animation Implementing In addition to the above, for the implementation of the project, it is important to find and analyze the literature that offers the necessary information in relation to the issue.
• Finances of Pearl Retail Website in Switzerland A detailed consideration of the aspects of purchases, expenses, and income for various periods makes it possible to use different financial instruments that show the liquidity of assets and the soundness of the idea as […]
• A Web-Based System as the Best Intervention for Nurses The substantial degrees of stress and feeling overpowered lead to bad quality in the long run, diminished work fulfillment, and can cause an overall negative perception of the field Due to the expanding prevalence of […]
• The Nursing World Website Review The intended audience of this website is nursing staff, although other medical professionals and the general public can benefit from using the website.
• Coca-Cola Website Versus Pepsi Website The slogan used on the website for Coca-Cola is concise and specific, which makes clients desire to have a taste of the product.
• The Best Website for Creating a Portfolio That is why it is important to use the right and reliable portfolio sites that help people organize their CVs in the right and pleasant way.
• A Blog Post for the Church Website In fact, the Apostle identifies the Jewish people as the dominant part of the entire population of Jerusalem and the main church workers.
• A Web-Based Information Project Feasibility Analysis These are risks to the continuation and completion of the project and risks to the end product’s performance after the project has been completed.
• Websites Against Cyber Crimes: Investigating High-Tech Crime The site contains a wealth of information on online harassment and how to deal with it legally. One of the valuable appendices of the site is a comprehensive list of cyberstalking laws for each state.
• The Process of Building Websites With CSS The concept of an object is broader than a data structure, and a data structure is essentially an object that contains data.
• The Website Visibility of Apparel Brands Many SEO firms claim to take the brand websites on top of the Google Search Results, while others might go further to claim that they can have a brand website to the Eighth Wonder of […]
• The US Economy Government Agencies’ Websites The purpose of this new corporation is to partner with players in the private sector to invest in various sectors including healthcare, agriculture, technology, and critical infrastructure.
• The Thomas Library of Congress Website Terms The library is available online, and below are the definitions and meanings of some of the terms found on its website.
• Technological Solution for a Business Website It is also important to ensure that the website is designed in such a way that it quickens customers’ receipt of information through fast loading of pages.
• Web-Based Healthcare Information on American Heart Association The AHA webpage will be evaluated based on the eight major criteria linked with the HON Code of Conduct, which will include the examination of excellent healthcare data most essential to medical information.
• Raley’s Shop’s Website Structure and Organization The general website structure and organization are oriented with the purpose of bettering customer experience, which is why the categories and options are intuitive and easy to navigate. The most appealing aspect of the main […]
• Comparison of Walmart and Amazon Websites Amazon, which is believed to be Walmart’s major competitor, is the undisputed leader in the e-commerce market. Overall, Walmart is an underdog in e-commerce since the company is inferior to rivals in brand image.
• American and Florida Institutes of Certified Public Accountants Websites Belonging to the national and state professional accounting organizations, respectively, sites of both the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Florida Institute of Certified Public Accountants offer information about the profession.
• JMeter and Locust Load Tests for Websites Within this paper, a literature review of a number of articles will be utilized to determine the ways in which JMeter and Locust interact with load tests for small or medium-sized web client applications through […]
• Websites and Social Media Risks WHO champion health and a better future for all; WHO is funded by the whole world; WHO focuses on pandemics to inform people; WHO has its newsroom to help people.
• The Theory, Culture, and Society Website With the rise of technology as an integral component to people, it is important to explore elements of culture and society and the changes brought to them by present-day technology.
• Media Bias Fact Check: Website Analysis For instance, Fact Check relies on the evidence provided by the person or organization making a claim to substantiate the accuracy of the source.
• NetJets and Wheels Up Airlines’ Websites Comparison The main goal of this essay is to compare the airlines’ websites, noting the peculiarities of their products and services. The second private jet company, Wheels Up, states that individuals, families, and companies trust their […]
• OrganicFarm: Website Development This paper will be focusing on developing a website for the Organic Farm through the use of the front end technologies; the use of HTML, PHP, CSS, and the JavaScript to ensure more log-in to […]
• Determinants of Website Usability It is worth paying attention to the fact that there are a lot of websites on the World Wide Web, and browsers are quite accessible for accurate counting, in other words, the web developer adjusts […]
• Mechanical Engineers Website’s Problem Analysis The navigation of the site is easy for the most part. The one label is confusing, and some of the text should be a bit larger.
• The Sony Style – USA Website’s Problem Analysis The home page of the site was designed to highlight the latest product lines from Sony ranging from the Sony Vaio notebook PC to the Sony Playstation games and accessories.
• ViaBela: Online Business and Website Success The book by Tom Funk is aimed at explaining the use of online options to optimize the website and make it more user-friendly and effective in terms of the search engine options and other criteria […]
• The Website Caters to Technology Enthusiasts Unfortunately when it comes to looking for archived articles that are beyond product reviews such types of information require a bit more searching however the website does provide a search bar near the site header […]
• The Role of Website Design in Achieving Its Attractiveness The blending of the graphics, animations and text in the right proportions will determine the duration that a user will spend on any website. Most of the users of the Internet do not read the […]
• Global Website Production Task: Company Report The global website is required to take up the roles of subsidiaries and fulfill these roles in an effective manner. The first step in the creation of the global website is planning.
• Monetizing Web Portals Overview For example, YouTube and Facebook present ads that show the products and services that are relevant to a certain customer. The existing intranets and extranets can be linked to the external services through cooperation with […]
• Consumer Information and Education: Evaluating Websites for Credibility In order to evaluate objectivity, the patient should note the counter-arguments made in the article, and the explanations the author has used against them.
• Opinion About Web Site sedl.org and Teaching However, it is also quite important to note that students usually have intellectual learning in such gatherings. In essence, cooperative learning is very instrumental in intellectual growth, personal and social development.
• Cloud Providers: Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure The two selected cloud providers are Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure, which are in the top 5 largest providers in the United States.
• The HopeLine: Website and Social Media Analysis The organization’s social media and the site contain a body of knowledge that might be also informative or important to revise for the current employees, for instance types and signs of abuse.
• Evaluation of the Compassionate Friends Website Also, this site offers more than just the help available on the site: it is the Internet presence of an international group formed to help families, especially parents and siblings, through the loss of a […]
• Choosetheprice Website’s Marketing Plan ChooseThePrice.com also does not justify the accuracy or correctness of information. Users have the access to site all the time from any where and allowed to edit their information.
• Physical Security Control and Web Hosting This paper will discuss the physical security controls that most web hosting and business continuity providers offer to their customers as well as provide examples of such providers along with their products to potential customers.
• Tox Town Website: Health Concerns in the School Environment I conducted a tour on the Tox Town website to find out whether there are health concerns in the school environment.
• The Hawaiian Influenza Status: Local, State, and National Websites Findings On the other hand, the state is involved in the monitoring of the general health of the population and ensuring that the nation is free of the disease.
• Healthywomen.org: Evaluating a Website for Credibility Guidelines First of all, information about the author of healthywomen.org is shown on the website. Although.org is for persuasion, the site has legibility of the information it provides to women.
• Evaluating a Website for Credibility druginfo.nlm.nih.gov The purpose of the website is to provide users with the information of specific drugs which is contained in the drug information portal as shown in the US National Library of Medicine and other agencies.
• Evaluating a Website for Credibility Nursingworld.org The purpose of the website is to represent the interests of the American registered nurses. Besides, it helps nurses to provide their expertise in the development of the country’s health policies and advocate for the […]
• Evaluating a Medical Website for Credibility More focus will be on the evaluation of the content of the site and the site itself. Authority is defined as the trustworthiness, or expertise of the sources of the information on the website.
• Healthfinder.gov: Evaluating the Credibility of a Website The organization uses its website to offer the best ideas and tips to many people in the United States. The targeted website provides useful information, ideas, and articles to the reader.
• Katara Events Website Project Development As noted, the website has effectively supported the provision of credible information pertaining to various village events to individuals in the region.
• The Web-Enabled Technology: Key Aspects For data conveyance there is a protocol in place that enables the transfer of data without a snag.”Hyper text transfer protocol” is the foundation of data conveyance on web.
• Web Service Security: SAML and XACML One reason for the development of this language can be traced to the need for a standard, generic and powerful access control and specification language.
• Website Design Methodology: ‘Tourism in Melbourne City’ The information leading to the development of the website was collected using questionnaire methods, which were sent to the private and public institutions relying on doing their trade within the tourism industry.
• Website Navigation and Development: Healthy Nutrition A website is going to be devoted to the healthy nutrition and the danger of the modern products. The main purpose of this site will be informing people about the ingredients of the foods they […]
• Medical Decision Support Systems Based on Web Services This study therefore aims to create a medical decision support system that is based on web services to improve medical decision support for efficiency and expedition.
• The Development of a Web Portal Solution for Jupiter Fitness Center The portal will provide the customers of the company more value for the services received, which is expected to contribute to their retention and give the company a competitive advantage.
• Development of an Interactive Organizational Website The site should be easily navigable and interactive to make it easy for users to access information they will be looking for. It should be possible for a user to navigate to the main sections […]
• Internet Resources: Choosing of Credible Website The information provided is easily identifiable: there is the date of the last review, and there are names of the authors.
• Critique to Website the Internet Mental Health The site is very instrumental as the sharing of information could enable doctors in Japan to reduce the hospital admissions from four years to weeks as it was being done in Canada.
• 2010 World Cup Websites Evaluation and Comparison It may be argued that the summation of the individual components of a website may translate to the success of the given website.
• The Credibility of Web Pages The first thing that justifies the reliability of a web site is the availability of detailed information concerning the person or the organization that created the website.
• Medicine and Health: The Website Review The source of information is the directors and the public relations department of the company itself. The content of the website is easily swayed by the corporation.
• Mypyramid.gov: A Position on the Usefulness or Value of the Web Site This website gives good information on the quality of diet and status of the required physical activities. All age groups can access the website and find government information and tips for a diet of enhanced […]
• The Development Process of Web Sites The aim of this paper is to analyze the process of web development with the assistance of Dreamweaver software, as well as analyze the technical characteristics of the equipment, which will be used for the […]
• Miami-Dade’s Web Services Transformation The only solution is the development of mainframe that will have the capacity to provide county law enforcement’s access to a criminal records database.
• Comparing of Two Websites That Give Information on Illegal Drugs They also agree to a point that the drug causes some damage to the lungs and pulmonary system as a result of the tendency of the smokers to inhale it deeper and to hold it […]
• Florida Department of Management Services Website As to additional services that could be added, there are a few suggestions but the site is well built overall and very easy to navigate.
• How to Recognize an Informational Web Page: Nursing Informatics In a bid to achieve a healthcare system that is proficient in meeting the needs of the community, nursing informatics is crucial.
• Hacking Government Website From the View of Right and Justice Computer crimes refers to the use of the computer system or the internet to commit criminal activities A computer crime is an unlawful act done via a computer or a network and some of the […]
• Humor as a Therapeutic Tool at Health and Humor Website Humormatters.com It can be found through the google search of “Sultanoff” and is also listed on the Pepperdine University website in the section dedicated to the researcher, as to one of the faculty members.
• The Rick Racer Amusements Web Portal’s Requirements The purpose of the system is to improve operations, processes, and collaboration. The portal will implement functionalities to forward information to the relevant stakeholders for quicker and informed decision-making.
• The Product Prototype of Bedrijfkracht’s Website Questions in the table below will be used to examine the attitudes of the target group towards the content and design of the blog post.
• The Evaluation of the Website for the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association The goal of this paper is to assess the website for the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association according to the five criteria used for consumer website evaluation.
• Framing Analysis of Food Movement Websites The elements to focus on during the framing analysis are the targeted audience, use of particular terms, recall to moral values, and rhetorical appeals. To achieve justice, more citizens need to be inspired by the […]
• The Development of Childcare and Education Website While parents of young children are to be the key recipients of the information available via the future website, the childcare providers are the inherent second large group of stakeholders.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Website Tools Health reports on various subjects and the financial reports of the company are some of the databases that can be kept together in a data repository.
• World Health Organization Cancer Website Tool Cancer is prevalent in the current world, and though the rate of incidence and morbidity is important in research, the mortality rate is the most helpful in this website because it translates the gravity of […]
• Idaho Physicians Network Organization’s Website The main aims of IPN are to develop the professionalism of physicians, increase the quality of health care services and provide the necessary help to customers.
• Pros and Cons of a Proactive Approach to Transparency on the Cardiology Team’s Website Sharing of information will ensure that all cardiologists in the group are aware of the happenings in the group. However, transparency by the group of cardiologists will be critical to its operations.
• Victims’ Assistance: Maryland Police Departments Websites Analysis The Baltimore Police Department is one of the largest municipal police forces in the US, and its website is the most user-friendly and visually appealing out of the three websites analyzed.
• A Promising Web-Based Business in Dubai It includes an analysis of the external environment and industry, customer segmentation and value proposition, business strategy, digital marketing, revenue streams, and website interface design among other topics in an exploration of the possibility of […]
• Evaluation of WebMD Corporation Website This paper aims to evaluate the WebMD website to determine if the information available is reliable, updated, and unbiased. Documents are published by the Webmaster, which is the WebMD.
• Supporting Web-Based Learning in III Structured Domains Using Question Prompts The abstract of the article provides an overview of the research paper by making the results of the research clear. By making the achievements of the study clear, the abstract enables the reader to comprehend […]
• Smartphone Store Commercial Website: Description Plan Considering the growth of the demand of the smartphone market, the present report provides a description plan for an online smartphone store, in which users will be able to purchase different brands of smartphones.
• The American Counseling Association and the American Psychological Association Websites The intention of this research is to diffuse the result of Information Communication Technologies and the internet mostly for the coming age’s competitiveness of the two counseling websites. This adds to the links that are […]
• Website Analysis: Roaming Technologies Company The search engine is in a position to navigate most of the content from the website. Some of the links should be static so that they give a description of the website.
• Reliance Levels in Web-Based Applications & Offline For one to succeed in any area of life, one needs to have the self-assurance that you can perform the intended goals and be persuaded that no matter the limitations that may come forth you […]
• Decision of Uncertainty: Riordan Manufacturing and Its Web Sites The major issue of uncertainty for the company is thus the probability of each of the four sites to become the most popular among the customers.
• Critique and Comparison. Review of the Websites The domain of the above website is quite authoritative because it ends with.org which means that it is not in the business of advertising at the expense of providing useful information.
• Research Strategy and Web-Based Resources Guidance is very important and can offer a chance to proper conduct with regard to the web and internet. To solve the problem of using internet for research, it would be proper to attain information […]
• Multimedia Elements in the Website of the Maya Hotel Please refer to picture 1 to see to get a better idea of this multimedia element: The combination of yellow and pink colors helps to draw the viewers attention to the name of the hotel.
• Antique 2000: Project Plan for the Development of a Web-Based System The reason is simple: modern-web based business solutions are capable of increasing profitability by exposing the enterprise to a world-wide market, and by transforming the nature of the enterprise relationships with its key stakeholders the […]
• Key Elements for a User-Friendly Website The color used in the website should be apt for the theme of the website. The automatization is also used in this site.
• Affordable Care Act Website’s Breakdowns It would be proper to mention that the former President of the United States of America always said that all the ACA website breakdowns happen due to the source’s popularity.
• Designer’s Website Detailed Analysis The first thing to notice when we go to the site is the time taken to load the webpage. The website is built solely on Adobe Flash and would require a user to have this […]
• Wikipedia and Britannica.com Website Designs Therefore, the presentation and layout of the materials on the site are appropriate for the purpose of the site and the kind of information the site gives to the reader.
• The Situation in Web Design Company Newcastle Infotech This paper analyzes the internal and external environment of the company to identify the factors preventing this business from achieving a more solid position in the market.
• HTML and Web Design in E-Business It is worth to note that the tag is outside the HTML tags; it is a declaration of the HTML document.
• Guess’ Website: Design Analysis The brand’s name is, however; written in a glaring red color and large font which immediately attracts the attention of the reader and the red color acts as a sharp contrast to the muted colors […]
• Powerhouse Museum Website The website is a representation of the business on the internet and how it is brought out really matters in terms of benefiting the organization.
• E-Business. Doctors Foster and Smith’s Website While maintaining the online relationship with the customer, the staff of the website respects his or her privacy, especially, concerning the personal information that the customer provides to the online shop.
• Abnormal Psychology: NationalEatingDisorders Website Being a psychotherapist veteran of 31 years in the realm of eating disorders among teens, she has managed to produce the proper questions to be asked when contemplating if a child has a disordered eating […]
• Website Construction for the Company. Displayed on a simple, brief, understandable, yet seemingly sophisticated but beautiful site are the many features of the company, like the company’s mission, the present Board of Directors, the management and top-rank employees and the […]
• Cybersocialisation: Interacting and Communicating via Social Networking Websites With the upsurge of new technologies like the Internet, the interaction and socialisation of people have changed drastically not only to become technologically sophisticated but also fundamentally different than previous generations in their approaches to, […]
• Death Penalty Websites’ Accuracy and Objectivity According to the above stated, the topic of the current paper is the comparison of two websites dedicated to the topic of the death penalty in respect of their reputability, accuracy, and objectivity.
• Virtual Trading From End-to-End Websites Once the value of every share of stock is strong-minded, and the number of funds desirable by the company is total, the investment banker forms an organization of broker/dealers who take on the liability of […]
• Global Mass Communication: Web Television The Web TV and IPTV are a powerful enabling force that enables the use of similar ideas in different corners of the world.
• Integration of E-Commerce Websites in Banking Systems A domain name should be got by the company and should focus on what it markets or what the company is about.
• Overview of Documentary Websites The database that is also indexed by the country name has a provision to find the title of the TV series or the movie by the first alphabet of the title.
• Comet: The Ecommerce Website Review The company is one of the largest electrical retailers in the country, which offers the widest range of electrical products to buy online.
• The American Cancer Society’s Website Evaluation The American Cancer Society or the ACS is the “The American Cancer Society is a nationwide, community-based voluntary health organization. The goal of the American Cancer Society is the impediment of cancer thereby saving the […]
• Neuroscience for Kids Website Review In the proposed approach, the teacher plays the role of a moderator, which encourages the students to solve realistic problems, discover various principles, and construct their knowledge.
• AXE Canada: Cosmetics Advertisement Product Website This original line is translated ax fashion as: “Does that mean you have to go to work dressed like a slob?” Another interesting one for females is the line “It’s fun watching Monday night football […]
• Reducing Nurses’ Stress: A Web-Based Management Program The title of this primary source accurately depicts the key variable, which is the level of nurses’ stress and mentions the possible solution to this issue the introduction of a special computer program.
• Bead Bar Web Site’s E-Business Model and Technologies The bricks and clicks model of the franchise web site will allow the customers to find a Bead Bar studio in the local area and then find the list of products available in the studio […]
• Boston University E-Book Website: Sprint Planning They include the creation of a prototype of the website, the integration of the website into BU’s student resources, and the design of a membership program and policies for it.
• The Impact of Web Mining on Value Creation The concept and definition of business intelligence, data mining, and techniques were discussed in the paper. The web is the central hub for social, political, and business life and contains a variety of information and […]
• Analyzing the Usability of the TED Website The questionnaires and the tasks the participants completed were designed so that it could be possible to assess the attractiveness, functionality, understandability, and learnability of the website under analysis.
• Kidney Health Australia Website as a Care Resource The benefit of the resource is that it was intentionally created for an Australian context and contains various additional information about research and practice for nurses and physicians.
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• List of Web Development Research Topics

Development of an inventory management system for better management of products in a retail store

Description of the topic

Retail organizations often face the problem of managing their inventories and they are not able to track the product throughout the entire supply chain (Oladele, Ogundokun, Adegun, Adeniyi and Ajanaku, 2021). The manual tracking of multiple products within the inventory is a difficult task and the inappropriate management of inventories in retail organizations often results in overstocking and understocking of products (Zhao and Tu, 2021). This problem often leads to poor performance of manufacturing KPIs of the organization. Considering this problem, an inventory management system is developed in this research for tracking every product within the company until it gets sold.

Research Objectives

• To identify the issues faced by retail organizations related to inventory management.
• To develop a web-based inventory management system for real-time tracking of the products within the store.
• To test the functionality of the system to ensure its proper functioning and reliability.

Research Questions

RQ: Does the inventory management system help the retail organization in keeping track of its products and in enhancing its inventory management processes?

Research Methodology

This research can be conducted using the agile software development methodology in which the project can be completed in different phases. Web technologies such as HTML, JavaScript and CSS can be used for the development of inventory management systems. HTML and CSS can be used for designing the interface of the system while the system can be developed using Javascript.

• Oladele, T.O., Ogundokun, R.O., Adegun, A.A., Adeniyi, E.A. and Ajanaku, A.T., 2021. Development of an inventory management system using association rules. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 21(3), pp.1868-1876 .
• Zhao, B. and Tu, C., 2021. Research and development of inventory management and human resource management in ERP. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2021, pp.1-12.
• Saha, E. and Ray, P.K., 2019. Modeling and analysis of inventory management systems in healthcare: A review and reflections. Computers & Industrial Engineering , 137, p.106051.

Development of 3D game snakes and ladder using unity

Games are an effective way for users of any age category to entertain themselves and let their minds get diverted from stressful daily activities. Snakes and ladder is a popular game that has been played by everyone whether online or offline (Comber, Motschnig, Mayer and Haselberger, 2019). But, the 2D version of the game has been outdated and users these days are attracted towards 3D games because of better gameplay and graphics (Kim, et al, 2014). The existing 2D version of the snakes and ladders game has been losing its popularity because of the increasing trend of 3D games. Thus, in this research, a 3D snakes and ladders game is developed using Unity.

• To develop a 3D snakes and ladders game providing enhanced graphics and gameplay.
• To test the game against multiple measures such as user-friendliness, response time etc.

RQ1: Does the introduction of 3D games have helped in enhancing the experience and gameplay of modern games?

RQ2: How does the Unity development platform help in the development of enhanced 3D games and in enhancing the gameplay of the conventional snakes and ladders game?

Agile software development methodology can be used for this research in which the project can be completed in multiple phases. The designing and development of the game can be done using the Unity Development platform for enhanced 3D animations and interfaces. Multiple testing processes can be performed during the research such as usability testing, code functionality testing, performance testing etc.

• Comber, O., Motschnig, R., Mayer, H. and Haselberger, D., 2019, April. Engaging students in computer science education through game development with unity. In 2019 IEEE global engineering education conference (education) (pp. 199-205). IEEE.
• Kim, S.L., et al, 2014, March. Using Unity 3D to facilitate mobile augmented reality game development. In 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT) (pp. 21-26). IEEE.

Managing the attendance of remote employees with an attendance management system

Business organizations have continued to allow their employees to work from home even after the threat of Covid 19 has reduced. This has helped them in saving the extra expenses they used to spend on offline management of the employees in the office and also has increased productivity with flexible working hours. But, the management of the attendance of remote workers is a concern for the companies as they are not able to check whether the employee is working or not. Considering this problem, a web-based system is proposed in this research which can help the organizations in detecting whether the employee is online or not automatically and can mark their attendance.

• To identify the current issues related to the attendance management of remote employees through literature-based analysis.
• To provide a technological solution for automated management of the attendance of remote employees.
• To test the functionalities of the system with the white box testing technique.

RQ: How can the web-based solution help business organizations in enhancing and automate their attendance management processes?

Software development methodologies are used for such research projects and multiple methodologies can be used for this research such as agile, waterfall etc. Considering the complexity of the attendance management system development project, an agile software development methodology would be suitable under which the project can be divided into multiple phases and testing of the progress can be done after every phase to ensure the quality of the end product. White box testing can be used for testing the functionality of the attendance management system.

Development of library management system

Management of the issuing and returning process of books in a library is a time-consuming and hectic task. It is difficult to keep track of the issued books, their return date, the transactions etc. manually because of the high chances of human errors and loss of records (Shaw and De Sarkar, 2021). Thus, a web-based solution is proposed in this research for the better management of these tasks within a library. With this system, the key privacy issues of security, data loss, and human errors can be eliminated and the records can be managed appropriately (Deng. and Xie, 2018).

• To identify the limitations of manual management of library records.
• To provide a web-based solution for better management of library records.
• To provide a secure and reliable solution for the appropriate management of records within a library.

RQ1: What are the limitations of manual management of library records?

RQ2: How does the web-based solution can help in enhancing the library management processes?

A suitable software methodology can be selected for conducting this research successfully. The library management system can be developed using agile software development methodology in which seven different phases of the development process can be completed- Planning, requirement analysis, designing, development, testing and maintenance. Requirements can be gathered by resting the user stories, personas and fictional scenarios while the designing and development can be done using the web technologies such as HTML, CSS and Javascript.

• Shaw, J.N. and De Sarkar, T., 2021. A cloud-based approach to library management solutions for college libraries. Information Discovery and Delivery , 49(4), pp.308-318.
• Deng, S.T. and Xie, C., 2018, September. Design and research of mobile phone library management system in a private university based on asp. net. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1087, No. 6, p. 062029). IOP Publishing.

Development of a web application allowing customers to review the latest movies

There are several video streaming platforms available these days where the latest movies and shows are available to watch customers. But, it is difficult for users to decide which show they should watch because of the multiple options on these platforms (Harer and Kadam, 2014). Considering this issue, a web application is developed during this research in which the users can be able to view the ratings and reviews of the latest movie or show on different platforms such as IMDB, Rotten tomatoes etc. (You, Lee and Kim, 2016) The users can also be allowed to share their reviews regarding the movie after watching it on the video streaming platforms.

• To build a platform for the users to share their opinions regarding the movies or shows with other users.
• To use the web technologies such as HTML, CSS and Javascript to develop a web-based application for posting movie reviews.

RQ: How can the web-based movie review application be helpful for users in obtaining and sharing the reviews of any latest movie or show?

The web-based application for movie reviews can be developed using agile software development methodology and the web technologies that can be used for the development are HTML, CSS for web designing, Javascript for web development and SQL for database development.

• Harer, S. and Kadam, S., 2014. Sentiment classification and feature-based summarization of movie reviews in the mobile environment. International Journal of Computer Applications, 100(1), pp.30-35.
• You, Y.S., Lee, S. and Kim, J., 2016, October. Design and development of visualization tools for a movie review and sentiment analysis. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Emerging Databases: Technologies, Applications, and Theory (pp. 117-123).

Mobile application development for fitness activities

An unhealthy lifestyle and an unhealthy body are home to several dangerous diseases and this is the reason the prevalence of obesity is increasing day by day. Fitness applications these days track the daily activities of people, their steps, calories etc. but do not provide any health tips for appropriate fitness activities that can help people in keeping their bodies fit (Chen and Pu, 2014). The mobile application developed during this research can be the perfect solution for these problems related to existing fitness applications (Gabbiadini and Greitemeyer, 2018). This app can take the basic details of the user as input and can provide a complete list of activities that the user can complete daily to keep their body and mind fit and distant from any disease.

• To identify the issues with the existing fitness application.
• To propose a new application for improved fitness and mental health of the people.
• To ensure the security of the personal information of the users on the application with strong security measures.

RQ: How can the mobile fitness application help users in enhancing their fitness and mental health?

The agile software development methodology is considered the most suitable methodology for software development and thus it can be used in this research for the development of Fitness applications. PHP scripting language can be used for the development of the application and white box testing can be done to ensure the proper functioning of the application. Penetration testing can also be performed to ensure the security of the application from any type of cyber intrusion.

• Chen, Y. and Pu, P., 2014, April. HealthyTogether: exploring social incentives for mobile fitness applications. In Proceedings of the second international symposium of chinese chi (pp. 25-34).
• Gabbiadini, A. and Greitemeyer, T., 2018. Fitness mobile apps positively affect attitudes, perceived behavioral control and physical activities. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 59(3), pp.407-414.

Promoting energy-saving activities with a mobile application

Power and water resources are extremely valuable for human lives and yet these are carelessly used by human beings. Wastage of these sources in the day-to-day activities of human beings within their homes is one of the major concerns for the authorities as they can't move from house to house to check the wastage or to make people aware of this (Nguyen, 2014). To address this issue, a mobile application is proposed in this research which can be promoting energy-saving activities within the households such as turning off the tap after use, turning off the lights after leaving the room etc. This application can be designed for children to make them aware of these activities from a young age so that they can make other people aware as well (Oppong-Tawiah et al, 2020).

• To promote energy and water-saving activities.
• To provide a method for educating young children about power-saving and water-saving activities from a young age.
• To develop a high-quality mobile application with interactive animations.

RQ1: How can the mobile application be used for making people aware of power-saving activities?

RQ2: What impact can the power-saving application make on the rate of increased wastage of these resources?

During this research, the mobile application for promoting power-saving activities can be developed using the agile software development methodology. Under this methodology, designing, development and testing can be done in multiple phases. For usability testing of the application, participants between the age of 7 to 15 can be selected from a nearby school.

• Nguyen, S.P., 2014, May. Mobile application for household energy consumption feedback using smart meters: Increasing energy awareness, encouraging energy savings and avoiding energy peaks. In 2014 International Conference on Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS) (pp. 291-296). IEEE.
• Oppong-Tawiah, D. et al, 2020. Developing a gamified mobile application to encourage sustainable energy use in the office. Journal of Business Research, 106, pp.388-405.

Authentication system for secure vaults in banks

Banks are the most trusted place for people to keep their money, documents, jewelry and other financial elements secure from getting misused and from getting lost (Das, Jelil and Mahadeva Prasanna, 2017). But, in recent times the increased cases of robberies and other unethical accounting practices in the banks have raised a few questions about their security measures (Yang, 2019). Thus, in this research, an authentication system is proposed for the bank to keep the assets of the people secure from any event in the bank. For every locker in the bank, this system can be used to ensure that the unauthorized person can be restricted to access these valuable assets of the people.

• To identify the physical security issues in the banks.
• To provide an effective solution for the physical security issues of the banks these days.
• To use multiple authentication measures in the system for enhanced security

RQ: How can the authentication system with multiple authentication processes help in decreasing the physical security issues in the banks?

Agile software development methodology can be preferred for the development of this authentication system in which HTML can be used for designing the interface and PHP can be used for development. The RSA encryption technique can be used for securing the information. Multiple tests can be performed during the project such as penetration tests, authentication testing etc.

• Das, R.K., Jelil, S. and Mahadeva Prasanna, S.R., 2017. Development of multi-level speech based person authentication system Journal of Signal Processing Systems, 88, pp.259-271 .
• Yang, G.C., 2019. Development status and prospects of graphical password authentication system in Korea. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS), 13(11), pp.5755-5772 .

Development of ambulance booking system

This project is focused on the development of an online booking system for ambulances in any emergency. The ambulances have been helping people to reach the medical facilities in time to get their treatment (Bhonsle,et al., 2022). But, there is no such system currently available that can allow the patients or their guardians to book them online in any emergency cases or for pre-booking of ambulances for a particular date (Isong, Dladlu and Magogodi,, 2016). Thus, this system is proposed in this research to provide a simple and reliable solution for patients to book ambulances. This would help the industry in boosting its healthcare KPIs and become more efficient.

• To provide a reliable solution for the booking of ambulances for patients in emergencies.
• To build a secure and responsive system for booking ambulances so that users can get the response for ambulances in real-time.

RQ: How can the online system help patients in booking ambulances faster than the conventional ways?

In this research study, an online booking system for ambulances can be developed using the agile software development methodology. Java script can be used for the development of the system with some other web technologies such as HTML and CSS. The usability, Load management and Security of the system can also be tested to ensure high performance.

• Bhonsle, V.S.,et al., 2022, August. Ambulance booking system using GPS. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2461, No. 1, p. 020003). AIP Publishing LLC.
• Isong, B., Dladlu, N. and Magogodi, T., 2016. Mobile-based medical emergency ambulance scheduling system. Int. J. Comput. Netw. Inf. Secur, 8(11), pp.14-22 .

Garbage management system for smart cities

Smart city projects include the use of advanced technologies for monitoring every activity with the help of sensors and connected systems. But, garbage collection is a process that is often not focused more by the authorities in these projects (Ali, Irfan, Alwadie and Glowacz, 2020). Thus, in this research, a web-based system is proposed for the effective management of garbage in smart cities to help the authorities keep the city clean. This system can be connected with the sensors installed in all the major dustbins in the city to get alerts when it gets full so that the authorities can address it immediately (Nirde, Mulay and Chaskar, 2017).

• To provide an effective solution for addressing garbage management issues in smart cities.
• To provide a reliable system for the authorities to enhance the waste management processes.
• To develop a highly responsive system with real-time alerting capabilities.

RQ: How can the smart garbage management system help the authorities in enhancing their waste management system in smart cities?

The IoT-based smart garbage management system can be developed using the agile software development methodology. The required web technologies for this development process can be React, Java Script, My SQL and HTML. Requirements can be gathered from the literature-based analysis of existing systems and also by using requirement elicitation techniques such as interviews, focus groups etc, with the IoT and IT experts.

• Ali, T., Irfan, M., Alwadie, A.S. and Glowacz, A., 2020. IoT-based smart waste bin monitoring and municipal solid waste management system for smart cities. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 45, pp.10185-10198.
• Nirde, K., Mulay, P.S. and Chaskar, U.M., 2017, June. IoT based solid waste management system for smart city. In 2017 international conference on intelligent computing and control systems (ICICCS) (pp. 666-669). IEEE.

Fun learning application for children: benefits and drawbacks

Visual effects, animations and games attract the children more as compared to simple texts and images on the application. In the existing learning applications for children simple texts, images and some audio are used to provide them with knowledge about new concepts. It is very boring for them and they are not able to build their interest in this type of learning. Thus, to address this issue, a fun learning 3D game is proposed in this research in which the children can be able to play simple learning games or different STEM apps and understand the concepts in a fun way. The application will have multiple levels and the levels can be decided based on the age level of the children. This game can be designed for children between the ages of 7-12.

• To identify the issues in the existing learning applications.
• To provide a fun way to learn for the children in which they can both play and learn.
• To build a fun learning application for children with multiple levels of learning.

RQ: How can the fun learning applications keep the children more involved in learning as compared to the simple learning applications?

For the development of fun learning applications during this research, agile methodology can be used. Under this methodology, the project can be completed in multiple phases and testing can be done after every phase. The fun learning application can be designed using 3D while its development can be done using C#.

• Kaminska, D.,et al, 2019. Virtual reality and its applications in education: Survey. Information, 10(10), p.318 .
• Lepper, M.R. and Malone, T.W., 2021. Intrinsic motivation and instructional effectiveness in computer-based education. In Aptitude, learning, and instruction (pp. 255-286). Routledge.

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The web development industry is constantly evolving, and new technologies and techniques are being developed all the time. Research helps developers keep up with the latest advancements and make informed decisions about which tools and technologies to use.

Web developers need research to stay up with the emerging, comprehend customer needs, enhance functionality, stay competitive, and create more accessible websites. That being the case, this list contains 11 research topics that would help students in getting great ideas to carry out their research effectively. Alongside of the description, the list also contains possible research questions , research objectives and possible research methodologies that can be used by students to effectively carry out their research.

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Technology is like a massive puzzle where each piece connects to form the big picture of our modern lives. Be it a classroom, office, or a hospital, technology has drastically changed the way we communicate and do business. But to truly understand its role, we need to explore different technology research topics.

And that's where this blog will be handy! Powered by solid experience, our professional term paper writers gathered multiple technology research paper topics in literally any direction. Whether you're a student looking for an intriguing subject for your project or just a tech enthusiast trying to broaden your understanding, we've got your back. Dive into this collection of tech topics and see how technological progress is shaping our world.

What Are Technology Topics?

Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. It's the smartphone in your hand, the electric car on your street, and the spacecraft exploring Mars. It might also be the code that protects your online privacy and the microscope that uncovers mysteries of the human cell.

Technology permeates our lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, learn, work, and play. But, beyond the gadgets and gizmos, there's a world of diverse technology research topics, ideas, concepts, and challenges.

Technology topics zoom in on these ideas, peeling back the layers of the tech universe. As a researcher, you might study how AI is changing healthcare, explore the ethical implications of robotics, or investigate the latest innovations in renewable energy. Your project should probe into the 'how,' the 'why,' and the 'what next' of the technology that is reshaping our world. So, whether you're dissecting the impact of EdTech on traditional learning or predicting the future of space exploration, research topics in technology are limitless.

Branches of Technology Research Paper Topics

Undoubtedly, the reach of technology is extensive. It's woven its way into almost every corner of our lives. Before we move to technological research topics, let’s first see just where technology has left its mark. So, here are some areas where technology is really shaking things up:

• Government services: E-governance, digital IDs, and digital voting are just a few examples of technology's application in government services.
• Finance: Fintech innovations include cryptocurrencies, mobile banking, robo-advising, and contactless payments.
• Education: Technology is used in a wide variety of educational contexts, from e-learning platforms and digital textbooks to educational games and virtual classrooms.
• Communication: Social media, video conferencing, instant messaging, and email are all examples of tech's role in communication.
• Healthcare: From electronic medical records and telemedicine to advanced imaging technology and robotic surgery, technology is surely transforming healthcare.
• Agriculture: Technological advancements are revolutionizing agriculture through precision farming, automated machinery, drones, and genetic engineering.
• Retail: It also influences retail through e-commerce, mobile payments, virtual fitting rooms, and personalized shopping experiences.
• Environment: Tech is used in climate modeling, conservation efforts, renewable energy, and pollution control.

These are far from all sectors where technology can be applied. But this list shows how diverse topics in technology can be.

How to Choose a Technology Research Topic?

Before you select any idea, it’s important to understand what a good technology research topic is. In a nutshell, a decent topic should be interesting, relevant, and feasible to research within your available resources and time. Make sure it’s specific enough, but not to narrow so you can find enough credible resources. 

Your technology topic sets the course of your research. It influences the type and amount of information you'll search for, the methods you'll use to find it, and the way you'll interpret it. Ultimately, the right topic can make your research process not only more manageable but also more meaningful. But how to get started, you may ask. Don’t worry! Below we are going to share valuable tips from our thesis writers on how to choose a worthy topic about technology.

• Make research Study the latest trends and explore relevant technology news. Your task is to come up with something unique that’s not been done before. Try to look for inspiration in existing literature, scientific articles, or in past projects.
• Recognize your interests Start with what you are genuinely curious about in the field of technology. Passion can be a great motivator during the research process.
• Consider the scope You want a topic that is neither too broad nor too narrow. It should provide enough material to explore without being overwhelming.
• Check availability of resources Ensure there are sufficient trustworthy resources available for your chosen topic.
• Evaluate the relevance Your technology research idea should be pertinent to your field of study and resonate with current trends. This can make your research more valuable and engaging for your audience.

Top List of Technology Research Topics

Are you looking for the best research topics about technology? Stop by! Here, we’ve carefully collected the topic ideas to ignite your curiosity and support your research. Each topic offers various data sources, allowing you to construct well-supported arguments. So, let's discover these fascinating subjects together!

• AI's influence on healthcare.
• Challenges of cybersecurity in a connected world.
• Role of drones in modern agriculture.
• Could renewable energy replace fossil fuels?
• Impact of virtual reality on education.
• Blockchain's potential beyond cryptocurrencies.
• Ethical considerations in biotechnology.
• Can smart cities enhance quality of life?
• Autonomous vehicles – opportunities and threats.
• Robotics in manufacturing.
• Is big data changing decision-making processes?
• E-waste : Challenges and solutions.
• Role of IoT in smart homes.
• Implications of 5G technology.
• EdTech: A revolution in learning?

Good Technology Research Topics

Ready for another batch of inspiration? Get ready to discover great technology topics for a research paper across various disciplines. These ideas are designed to stimulate your creativity and provide substantial information for your research. So, let's explore these exciting themes together!

• Impact of nanotechnology on medicine.
• Harnessing quantum computing potential.
• Augmented reality in tourism.
• Can bioinformatics revolutionize disease prediction?
• Sustainability in tech product design.
• Darknet : A hidden side of the internet.
• How does technology influence human behavior?
• Assistive technology in special education.
• Are smart textiles transforming the fashion industry?
• Role of GIS in urban planning.
• Space tourism: A reality or fantasy?
• Potential of digital twins in engineering.
• How is telemedicine shaping healthcare delivery?
• Green IT : Addressing environmental issues.
• Impact of machine learning on finance.

Interesting Technology Research Paper Topics

For those craving intriguing angles and fresh ideas, we present these interesting topics in technology. This collection is filled with thought-provoking subjects that cover the lesser-known areas of technology. Each topic is concise, clear, and ready to spark a fascinating research journey!

• Cyber-physical systems in industry 4.0.
• Social implications of deepfake technology.
• Can gamification enhance learning outcomes?
• Neuromorphic computing: Emulating the human brain.
• Li-Fi : Light-based communication technology.
• Health risks of prolonged screen time.
• Quantum cryptography and secure communication.
• Role of technology in sustainable agriculture.
• Can we predict earthquakes with AI?
• Virtual influencers: A new trend in marketing.
• Tech solutions for wildlife conservation.
• Role of 3D printing in organ transplantation.
• Impact of automation on the job market.
• Cloud gaming: A new era in the gaming industry.
• Genomic editing: Possibilities and ethical concerns.

New Technology Research Topics

Understanding the fast-paced world of technology requires us to keep up with the latest developments. Hence, we bring you burning  technology research paper topics. These ideas reflect the most recent trends and advances in technology, offering fresh perspectives for your research. Let's take a look at these compelling subjects!

• Potential of hyper automation in business processes.
• How is AI changing digital marketing?
• Brain-computer interfaces: The future of communication?
• Quantum supremacy : Fact or fiction?
• 5D data storage: Revolutionizing data preservation.
• Rise of voice technology in consumer applications.
• Using AI for mental health treatment.
• Implications of edge computing for IoT devices.
• Personalized learning with AI in education.
• Role of technology in reducing food waste.
• Digital twin technology in urban development.
• Impact of AI on patent law.
• Cybersecurity in the era of quantum computing.
• Role of VR in disaster management training.
• AI in talent recruitment: Pros and cons.

Unique Technology Research Topics

For those wanting to stand out with truly original research, we offer 100% authentic topics about technology. We understand that professors highly value unique perspectives. Below we've meticulously selected these technology paper topics to offer you something different. These are not your everyday technology subjects but rather unexpected gems ready to be explored.

• Digital ethics in AI application.
• Role of technology in countering climate change.
• Is there a digital divide in developing countries?
• Role of drones in disaster management.
• Quantum internet: Possibilities and challenges.
• Digital forensic techniques in cybersecurity.
• Impact of technology on traditional art forms.
• Biohacking: Can we really upgrade ourselves?
• Technology and privacy: An inevitable trade-off?
• Developing empathy through virtual reality.
• AI and creativity: Can machines be artists?
• Technology's impact on urban gardening.
• Role of technology in accessible tourism.
• Quantum biology: A frontier of science.
• Unmanned underwater vehicles: Opportunities and threats.

Informative Research Topics in Technology

If you are seeking comprehensive information on technologies, this selection will definitely provide you with insights. As you may know, every study should be backed up by credible sources. Technology topics for research papers below are very easy to investigate, so you will surely find a bunch of academic resources.

• Exploring  adaptive learning systems in online education.
• Role of technology in modern archaeology.
• Impact of immersive technology on journalism.
• The rise of telehealth services.
• Green data centers: A sustainable solution?
• Cybersecurity in mobile banking.
• 3D bioprinting : A revolution in healthcare?
• How technology affects sleep quality.
• AI in music production: A new era?
• Technology's role in preserving endangered languages.
• Smart grids for sustainable energy use.
• The future of privacy in a digital world.
• Can technology enhance sports performance?
• Role of AR in interior design.
• How technology is transforming public libraries.

Controversial Research Topics on Technology

Technological field touches upon areas where technology, ethics, and society intersect and often disagree. This has sparked debates and, sometimes, conspiracy theories, primarily because of the profound implications technologies have for our future. Take a look at these ideas, if you are up to a more controversial research topic about technology:

• Facial recognition technology: Invasion of privacy?
• Tech addiction: Myth or reality?
• The ethics of AI in warfare.
• Should social media platforms censor content?
• Are cryptocurrencies a boon or a bane?
• Is technology causing more harm than good to our health?
• The bias in machine learning algorithms.
• Genetic engineering: Playing God or advancing science?
• Will AI replace human jobs?
• Net neutrality: Freedom of internet or control?
• The risk of AI superintelligence.
• Tech companies' monopoly: Beneficial or detrimental?
• Are we heading towards a surveillance society?
• AI in law enforcement: Safeguard or threat?
• Do we rely too much on technology?

Easy Technology Research Paper Topics

Who ever thought the tech field was only for the tech-savvy? Well, it's time to dispel that myth. Here in our collection of simple technology research topics, we've curated subjects that break down complex tech concepts into manageable chunks. We believe that every student should get a chance to run a tech related project without any hurdles.

• Impact of social media on interpersonal communication.
• Smartphones: A boon or a bane?
• How technology improves accessibility for people with disabilities.
• E-learning versus traditional learning.
• Impact of technology on travel and tourism.
• Pros and cons of online shopping.
• How has technology changed entertainment?
• Technology's role in boosting productivity at work.
• Online safety: How to protect ourselves?
• Importance of digital literacy in today's world.
• How has technology influenced the music industry?
• E-books vs printed books: A tech revolution?
• Does technology promote loneliness?
• Role of technology in shaping modern communication.
• The impact of gaming on cognitive abilities.

Technology Research Topics Ideas for Students

As an experienced paper writing service online that helps students all the time, we understand that every learner has unique academic needs. With this in mind, the next section of our blog is designed to cater specifically to different academic levels. Whether you're a high school student just starting to explore technology or a doctoral candidate delving deep into a specialized topic, we've got different technology topics arranged by complexity.

Technology Research Topics for High School Students

High school students are expected to navigate complex topics, fostering critical thinking and promoting in-depth exploration. The proposed research paper topics on technology will help students understand how tech advancements shape various sectors of society and influence human life.

• How have smartphones changed our communication?
• Does virtual reality in museums enhance visitor experience?
• Understanding privacy issues in social media.
• How has technology changed the way we listen to music?
• Role of technology in promoting fitness and healthy lifestyle.
• Advantages and disadvantages of online learning.
• Does excessive screen time affect sleep quality?
• Do video games affect academic performance?
• How do GPS systems work?
• How has technology improved animation in films?
• Pros and cons of using smart home devices.
• Are self-driving cars safe?
• Technology's role in modernizing local libraries.
• Can technology help us lead more sustainable lifestyles?
• Can technology help improve road safety for teenagers?

Technology Research Topics for College Students

Think technology research topics for college are all about rocket science? Think again! Our compilation of college-level tech research topics brings you a bunch of intriguing, conversation-stirring, and head-scratching questions. They're designed to let you sink into the world of technology while also pushing your academic boundaries. Time to dive in, explore, question, and take your own unique stance on hot-button issues.

• Biometrics in identity verification: A privacy risk?
• Impact of 5G on mobile gaming.
• Are wearable fitness devices a true reflection of health?
• Can machine learning help predict climate change effects?
• Are digital currencies disrupting traditional finance?
• Use of drones in search and rescue operations.
• Impact of e-learning on academic performance.
• Does artificial intelligence have a place in home security?
• What are the ethical issues surrounding robotic surgery?
• Are e-wallets a safer option for online transactions?
• How has technology transformed news dissemination?
• AI in language translation: How accurate can it be?
• Personalized advertising: Boon or bane for online users?
• Are smart classes making learning more interactive?
• Influence of technology on homemade crafts and DIY culture.

Technology Research Topics for University Students

Are you browsing for university technology research ideas? We've got you covered. Whether you're about to dig deep into high-tech debates, or just taking your first steps, our list of technology research questions is your treasure chest.

• Blockchain applications in ensuring academic integrity.
• Impact of quantum computing on data security.
• Are brain-computer interfaces a future communication tool?
• Does digital currency pose a threat to the global economy?
• Use of AI in predicting and managing natural disasters.
• Can biometrics replace traditional identification systems?
• Role of nanotechnology in waste management.
• Machine learning's influence on climate change modeling.
• Edge computing: Revolutionizing data processing?
• Is virtual reality in psychological therapy a viable option?
• Potential of synthetic biology in medical research.
• Quantum cryptography: An uncrackable code?
• Is space tourism achievable with current technology?
• Ethical implications of gene editing technologies.
• Artificial intelligence in governance.

Technology Research Paper Topics in Different Areas

In the next section, we've arranged a collection of technology research questions related to different areas like computer science, biotechnology, and medicine. Find an area you are interested in and look through subject-focused ideas and topics for a research paper on technology.

Technology Research Topics on Computer Science

Computer science is a field that has rapidly developed over the past decades. It deals with questions of technology's influence on society, as well as applications of cutting-edge technologies in various industries and sectors. Here are some computer science research topics on technology to get started:

• Prospects of machine learning in malware detection.
• Influence of cloud computing on business operations.
• Quantum computing: potential impacts on cryptography.
• Role of big data in personalized marketing.
• Can AI models effectively simulate human decision-making?
• Future of mobile applications: Towards augmented reality?
• Pros and cons of open source software development.
• Role of computer science in advancing virtual reality.
• Natural language processing: Transforming human-computer interaction?
• Developing secure e-commerce platforms: Challenges and solutions.
• Green computing : solutions for reducing energy consumption.
• Data mining in healthcare: An untapped opportunity?
• Understanding cyber threats in the internet of things.
• Algorithmic bias: Implications for automated decision-making.
• Role of neural networks in image recognition.

Information Technology Research Topics

Information technology is a dynamic field that involves the use of computers and software to manage and process information. It's crucial in today's digital era, influencing a range of industries from healthcare to entertainment. Here are some captivating information technology related topics:

• Impact of cloud technology on data management.
• Role of information technology in disaster management.
• Can artificial intelligence help improve data accuracy?
• Cybersecurity measures for protecting personal information.
• Evolving role of IT in healthcare administration.
• Adaptive learning systems: A revolution in education?
• E-governance : Impact on public administration.
• Role of IT in modern supply chain management.
• Bioinformatics and its role in personalized medicine.
• Is data mining an invasion of privacy?
• Can virtual reality enhance training and development programs?
• Role of IT in facilitating remote work.
• Smart devices and data security: A potential risk?
• Harnessing IT for sustainable business practices.
• How can big data support decision-making processes?

Technology Research Topics on Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence, or AI as we fondly call it, is all about creating machines that mimic human intelligence. It's shaping everything from how we drive our cars to how we manage our calendars. Want to understand the mind of a machine? Choose a topic about technology for a research paper from the list below:

• AI's role in detecting fake news.
• Chatbots in customer service: Are humans still needed?
• Algorithmic trading: AI's impact on financial markets.
• AI in agriculture: a step towards sustainable farming?
• Facial recognition systems: an AI revolution or privacy threat?
• Can AI outperform humans in creative tasks?
• Sentiment analysis in social media: how effective is AI?
• Siri, Alexa, and the future of AI.
• AI in autonomous vehicles: safety concern or necessity?
• How AI algorithms are transforming video games.
• AI's potential in predicting and mitigating natural disasters.
• Role of AI in combating cyber threats.
• Influence of AI on job recruitment and HR processes.
• Can AI help in advancing climate change research?
• Can machines make accurate diagnoses?

Technology Research Topics in Cybersecurity Command

Cybersecurity Command focuses on strengthening digital protection. Its goal is to identify vulnerabilities, and outsmart cyber threats. Ready to crack the code of the cybersecurity command? Check out these technology topics for research designed to take you through the tunnels of cyberspace:

• Cybersecurity strategies for a post-quantum world.
• Role of AI in identifying cyber threats.
• Is cybersecurity command in healthcare a matter of life and death?
• Is there any connection between cryptocurrency and cybercrime?
• Cyber warfare : The invisible battleground.
• Mitigating insider threats in cybersecurity command.
• Future of biometric authentication in cybersecurity.
• IoT security: command challenges and solutions.
• Cybersecurity and cloud technology: A secure match?
• Influence of blockchain on cybersecurity command.
• Machine learning's role in malware detection.
• Cybersecurity protocols for mobile devices.
• Ethics in cybersecurity: Hacking back and other dilemmas.
• What are some steps to recovery after a breach?
• Social engineering: Human factor in cybersecurity.

Technology Research Topics on Biotechnology

Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that has been gaining a lot of traction in the past few decades. It involves the application of biological principles to understand and solve various problems. The following research topic ideas for technology explore biotechnology's impact on medicine, environment, agriculture, and other sectors:

• Can GMOs solve global hunger issues?
• Understanding biotech's role in developing personalized medicine.
• Using biotech to fight antibiotic resistance.
• Pros and cons of genetically modified animals.
• Biofuels – are they really a sustainable energy solution?
• Ethical challenges in gene editing.
• Role of biotech in combating climate change.
• Can biotechnology help conserve biodiversity?
• Biotech in beauty: Revolutionizing cosmetics.
• Bioluminescence – a natural wonder or a biotech tool?
• Applications of microbial biotechnology in waste management.
• Human organ farming: Possibility or pipe dream?
• Biotech and its role in sustainable agriculture.
• Biotech advancements in creating allergy-free foods.
• Exploring the future of biotech in disease detection.

>> Read more: Biology Topics to Research

Technology Research Paper Topics on Genetic Engineering

Genetic engineering is an area of science that involves the manipulation of genes to change or enhance biological characteristics. This field has raised tremendous ethical debates while offering promising solutions in medicine and agriculture. Here are some captivating topics for a technology research paper on genetic engineering:

• Future of gene editing: Breakthrough or ethical dilemma?
• Role of CRISPR technology in combating genetic diseases.
• Pros and cons of genetically modified crops.
• Impact of genetic engineering on biodiversity.
• Can gene therapy provide a cure for cancer?
• Genetic engineering and the quest for designer babies.
• Legal aspects of genetic engineering.
• Use of genetic engineering in organ transplantation.
• Genetic modifications: Impact on human lifespan.
• Genetically engineered pets: A step too far?
• The role of genetic engineering in biofuels production.
• Ethics of genetic data privacy.
• Genetic engineering and its impact on world hunger.
• Genetically modified insects: Solution for disease control?
• Genetic engineering: A tool for biological warfare?

Reproduction Technology Research Paper Topics

Reproduction technology is all about the science that aids human procreation. It's a field teeming with innovation, from IVF advancements to genetic screening. Yet, it also stirs up ethical debates and thought-provoking technology topics to write about:

• Advances in in Vitro Fertilization (IVF) technology .
• The rise of surrogacy: Technological advancements and implications.
• Ethical considerations in sperm and egg donation.
• Genetic screening of embryos: A step forward or an ethical minefield?
• Role of technology in understanding and improving fertility.
• Artificial Wombs: Progress and prospects.
• Ethical and legal aspects of posthumous reproduction.
• Impact of reproductive technology on the LGBTQ+ community.
• The promise and challenge of stem cells in reproduction.
• Technology's role in preventing genetic diseases in unborn babies.
• Social implications of childbearing technology.
• The concept of 'designer babies': Ethical issues and future possibilities.
• Reproductive cloning: Prospects and controversies.
• Technology and the future of contraception.
• Role of AI in predicting successful IVF treatment.

Medical Technology Topics for a Research Paper

The healthcare field is undergoing massive transformations thanks to cutting-edge medical technology. From revolutionary diagnostic tools to life-saving treatments, technology is reshaping medicine as we know it. To aid your exploration of this dynamic field, we've compiled medical technology research paper topics:

• Role of AI in early disease detection.
• Impact of telemedicine on rural healthcare.
• Nanotechnology in cancer treatment: Prospects and challenges.
• Can wearable technology improve patient outcomes?
• Ethical considerations in genome sequencing.
• Augmented reality in surgical procedures.
• The rise of personalized medicine: Role of technology.
• Mental health apps: Revolution or hype?
• Technology and the future of prosthetics.
• Role of Big Data in healthcare decision making.
• Virtual reality as a tool for pain management.
• Impact of machine learning on drug discovery.
• The promise of medical drones for emergency response.
• Technology's role in combating antimicrobial resistance.
• Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Blessing or curse?

>> More ideas: Med Research Topics

Health Technology Research Topics

Health technology is driving modern healthcare to new heights. From apps that monitor vital stats to robots assisting in surgeries, technology's touch is truly transformative. Take a look at these topics related to technology applied in healthcare:

• Role of mobile apps in managing diabetes.
• Impact of health technology on patient privacy.
• Wearable tech: Fad or future of personal health monitoring?
• How can AI help in battling mental health issues?
• Role of digital tools in promoting preventive healthcare.
• Smart homes for the elderly: Boon or bane?
• Technology and its impact on health insurance.
• The effectiveness of virtual therapy sessions.
• Can health chatbots replace human doctors?
• Technology's role in fighting the obesity epidemic.
• The use of blockchain in health data management.
• Impact of technology on sleep health.
• Social media and its effect on mental health.
• Prospects of 3D printing in creating medical equipment.
• Tele-rehabilitation: An effective solution for physical therapy?

>> View more: Public Health Topics to Research

Communication Technology Research Topics

With technology at the helm, our ways of communicating are changing at an unprecedented pace. From simple text messages to immersive virtual conferences, technology has rewritten the rules of engagement. So, without further ado, let's explore these communication research ideas for technology that capture the essence of this revolution.

• AI chatbots: Re-defining customer service.
• The impact of 5G on global communication.
• Augmented Reality: The future of digital marketing?
• Is 'digital divide' hindering global communication?
• Social media's role in shaping public opinion.
• Can holographic communication become a reality?
• Influence of emojis in digital communication.
• The cybersecurity challenges in modern communication.
• Future of journalism in the digital age.
• How technology is reshaping political communication.
• The influence of streaming platforms on viewing habits.
• Privacy concerns in the age of instant messaging.
• Can technology solve the issue of language barriers?
• The rise of podcasting: A digital renaissance.
• Role of virtual reality in remote communication.

Research Topics on Technology in Transportation

Technology is the driving force behind the dramatic changes in transportation, making journeys safer, more efficient, and eco-friendly. Whether it's autonomous vehicles or the concept of Hyperloop, there are many transportation technology topics for a research paper to choose from:

• Electric vehicles: A step towards sustainable travel.
• The role of AI in traffic management.
• Pros and cons of autonomous vehicles.
• Hyperloop: An ambitious vision of the future?
• Drones in goods delivery: Efficiency vs. privacy.
• Technology's role in reducing aviation accidents.
• Challenges in implementing smart highways.
• The implications of blockchain in logistics.
• Could vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) vehicles solve traffic problems?
• Impact of GPS technology on transportation.
• How has technology influenced public transit systems?
• Role of 5G in future transportation.
• Ethical concerns over self-driving cars.
• Technology in maritime safety: Progress and hurdles.
• The evolution of bicycle technology: From spokes to e-bikes.

Technology Research Paper Topics on Education

The intersection of technology and education is an exciting frontier with limitless possibilities. From online learning to interactive classrooms, you can explore various technology paper topics about education:

• How does e-learning affect student engagement?
• VR classrooms: A glimpse into the future?
• Can AI tutors revolutionize personalized learning?
• Digital textbooks versus traditional textbooks: A comparison.
• Gamification in education: Innovation or distraction?
• The impact of technology on special education.
• How are Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) reshaping higher education?
• The role of technology in inclusive education.
• Cybersecurity in schools: Measures and challenges.
• The potential of Augmented Reality (AR) in classroom learning.
• How is technology influencing homeschooling trends?
• Balancing technology and traditional methods in early childhood education.
• Risks and benefits of student data tracking.
• Can coding be the new literacy in the 21st century?
• The influence of social media on academic performance.

>> Learn more: Education Research Paper Topics

Relationships and Technology Research Topics

In the digital age, technology also impacts our relationships. It has become an integral part of how we communicate, meet people, and sustain our connections. Discover some thought-provoking angles with these research paper topics about technology:

• How do dating apps affect modern relationships?
• The influence of social media on interpersonal communication.
• Is technology enhancing or hindering long-distance relationships?
• The psychology behind online dating: A study.
• How do virtual reality environments impact social interaction?
• Social media friendships: Genuine or superficial?
• How does technology-mediated communication affect family dynamics?
• The impact of technology on work-life balance.
• The role of technology in sustaining long-term relationships.
• How does the 'always connected' culture influence personal boundaries?
• Cyberbullying and its effect on teenage relationships.
• Can technology predict compatibility in relationships?
• The effects of 'ghosting' in digital communication.
• How technology assists in maintaining relationships among elderly populations.
• Social media: A boon or bane for marital relationships?

Agriculture Technology Research Paper Topics

Modern agriculture is far from just tilling the soil and harvesting crops. Technology has made remarkable strides into the fields, innovating and improving agricultural processes. Take a glance at these technology research paper topic ideas:

• Can drone technology transform crop monitoring?
• Precision agriculture: Benefits and challenges.
• Aquaponics and the future of sustainable farming.
• How is artificial intelligence aiding in crop prediction?
• Impact of blockchain technology in food traceability.
• The role of IoT in smart farming.
• Vertical farming : Is it a sustainable solution for urban food supply?
• Innovations in irrigation technology for water conservation.
• Automated farming: A boon or a threat to employment in agriculture?
• How satellite imagery is improving crop disease detection.
• Biotechnology in crop improvement: Pros and cons.
• Nanotechnology in agriculture: Scope and limitations.
• Role of robotics in livestock management.
• Agricultural waste management through technology.
• Is hydroponics the future of farming?

Technological Research Topics on Environment

Our planet is facing numerous environmental challenges, and technology may hold the key to solving many of these. With innovations ranging from renewable energy sources to waste management systems, the realm of technology offers a plethora of research angles. So, if you're curious about the intersection of technology and environment, this list of research topics is for you:

• Innovations in waste management: A technology review.
• The role of AI in predicting climate change impacts.
• Renewable energy: Advancements in solar technology.
• The impact of electric vehicles on carbon emissions.
• Can smart agriculture help solve world hunger?
• Role of technology in water purification and conservation.
• The impact of IoT devices on energy consumption.
• Technology solutions for oil spills.
• Satellite technology in environmental monitoring.
• Technological advances in forest conservation.
• Green buildings: Sustainable construction technology.
• Bioengineering: A solution to soil erosion?
• Impact of nanotechnology on environmental conservation.
• Ocean clean-up initiatives: Evaluating existing technology.
• How can technology help in reducing air pollution?

>> View more: Environmental Science Research Topics

Energy & Power Technology Topics for Research Paper

Energy and power are two pivotal areas where technology is bringing unprecedented changes. You can investigate renewable energy sources or efficient power transmission. If you're excited about exploring the intricacies of energy and power advancements, here are some engaging technology topics for research papers:

• Assessing the efficiency of wind energy technologies.
• Power storage: Current and future technology.
• Solar panel technology: Recent advancements and future predictions.
• Can nuclear fusion be the answer to our energy crisis?
• Smart grid technology: A revolution in power distribution.
• Evaluating the impact of hydropower on ecosystems.
• The role of AI in optimizing power consumption.
• Biofuels vs. fossil fuels: A comparative study.
• Electric vehicle charging infrastructure: Technological challenges and solutions.
• Technology advancements in geothermal power.
• How is IoT technology helping in energy conservation?
• Harnessing wave and tidal energy: Technological possibilities.
• Role of nanotechnology in improving solar cell efficiency.
• Power transmission losses: Can technology provide a solution?
• Assessing the future of coal technology in the era of renewable energy.

Research Topics about Technology in Finance

The finance sector has seen drastic changes with the rise of technology, which has revolutionized the way financial transactions are conducted and services are offered. Consider these research topics in technology applied in the finance sector:

• Rise of cryptocurrency: An evaluation of Bitcoin's impact.
• Algorithmic trading: How does it reshape financial markets?
• Role of AI and machine learning in financial forecasting.
• Technological challenges in implementing digital banking.
• How is blockchain technology transforming financial services?
• Cybersecurity risks in online banking: Identifying solutions.
• FinTech startups: Disrupting traditional finance systems.
• Role of technology in financial inclusion.
• Assessing the impact of mobile wallets on the banking sector.
• Automation in finance: Opportunities and threats.
• Role of big data analytics in financial decision making.
• AI-based robo-advisors vs. human financial advisors.
• The future of insurance technology (InsurTech).
• Can technology solve the issue of financial fraud?
• Impact of regulatory technology (RegTech) in maintaining compliance.

>> More ideas: Finance Research Topics

War Technology Research Paper Topics

The nature of warfare has transformed significantly with the evolution of technology, shifting the battlegrounds from land, sea, and air to the realms of cyber and space. This transition opens up a range of topics to explore. Here are some research topics in the realm of war technology:

• Drones in warfare: Ethical implications.
• Cyber warfare: Assessing threats and defense strategies.
• Autonomous weapons: A boon or a curse?
• Implications of artificial intelligence in modern warfare.
• Role of technology in intelligence gathering.
• Satellite technology and its role in modern warfare.
• The future of naval warfare: Autonomous ships and submarines.
• Hypersonic weapons: Changing the dynamics of war.
• Impact of nuclear technology in warfare.
• Technology and warfare: Exploring the relationship.
• Information warfare: The role of social media.
• Space warfare: Future possibilities and implications.
• Bio-warfare: Understanding technology's role in development and prevention.
• Impact of virtual reality on military training.
• War technology and international law: A critical examination.

Food Technology Topics for Research Papers

Food technology is a field that deals with the study of food production, preservation, and safety. It involves understanding how various techniques can be applied to increase shelf life and improve nutrition value of foods. Check out our collection of food technology research paper topic ideas:

• Lab-grown meats: Sustainable solution or a mere hype?
• How AI is enhancing food safety and quality?
• Precision agriculture: Revolutionizing farming practices.
• GMOs: Assessing benefits and potential risks.
• Role of robotics in food manufacturing and packaging.
• Smart kitchens: Streamlining cooking through technology.
• Nanofood: Tiny technology, big impact.
• Sustainable food systems: Role of technology.
• Food traceability: Ensuring transparency and accountability.
• Food delivery apps: Changing the face of dining out.
• The rise of plant-based alternatives and their production technologies.
• Virtual and augmented reality in culinary experiences.
• Technology in mitigating food waste.
• Innovations in food packaging: Impact on freshness and sustainability.
• IoT in smart farming: Improving yield and reducing waste.

Entertainment Technology Topics

Entertainment technology is reinventing the ways we experience amusement. This industry is always presenting new angles for research and discussion, be it the rise of virtual reality in movies or the influence of streaming platforms on the music industry. Here's a list of unique research topics related to entertainment technology:

• Impact of virtual reality on the movie industry.
• Streaming platforms vs traditional media: A comparative study.
• Technology in music: Evolution and future prospects.
• eSports: Rise of a new form of entertainment.
• Augmented reality in theme parks.
• The transformation of theater with digital technology.
• AI and film editing: Redefining the art.
• The role of technology in the rise of independent cinema.
• Podcasts: Revolutionizing radio with technology.
• Immersive technologies in art exhibitions.
• The influence of technology on fashion shows and design.
• Livestreaming concerts: A new norm in the music industry?
• Drones in entertainment: Applications and ethics.
• Social media as an entertainment platform.
• The transformation of journalism in the era of digital entertainment.

Technology Research Questions

As we navigate the ever-changing landscape of technology, numerous intriguing questions arise. Below, we present new research questions about technology that can fuel your intellectual pursuit.

• What potential does quantum computing hold for resolving complex problems?
• How will advancements in AI impact job security across different sectors?
• In what ways can blockchain technology reform the existing financial systems?
• How is nanotechnology revolutionizing the field of medicine?
• What are the ethical implications surrounding the use of facial recognition technology?
• How will the introduction of 6G change our communication patterns?
• In what ways is green technology contributing to sustainable development?
• Can virtual reality transform the way we approach education?
• How are biometrics enhancing the security measures in today's digital world?
• How is space technology influencing our understanding of the universe?
• What role can technology play in solving the global water crisis?
• How can technology be leveraged to combat climate change effectively?
• How is technology transforming the landscape of modern agriculture?
• Can technological advancements lead to a fully renewable energy-dependent world?
• How does technology influence the dynamics of modern warfare?

Bottom Line on Research Topics in Technology

Technology is a rapidly evolving field, and there's always something new to explore. Whether you're writing for the computer sciences, information technology or food technology realm, there are endless ideas that you can research on. Pick one of these technology research paper topics and jumpstart your project.

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Recent Publication in IEEE J-STARS on Land-Use Suitability in West Africa from SERVIR Research

N ASA SERVIR researcher Pontus Olofsson (ST11) has contributed as a co-author to a newly published study in the IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing . The publication, titled “Applications of Remote Sensing for Land Use Planning Scenarios With Suitability Analysis,” explores the use of Landsat data time series to create a suitability analysis model for land use planning in West Africa. This timely research addresses challenges related to the region’s expanding population and the sustainable management of its natural resources. The study was conducted with support from SERVIR by teams at NASA MSFC, the University of Florida, and Boston University. The paper can be accessed here: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10449341 .

FAQs about Land-Use Suitability Analysis in West Africa

What is land-use suitability analysis.

Land-use suitability analysis is a method used to determine the appropriateness of given land areas for different types of usage such as agriculture, urban development, or conservation. It takes into account various factors including soil, climate, vegetation, and infrastructure.

What is the significance of the study on Land-Use Planning in West Africa?

The study offers crucial insight for sustainable land use planning in West Africa, a region grappling with the pressures of population growth and the need for effective management of natural resources. It demonstrates how remote sensing data can be leveraged to enhance decision-making in land-use planning.

What data sources were used for the analysis presented in the study?

The research utilized time series of Landsat data to perform the suitability analysis. Landsat satellite imagery provides medium-resolution earth observations that are valuable for a wide range of land monitoring applications.

Who conducted the research and where can the paper be found?

The study was a collaborative effort between SERVIR-funded groups at NASA MSFC, the University of Florida, and Boston University. The paper was published in the IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing and can be accessed online at this link .

How does land-use planning affect sustainability?

Efficient land-use planning is key to sustainability as it helps to balance the needs for development and the preservation of the environment. It ensures that land resources are used effectively to support economic growth while maintaining ecological integrity and supporting biodiversity.

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Which social media platforms are most common, who uses each social media platform, find out more, social media fact sheet.

Many Americans use social media to connect with one another, engage with news content, share information and entertain themselves. Explore the patterns and trends shaping the social media landscape.

To better understand Americans’ social media use, Pew Research Center surveyed 5,733 U.S. adults from May 19 to Sept. 5, 2023. Ipsos conducted this National Public Opinion Reference Survey (NPORS) for the Center using address-based sampling and a multimode protocol that included both web and mail. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race and ethnicity, education and other categories.

Polls from 2000 to 2021 were conducted via phone. For more on this mode shift, read our Q&A.

Here are the questions used for this analysis , along with responses, and  its methodology ­­­.

A note on terminology: Our May-September 2023 survey was already in the field when Twitter changed its name to “X.” The terms  Twitter  and  X  are both used in this report to refer to the same platform.

YouTube and Facebook are the most-widely used online platforms. About half of U.S. adults say they use Instagram, and smaller shares use sites or apps such as TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter (X) and BeReal.

Note: The vertical line indicates a change in mode. Polls from 2012-2021 were conducted via phone. In 2023, the poll was conducted via web and mail. For more details on this shift, please read our Q&A . Refer to the topline for more information on how question wording varied over the years. Pre-2018 data is not available for YouTube, Snapchat or WhatsApp; pre-2019 data is not available for Reddit; pre-2021 data is not available for TikTok; pre-2023 data is not available for BeReal. Respondents who did not give an answer are not shown.

Source: Surveys of U.S. adults conducted 2012-2023.

Usage of the major online platforms varies by factors such as age, gender and level of formal education.

% of U.S. adults who say they ever use __ by …

• RACE & ETHNICITY
• POLITICAL AFFILIATION

This fact sheet was compiled by Research Assistant  Olivia Sidoti , with help from Research Analyst  Risa Gelles-Watnick , Research Analyst  Michelle Faverio , Digital Producer  Sara Atske , Associate Information Graphics Designer Kaitlyn Radde and Temporary Researcher  Eugenie Park .

Follow these links for more in-depth analysis of the impact of social media on American life.

• Americans’ Social Media Use  Jan. 31, 2024
• Americans’ Use of Mobile Technology and Home Broadband  Jan. 31 2024
• Q&A: How and why we’re changing the way we study tech adoption  Jan. 31, 2024

Find more reports and blog posts related to  internet and technology .

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ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER  Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of  The Pew Charitable Trusts .

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“Rosetta Stone” of cell signaling could expedite precision cancer medicine

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A newly complete database of human protein kinases and their preferred binding sites provides a powerful new platform to investigate cell signaling pathways.

Culminating 25 years of research, MIT, Harvard University, and Yale University scientists and collaborators have unveiled a comprehensive atlas of human tyrosine kinases — enzymes that regulate a wide variety of cellular activities — and their binding sites.

The addition of tyrosine kinases to a previously published dataset from the same group now completes a free, publicly available atlas of all human kinases and their specific binding sites on proteins, which together orchestrate fundamental cell processes such as growth, cell division, and metabolism.

Now, researchers can use data from mass spectrometry, a common laboratory technique, to identify the kinases involved in normal and dysregulated cell signaling in human tissue, such as during inflammation or cancer progression.

“I am most excited about being able to apply this to individual patients’ tumors and learn about the signaling states of cancer and heterogeneity of that signaling,” says Michael Yaffe, who is the David H. Koch Professor of Science at MIT, the director of the MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, a member of MIT’s Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, and a senior author of the new study. “This could reveal new druggable targets or novel combination therapies.”

The study, published in Nature , is the product of a long-standing collaboration with senior authors Lewis Cantley at Harvard Medical School and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Benjamin Turk at Yale School of Medicine, and Jared Johnson at Weill Cornell Medical College.

The paper’s lead authors are Tomer Yaron-Barir at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, and MIT’s Brian Joughin, with contributions from Kontstantin Krismer, Mina Takegami, and Pau Creixell.

Kinase kingdom

Human cells are governed by a network of diverse protein kinases that alter the properties of other proteins by adding or removing chemical compounds called phosphate groups. Phosphate groups are small but powerful: When attached to proteins, they can turn proteins on or off, or even dramatically change their function. Identifying which of the almost 400 human kinases phosphorylate a specific protein at a particular site on the protein was traditionally a lengthy, laborious process.

Beginning in the mid 1990s, the Cantley laboratory developed a method using a library of small peptides to identify the optimal amino acid sequence — called a motif, similar to a scannable barcode — that a kinase targets on its substrate proteins for the addition of a phosphate group. Over the ensuing years, Yaffe, Turk, and Johnson, all of whom spent time as postdocs in the Cantley lab, made seminal advancements in the technique, increasing its throughput, accuracy, and utility.

Johnson led a massive experimental effort exposing batches of kinases to these peptide libraries and observed which kinases phosphorylated which subsets of peptides. In a corresponding Nature  paper published in January 2023, the team mapped more than 300 serine/threonine kinases, the other main type of protein kinase, to their motifs. In the current paper, they complete the human “kinome” by successfully mapping 93 tyrosine kinases to their corresponding motifs.

Next, by creating and using advanced computational tools, Yaron-Barir, Krismer, Joughin, Takegami, and Yaffe tested whether the results were predictive of real proteins, and whether the results might reveal unknown signaling events in normal and cancer cells. By analyzing phosphoproteomic data from mass spectrometry to reveal phosphorylation patterns in cells, their atlas accurately predicted tyrosine kinase activity in previously studied cell signaling pathways.

For example, using recently published phosphoproteomic data of human lung cancer cells treated with two targeted drugs, the atlas identified that treatment with erlotinib, a known inhibitor of the protein EGFR, downregulated sites matching a motif for EGFR. Treatment with afatinib, a known HER2 inhibitor, downregulated sites matching the HER2 motif. Unexpectedly, afatinib treatment also upregulated the motif for the tyrosine kinase MET, a finding that helps explain patient data linking MET activity to afatinib drug resistance.

Actionable results

There are two key ways researchers can use the new atlas. First, for a protein of interest that is being phosphorylated, the atlas can be used to narrow down hundreds of kinases to a short list of candidates likely to be involved. “The predictions that come from using this will still need to be validated experimentally, but it’s a huge step forward in making clear predictions that can be tested,” says Yaffe.

Second, the atlas makes phosphoproteomic data more useful and actionable. In the past, researchers might gather phosphoproteomic data from a tissue sample, but it was difficult to know what that data was saying or how to best use it to guide next steps in research. Now, that data can be used to predict which kinases are upregulated or downregulated and therefore which cellular signaling pathways are active or not.

“We now have a new tool now to interpret those large datasets, a Rosetta Stone for phosphoproteomics,” says Yaffe. “It is going to be particularly helpful for turning this type of disease data into actionable items.”

In the context of cancer, phosophoproteomic data from a patient’s tumor biopsy could be used to help doctors quickly identify which kinases and cell signaling pathways are involved in cancer expansion or drug resistance, then use that knowledge to target those pathways with appropriate drug therapy or combination therapy.

Yaffe’s lab and their colleagues at the National Institutes of Health are now using the atlas to seek out new insights into difficult cancers, including appendiceal cancer and neuroendocrine tumors. While many cancers have been shown to have a strong genetic component, such as the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 in breast cancer, other cancers are not associated with any known genetic cause. “We’re using this atlas to interrogate these tumors that don’t seem to have a clear genetic driver to see if we can identify kinases that are driving cancer progression,” he says.

Biological insights

In addition to completing the human kinase atlas, the team made two biological discoveries in their recent study. First, they identified three main classes of phosphorylation motifs, or barcodes, for tyrosine kinases. The first class is motifs that map to multiple kinases, suggesting that numerous signaling pathways converge to phosphorylate a protein boasting that motif. The second class is motifs with a one-to-one match between motif and kinase, in which only a specific kinase will activate a protein with that motif. This came as a partial surprise, as tyrosine kinases have been thought to have minimal specificity by some in the field.

The final class includes motifs for which there is no clear match to one of the 78 classical tyrosine kinases. This class includes motifs that match to 15 atypical tyrosine kinases known to also phosphorylate serine or threonine residues. “This means that there’s a subset of kinases that we didn’t recognize that are actually playing an important role,” says Yaffe. It also indicates there may be other mechanisms besides motifs alone that affect how a kinase interacts with a protein.

The team also discovered that tyrosine kinase motifs are tightly conserved between humans and the worm species C. elegans,  despite the species being separated by more than 600 million years of evolution. In other words, a worm kinase and its human homologue are phosphorylating essentially the same motif. That sequence preservation suggests that tyrosine kinases are highly critical to signaling pathways in all multicellular organisms, and any small change would be harmful to an organism.

The research was funded by the Charles and Marjorie Holloway Foundation, the MIT Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, the Koch Institute Frontier Research Program via L. Scott Ritterbush, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the National Institutes of Health, Cancer Research UK, the Brain Tumour Charity, and the Koch Institute Support (core) grant from the National Cancer Institute.

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