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Discussion forum for current, past, and future students of any discipline completing post-graduate studies - taught or research.
Hi everyone, I'm defending my thesis this week. I turned in copies of my dissertation to my committee members, and they all read it and said it was great - just some minor corrections to the formatting and grammar.
I have a question about the defense presentation - how long should it be? Most people in my department (chemistry) end up giving a presentation for ~40-45 minutes, but all of my practices so far have been closer to an hour in length. Is it a big deal if my presentation is quite a bit longer than most peoples in my department? Will everyone be bored and just want to get it over with(I have lots of friends coming to watch)? Is it ever fine to omit a portion of your work in the interest of cutting time? I have one chapter that I could cut out - I think I did a really great job on it, but it is definitely something that could be reasonably cut out without causing the rest of the work to suffer. Thoughts?
blends tailored to your unique needs.
Month 1: what to expect, month 2+: what's next, quality control & manufacturing, subscriptions & shipping + orders, health & safety.
What are nootropics, and how do they work?
Nootropics are a class of compounds that enhance cognitive function by helping to promote neurotransmitter activity to support motivation, mood, memory, and focus. Some of the most widely consumed nootropics are caffeine and L-theanine, found in coffee and tea. Whether you’re looking to enhance your productivity, maintain mental sharpness, or improve working memory, nootropics can offer a range of benefits to support your cognitive goals.
What is personalized about your nootropics?
We developed six unique nootropic blends designed to cater to different cognitive goals. Our quiz assesses various traits to pinpoint areas with the greatest potential for improvement (e.g., focus, energy, motivation, etc.). Based on your quiz results, we make personalized recommendations to match you with the four blends we think you’ll experience the most benefits from. The Starter Kit contains four blends, designed for you to try a new blend each week, moving you closer to the blend that best complements your personal brain and goals.
Can I select my blends instead of getting a Starter Kit?
Yes. If you have a clear idea of which blend(s) you want to try, you can customize your next refill on the Build Your Box page. If you already took the quiz and want to adjust your blends but the order has already been processed, contact us right away at 646-647-3599 or email us at [email protected] so we can help.
Do you offer caffeine-free blends?
Yes! You can choose to receive a caffeine-free version by selecting the Caffeine-free toggle on the Build Your Box page. If you would like to make adjustments to your blends after taking the quiz, please email us at [email protected] so we can update your order to caffeine or caffeine-free. If you’ve already received the caffeinated blends and do not want the caffeine, you can simply remove the white capsule from each packet, which contains all the caffeine content within each blend.
Where can I find more information on each ingredient?
If you want to learn more about the science behind each ingredient, check out the Ingredients page on our website. To discuss the function or science behind our ingredients, speak with any of our Coaches by calling us at 646-647-3599 or emailing us at [email protected].
Can I open the capsules and pour them into water?
You can — but we don’t recommend it. We encapsulate the ingredients because they have a strong, unpleasant taste. If you have a hard time swallowing capsules, it is perfectly safe to mix the contents into a smoothie, juice, or flavored drink to help mask the taste.
I want to try before I buy. Do you offer free samples?
We don’t offer free samples. However, if you aren’t happy with Thesis, we will offer a refund within 30 days of your first delivery.
How does the Starter Kit work?
The Thesis Starter Kit introduces you to four unique blends, each designed to be tested over one week, helping you discover which blend best aligns with your neurochemistry and goals. You can begin your Starter Kit journey with any blend. Start by taking one full packet each morning for six consecutive days, followed by one day off, before moving on to the next blend. It's important to monitor how each blend affects you, tracking changes across traits like memory, alertness, mood, and productivity. At the end of the four weeks, the goal is to identify the one or two blends that benefited you the most. For subscriptions, remember to customize your next box through your Thesis Account before your next shipment. If you opted for a one-time purchase, you can select your preferred blends for your next order by visiting the Build Your Box page.
Should I take Thesis blends with food or on an empty stomach?
We recommend taking Thesis blends on an empty stomach to maximize the effects and absorption of the ingredients. However, if you have a sensitive stomach, your blends can be taken with a meal or light snack to make them more tolerable.
Can I still drink coffee?
Yes. For most Thesis users, you can continue to enjoy coffee even if you’re taking our caffeinated blends. Keep in mind, that our caffeinated blends contain 100 mg of caffeine and 200 mg of L-theanine, which is roughly equivalent to a cup of coffee, so depending on your sensitivity, you may want to monitor your total caffeine intake. Many Thesis users have even reported that their coffee consumption has gone down and become less reliant on coffee to energize them throughout the day. If you’ve received the caffeinated Thesis blends and do not want the additional caffeine, you can simply remove the white capsule from each packet, which contains all caffeine content within each blend.
How long until I start seeing results?
Many Thesis users will begin to notice the initial effects within 60 to 90 minutes after taking it. But depending on your body's metabolism and your familiarity with nootropics, it could take a few days of consistent use for the full effects to ramp up. So, patience is key! For long-term improvements in cognitive performance, consistent use is crucial. Once you've found the blend that best suits your brain chemistry, give it about 4-6 weeks to gauge the true changes and benefits.
Are there any known side effects?
Experiencing side effects like headaches, nausea, anxiety, or agitation can occur. If discomfort arises it's important to listen to your body; this could mean adjusting the dosage, spacing out the intake, or switching to another blend. Identifying what doesn't work is just as important as finding what does. It’s important to remember that everyone responds differently to supplements, so we recommend you discuss any effects you may experience with your doctor. If you would like more information, contact us at 646-647-3599 or email us at [email protected] to speak with one of our Thesis Coaches.
What happens if I don’t like one or more of my blends?
Discovering that a blend isn't right for you is normal and a positive step forward! It's all part of the optimization process to help you pinpoint the nootropic blend(s) that best enhances your cognitive function. If you aren’t noticing any effects from a blend after taking it for six consecutive days, it's a sign to adjust your selection for the next month. If you need more guidance on assessing the effectiveness of each blend, our Thesis Coaches can provide recommendations and tools to make this process easier. Give us a call at 646-647-3599 or send us an email to [email protected].
Do I need to take all of the capsules in a packet?
While the capsules in each packet are based on dosages shown to be effective, we understand that everyone's body reacts differently. The nootropic ingredients are evenly distributed across the brown capsules, allowing you to adjust your dosage by adding or removing these capsules. The white capsule in each packet only contains caffeine and L-theanine, giving you more flexibility on what you need each day. If you’re interested in increasing the dosage beyond the recommended capsules in each packet, please consult with one of our Coaches by calling us at 646-647-3599 or emailing us at [email protected].
I finished my Starter Kit. What do I do now?
Congrats! Finishing your Starter Kit is a significant milestone towards helping to improve your cognitive performance. The next step is selecting the one or two blends that benefited you the most, even if the changes were subtle. Now, you can start fine-tuning your experience, using your blends based on what you need that day (e.g., mental clarity, energy, motivation, and so on). During the second month, continue to pay attention to the changes in your cognitive performance and well-being. Before long, you'll find yourself settling into a rhythm that feels right.
Can I try the blends that were not included in my Starter Kit?
Absolutely! We have six unique nootropic blends, so if you’re interested in trying the remaining blends that weren’t in your Starter Kit, we encourage you to keep experimenting. If you choose to go with a new blend, the same recommendations apply: use the blend for six consecutive days to allow your brain and body to adapt to these new ingredients before determining its effect.
How often should I take my blends?
Thesis is designed for daily use–with intentional rest days built in. Incorporating 1-2 days off per week can prevent building up a tolerance to your blends and allows you to reassess your baseline. If you have a very busy week, you can take your blends all seven days; just adjust for next week by taking two rest days.
What happens if I take more than the recommended dose?
Although our blends were formulated to be taken once daily, we understand some days require extra support. If you need to extend past the typical 4-6 hour half-life, taking a second packet four hours after the first is safe. Of course, everybody responds to supplements differently, so please listen to your body. Please don’t exceed two packets in any 24-hour period. Additionally, be mindful of taking a packet within eight hours of your planned bedtime as disturbing your sleep is counterproductive to your cognitive health.
Can I take more than 1 blend per day?
Yes. While Thesis aims to identify your single optimal blend, we know for some, two blends might be needed to cater to different requirements throughout the day. If you choose to take two blends in a day, we recommend spacing them at least four hours apart to prevent any potential interactions or absorption issues. For personalized advice on combining blends safely and effectively, please speak with one of our Coaches who can help tailor recommendations to your specific needs and goals.
What are the long-term effects?
In clinical trials, none of our ingredients show negative long-term effects. Many nootropics become more effective over time due to the compounding effects on brain health and the structural integrity of neurons. Early research studying the long-term effects of certain nootropics ingredients shows improvement in cognitive traits like memory retention, cognitive flexibility, and focus following persistent use.
Do benefits continue even after I stop taking my blends?
One of the remarkable benefits of nootropics is the neuroprotective effects that promote the long-term health of our brains. For example, by increasing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in the brain, nootropics promote adaptability to improve traits such as attention, learning, and emotional regulation–when paired with deliberate effort, such as challenging yourself with complex puzzles, practicing a skill, or trying to remember information without looking it up. For a comprehensive overview of our ingredients, their respective benefits, and the latest clinical research, please visit the Ingredients page on our website.
Will I become reliant on taking my blends?
No, you won’t develop a dependency on any of our blends. Because nootropics are non-habit-forming compounds, you have the flexibility to pause or stop taking them without experiencing unwanted side effects.
Where do you source your ingredients from?
Our ingredients are globally sourced to ensure we're using the best available, but all our products are manufactured right here in the U.S. We utilize a combination of natural and synthetic ingredients for consistency and control, like our lab-created caffeine, which reduces batch variability.
How do you test for purity and potency?
To guarantee each blend meets our high standards for purity and potency, we conduct regular third-party lab testing. Unlike many supplement brands, our blends contain minimal fillers and always use the most bioavailable form of active ingredients.
Do you have third-party testing?
We rely on third-party labs for detailed testing to ensure each ingredient and finished product matches our standards for concentration and purity. All of our products go through rigorous quality control testing, as well as batch-specific COAs (Certificate of Analysis) for all raw ingredients and finished goods, emphasizing our commitment to consistency and safety.
What is the shelf-life of your blends and how should they be stored?
Our blends have a two-year shelf life and maintain their efficacy when stored at room temperature.
Are your ingredients allergen-free and/or vegan?
All our ingredients are vegan and free from gluten, eggs, and nuts. While our manufacturing process is designed to minimize any cross-contamination, our facilities process other products, so we cannot offer certified vegan or gluten-free guarantees.
Are your blends FDA-approved?
In accordance with manufacturing practices in the United States, dietary supplements do not go through pre-market FDA approval. Thesis follows current Good Manufacturing Processes (cGMP), which are maintained by the FDA to ensure proper supplement manufacturing. FDA regulates everything from raw material selection to product safety to labeling. All of our ingredients are classified by the FDA as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) or have undergone phase III clinical trials, which both establish measures of safety.
How does my subscription work?
At checkout, you have the option of selecting the subscription model priced at $79 or opting for a one-time purchase for $119. By selecting the subscription option, a new order will be shipped to your address every 28 days unless any adjustments have been made to your subscription in your Thesis Account . You can select or update your blends or reschedule your next order if you're traveling or have simply fallen behind on taking them and have a surplus of packets.
Can I pause my subscription?
We can't pause a subscription in perpetuity, but you can reschedule your next order to any date in the future. You can manage your subscription and delivery schedule by logging into your Thesis Account .
Can I cancel my subscription?
You have full control of your subscription with Thesis and can cancel at any point before your next order has been processed. You can do this by logging into your Thesis Account , selecting "Manage Subscription” in the “My Subscription” tab, and scrolling to the bottom of the page.
Do you offer refunds or returns?
Yes. If you are not 100% satisfied with your purchase, you may request a refund within 30 days of delivery of your first order. We’ll refund you for the full cost of the product, including shipping. Refunds apply to your first order only. For subsequent orders, you may reschedule, skip, or cancel at any time in your Thesis Account . If you have issues with subsequent orders, please contact us at [email protected], let us know what happened and we’ll see what we can do.
What are your shipping delivery times?
Once your order has been placed, our team will work on getting your order ready within 1-2 business days–excluding holidays and weekends. The estimated delivery window is between 3-7 business days. Expedited shipping methods are available for one-time purchases on our website, however, if you’re a Thesis subscriber and would like an expedited shipment, please email us at [email protected] or call 646-647-3599. For all standard and expedited shipping methods, orders placed on Friday after 12 PM ET will be processed on Monday to ship.
How can I track my order?
By logging into your Thesis Account and navigating to the Order History tab, you’ll be able to track your order by clicking on the order number. If you’re experiencing issues finding the tracking information, please contact us at [email protected] with your order number.
Why hasn’t my order tracking updated?
Movement on your tracking link can take up to 24 hours to update. If you continue to see no movement after 24 hours please contact us at [email protected] with your order number and we will look into it further.
Why does the DHL tracking show a different date from USPS tracking?
DHL tracking updates are based on USPS updates. In some cases, the DHL tracking will show a later delivery date initially and then update once USPS has a more accurate estimate. Additionally, DHL hands off the package to USPS in the last leg of delivery, so when this happens your order is often delivered within a couple of days.
Why does my tracking link show it was delivered, but I didn’t receive it?
Please check in and around your mailbox, or check with your neighbors to see if the package was mistakenly delivered to them. If you still can’t locate your package after 48 hours, please contact us at [email protected].
Do you ship internationally?
Due to complexities with various customs regulations, we don’t currently ship internationally. We do, however, ship to all 50 U.S. states and the five major territories (American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands).
Can I change my shipping address after placing my order?
We’ll do our best to make any updates to your order before it has left our fulfillment center. The fastest way to contact us is by calling 646-647-3599 between 10 am - 5 pm ET or sending us an email at [email protected], with your order number, original shipping address, and the new address you wish to change to.
Can I take Thesis while on antidepressants, stimulants, and non-stimulant medications?
Psychopharmaceutical medications, including antidepressants, stimulants, and non-stimulants, may interact with ingredients in Thesis, potentially leading to adverse or combinatorial effects. It’s important to speak with your primary medical provider before starting any new supplement or altering any course of medication. They will be able to provide the best advice regarding the safety of adding Thesis to your routine.
Are there any pre-existing conditions that make someone ineligible to take Thesis?
You should consult your primary medical provider before taking Thesis blends, especially if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, are breastfeeding, or have a history of any of the following: high blood pressure, heart disease, chest pains, stroke, seizures, high cholesterol, obesity, psychiatric conditions, if you smoke, or have a health problem that could be made worse by a change in diet or supplement routine.
Does Thesis replace my ADHD medication?
Our blends and many stimulant or non-stimulant medications will impact the same neurochemical systems (e.g., dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) involved in mood, attention, energy, and focus. While Thesis may support cognitive function, it is not designed to treat, cure, or replace medication for ADHD or any other medical condition. Discuss with your healthcare provider for guidance tailored to your health needs.
Can I take Thesis if I’m under 18?
Our product is one of the most comprehensive nootropics systems on the market and our ingredients are backed by hundreds of clinical research papers. Unfortunately, the research conducted on these ingredients did not include participants who were under the age of 18. We advise against children taking our product and encourage you to consult a pediatric healthcare provider for advice tailored to minors.
Is it safe to take if I’m pregnant or breastfeeding?
Our product is one of the most comprehensive nootropics systems on the market and our ingredients are backed by hundreds of clinical research papers. Unfortunately, the research conducted on these ingredients did not include participants who were pregnant, nursing, or breastfeeding. For that reason, you should always consult your healthcare provider before starting any new supplement to ensure it is safe for you and your baby.
Can I use my HSA or FSA account to pay for Thesis?
Most FSA and HSA programs will cover the cost of prescription medication; however, since our supplements do not fall into the prescription category, you may not be eligible for reimbursement through your FSA or HSA program. Consult your HSA or FSA plan administrator to confirm which types of supplements, if any, are eligible for reimbursement under your specific plan.
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Was it ever possible for anyone to finish writing a master thesis in 10 days? I've been struggling for a long time now to focus on my writing due to several personal problems and I'm running close to my deadline so I'm starting to freak out. I welcome any suggestions at this point.
If by "writing" you mean to do the research/experiments/studying and then write the thesis then no .
If by "writing" you mean transforming your well organized notes into one document, then yes , maybe if you have great discipline.
If by "writing" you mean to start to write-up from not-so well organized notes, then most probably not .
If you want to try to make it, stop hanging around on the internet and start working.
It can be done, but I would be dubious of the quality. That said, I can't recall a Master's thesis that set the world on fire, so I suppose quality is a poor metric.
Here are some suggestions:
Good luck to you.
Yes. You can write it in 10 days though the result won't be good. Make sure you write 1000 to 1500 words a day. So, rather than starting to freak out, you can start writing now
If it's an MFA thesis (average length: 2-3 pages) yes. If it's a science one where you're reporting on results and my impression is that the length isn't too terribly long, maybe. If it's a humanities one that's in the 100-150 page range, it's unlikely (I've written 10-15 pages in a day before, but I doubt I can keep that pace up for ten pages).
You should look into extending into next semester, even if it's just shooting off a quick email while continuing to work. If you have had a large number of personal problems that have negatively affected your ability to complete your school work (and are in the US, not sure how it would apply elsewhere), you should (a) speak with the counseling center on campus and (b) consider a withdrawal under extenuating circumstances (typically called a medical withdrawal, but at least at my school they are allowed for other reasons). If there's no penalty at all for extending into next semester, (b) might not even be necessary — it's super common for both master's and PhD students to miss their expected graduation date by a semester or two because of the thesis/dissertation.
But if you're running up against a hard time limit, the withdrawal would gain you an extra semester. If withdrawal isn't an option, at many schools you can also (c) petition the university to waive the time limit given your circumstances. I don't think I've ever really heard of those petitions being denied if the reason is even halfway reasonable.
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Macs have a high price so it’s understandable that many Mac users will want to put off replacing them for as long as they can. But just how long should you expect a Mac to last?
You may also be considering buying a secondhand Mac and wondering how old is too old? For example, is that 2017 iMac for $400/£400 a good deal, or would you be better off spending a bit more on a newer model?
One factor to consider is the age at which most Macs start to experience issues, such as random shutdowns and degraded batteries that no longer hold their charge. Unfortunately, at one point repairing your Mac or MacBook will no longer be a viable option and you will need to look for a replacement.
Another issue with aging Macs is that the software you need may not run on it. You may also find that Apple no longer supports the operating system software that runs on that Mac – which could leave you open to malware and security vulnerabilities.
In this article, we will address the above, as well as give advice about which Macs are still supported by Apple, the Macs that can still be repaired if required (Apple stops providing the required parts after a number of years), and the Macs that Apple considers obsolete and vintage. Being Vintage means Apple may have the parts available if you wanted to fix the Mac, but once Obsolete Apple will not provide parts if you wanted to try and fix the machine.
There are a few indicators that your Mac has reached the end of its useful life:
Only the most recent version of macOS gets feature updates, but Apple usually maintains the last three versions of the macOS with bug fixes and important security updates, ensuring that the latest version of Safari will run, and that Apple Services, such as iCloud, are fully supported
This means that Apple will currently provide support for these versions of macOS : macOS Sonoma (macOS 14), macOS Ventura (macOS 13), and Monterey (macOS 12). When Apple introduced macOS 14 Sonoma in September 2023 it stopped supporting macOS Big Sur. The last security update for Big Sur, macOS 11.7.10, came on September 11 2023.
If your Mac is running Sonoma, Ventura or Monterey you should be able to be confident that Apple will keep an eye on any security vulnerabilities and other problems with these operating systems.
However, if your Mac is running an older version of the operating system – macOS Big Sur, macOS Catalina or older – you may find yourself out in the cold when it comes to essential updates to Apple’s software.
If the software is too old you may also find that your other Apple products aren’t compatible with your Mac. Without the latest security update you may no longer be able to use Apple Pay or other means to pay for services online, for example. And if you want to sync your iPad or iPhone with your Mac (rather than using iCloud) you will need a recent version of macOS. Since Catalina syncing is done via the Finder, rather than iTunes. If you can’t run Catalina you will need at least iTunes 12.8.2.3 and at least Mac OS X 10.11.6 (El Capitan) or your Mac will not recognize your iPhone or iPad.
It’s not just a case of updating your Mac to the latest version of macOS though. Each time Apple updates the Mac operating system more Macs fall off the list of those supported. Read: The latest version of macOS your Mac can run .
If your Macs isn’t in the list of supported Macs below, it won’t receive important security updates:
2023’s Sonoma supports the following Macs.
Read: Which Macs run Sonoma?
2022’s macOS Ventura supports the following Macs:
Read: Can my Mac run Ventura?
2021’s macOS Monterey supports the following Macs:
Read: Can your Mac run Monterey?
This means that the oldest Macs supported right now are the 2013 Mac Pro (black cylinder model), the 2014 Mac mini and the 2015 MacBook and and Pro models. But, by the autumn of 2024, when Apple introduces the next version of macOS, the supported Mac list will be reduced to 2017, and in some cases, 2018 models.
So, if you were hoping that your decade-old Mac would still be supported by Apple, prepare to be disappointed.
When Apple introduced Sonoma in 2023 it dropped support for macOS Big Sur.
Big Sur, which launched in 2020 supported the following Macs:
This means that Apple no longer supports security updates for the 12-inch MacBook introduced in early 2015, the mid-2013 MacBook Air and the early-2014 MacBook Air, late-2013 MacBook Pro and mid-2014 MacBook Pro, or the 2014 iMac.
By fall 2024, the list of unsupported Macs will include 2015 and 2016 models.
All other Macs that pre-date those mentioned above are no longer supported by Apple’s software updates.
Once you cannot update your Mac to run a supported version of macOS you are vulnerable to security breaches, which should obviously be a concern. You may also find that you can’t carry out transactions on the internet if you want to pay for things on your out-of-date Mac.
You may also find that the software you need won’t run on your Mac. Apple and other companies stop supporting older versions of the applications they make, so there could be issues with the versions of the software you are running. If you are experiencing random shutdowns, for example, it could be due to problems with an app you are running – problems that will not be addressed by the developer because that version of the app is no longer supported.
If you want to run fully supported software then you will need to update to a newer version of macOS – and that may mean that you need to update your Mac. Althought there are workarounds to install a new version of macOS on an old Mac.
Apple supports Macs with operating system updates for approximately eight to ten years, after which time Apple will not support the software and it’s probably a good time to replace your Mac.
But it’s not just software updates that determine the lifespan of a Mac. It’s also a question of whether it will be possible to fix your Mac should something go wrong with the hardware. Apple has two standards that indicate hardware support is waining: Obsolete or Vintage. The first stage is Vintage: you might be lucky enough to get parts for this Mac, the second is Obsolete: you are out on your own when it comes to any attempt to mend the Mac if it goes wrong.
If you look at Apple’s list of Obsolete Macs – those being the Macs that Apple will no longer provide spare parts for – you will see that the company stops provide parts for Macs that it hasn’t sold for more than seven years. In fact, the company may not even provide parts for Macs that haven’t been sold for more than five years (considered Vintage by the company).
This could mean that you won’t be able to get a faulty Mac fixed because the parts aren’t available.
Obsolete Macs are generally Macs that Apple stopped selling more than seven years ago. Once a Mac is in Apple’s obsolete list you have little chance of getting it repaired if something does go wrong. You might be able to find spare parts yourself, but Apple won’t provide them.
You’ll find more details about the exact models on Apple’s dedicated page , but the lists below will give you a general idea.
As of May 2023, Apple considers the following Macs and older Obsolete:
Apple also has a list of Vintage Macs. These are Macs that Apple stopped selling between five and seven years ago. (If you live in France where a law means you can get support for spare parts for up to seven years after Apple stops selling a Mac).
Apple Authorized Service Providers will repair vintage products for up to seven years, as long as parts are available.
Apple lists the following products as being vintage:
There are some Macs in that list that you might consider quite ‘new’, such as the 2017 MacBook Pro models, or the 5K iMac from 2015, but these are already viewed as Vintage by Apple, and anything older is Obsolete.
This certainly suggests that if your Mac is from before 2015 it’s time to look for a new one. And if you see a 2015 or earlier Mac on sale it’s not sensible to buy it. Read: Why you shouldn’t buy a second hand Mac.
If your Mac is in the Obsolete category above and something goes wrong with it then you are going to struggle to get the necessary parts if you wanted to attempt to get it fixed as Apple won’t provide the parts.
You might be able to buy an old Mac on eBay or similar and scrap if for the parts, but we’d suggest that it really wouldn’t be worth the effort.
If your Mac is in the Vintage list then Apple might be able to provide the required parts, but there is no guarantee. If you are lucky enough to get the part an Apple service provider might even be able to fix the Mac for you – but the cost of the work is likely to be prohibitive.
You might find that the Mac was included in part of a recall due to the issue you are experiencing, in that case it might be worth enlisting in a repair program . However, if the time period in which Apple was offering the repairs has passed (which is unfortunately likely) then you will still have to find the money for the repair, which again might be prohibitive.
Apple’s current Mac repair programs include:
Service programs that have now ended:
We have more information about Apple’s product recalls and repair programs here . Plus, visit this page for more information on the above repair programs.
Assuming your fault isn’t one of those listed above, you may be faced with a pricy repair bill. We suggest that if your Mac is older than five years then repairing it will not be worth it – unless of course there are important documents or photos on it that you want to retrieve in which case it might be worth looking at how to recover these files .
This is a similar question to the one above in as much as you will be weighing up whether spending money to improve your Mac might be more savvy than buying a new Mac.
There are various ways you might be able to improve your existing Mac, including adding more RAM or changing from a hard drive to a SSD. If you are able to upgrade the components inside your Mac you may be able to speed it up and make it more capable of doing what you need. See How to upgrade a Mac .
However, many Macs can’t be upgraded at all. In recent years Apple has taken to soldering RAM in place and hiding components away to make access impossible (or at least impossible if you don’t want to completely destroy your Mac attempting to get to them).
If you decide to buy a new Mac check out our round-ups of the best Mac deals you can get:
If you have one of the following Macs you might be able to update the RAM:
You can’t update the RAM in any MacBook Air models.
We explain which Macs have accessible RAM in this article and also look at how to update the RAM.
It may be possible to update other components, including the SSD, hard drive, battery, logic board, hard drive, but this is only possible for a few Macs and the process is only for the expert. If you’d like to try read: How to upgrade a Mac .
If you are up for pulling your Mac apart and attempting to upgrade its components then by all means try, but make sure you back it up first and be prepared to admit defeat if it doesn’t go as planned.
As for whether it is worth upgrading your Macs RAM or any other component – assuming you can get the parts – rather than buying a new Mac? Perhaps it will buy you a few more years of use. However, we’d be inclined to suggest that if your Mac is older than seven years it really isn’t worth it (and, you’ll notice, the MacBooks that can have their RAM upgraded tend to be older than that).
So, in answer to the question: How long do Macs last? We’d say five to eight years, but beware that you may not be able to replace any faulty parts in a Mac when more than five years have passed since Apple last sold it.
Before you buy a new Mac, read our article about the best time to buy a Mac or MacBook .
You may also want to read our Best Mac Buying Guide for help deciding which Mac to buy. We also have a guide to the Best MacBook .
Wondering how long Apple supports iPhones and iPads for? Read How long do iPhones last and how long Apple supports iPads for .
Karen has worked on both sides of the Apple divide, clocking up a number of years at Apple's PR agency prior to joining Macworld more than two decades ago. Karen's career highlights include interviewing Apple's Steve Wozniak and discussing Steve Jobs’ legacy on the BBC. Having edited the U.K. print and online editions of Macworld for many years, more recently her focus has been on SEO and evergreen content as well product recommendations and buying advice on Macworld.com.
Unlike microplastics in the ocean, tires do not last forever.
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A car is one big, intricate assembly of parts that will eventually fail. That much is true. It’s up to the owner to inspect and maintain the vehicle to ensure these parts are either serviced or replaced before they create unsafe situations. One of the biggest priorities is a car’s tires , so it’s crucial to know just how long they last.
As the sole connection between the ground and the car, a tire takes on a lot of responsibility . It provides grip, stability, comfort, and protection, among other things. With that pressure comes a bunch of outside forces that are constantly wearing on tires, breaking them down. Weather, road conditions, and age degrade the rubbers, chemicals, and plastics that make up a tire.
Just how long that degradation takes is different from case to case, but there are a few general rules to follow. Most normal car tires last anywhere between 45,000 and 60,000 miles but that's not a hard rule. There are so many factors to consider, which is why this question requires a deeper dig to really solve.
The longevity of each tire will be different depending on the design and numerous wear-and-tear factors. Manufacturers and service companies suggest general mileage limits to help prevent driving on unsafe rubber. Given that most drivers put 12,000-15,000 miles per year on their car, and tires usually hold up for 45,000-60,000 miles, tires typically last anywhere between three and five years.
To get a more precise answer, it's best to check your specific tires' guidelines. Tires vary wildly in composition, with some using softer rubber for better grip and others using harder rubber as well as more ply to shoulder heavy loads or simply last longer . By looking up your specific make and model's life expectancy, you'll have a better idea of how long they'll last. And if they're wearing quicker than the manufacturer says they should, there's a chance something is wrong with your vehicle's alignment.
Discount Tire suggests replacing tires, regardless of the tread depth, after six years of use.
The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) requires that all tires must list the month and year the tires were produced on the sidewall. On tires made in 2000 or later, this can be found in the last four digits of the Tire Identification Number. Of those four digits, the first two convey the month and the last two convey the year. For example, a tire that reads DOT U2LL LMLR 3209 means it was made in the 32nd week of 2009.
Before 2000, three digits were used, with the first two digits translating to the month and the last digit marking the year.
Michelin states that a tire’s ingredient list features more than 200 raw materials. The main components include elastomers such as synthetic and natural rubber, reinforcing fillers such as carbon black and silica, plasticizers such as oils and resins, chemicals such as sulfur, and reinforcements such as steel and textile fabrics. Here’s the breakdown of the major parts of an average radial tire:
An innertube made of synthetic rubber that maintains the air pressure
Thin textile cords affixed to rubber that provide structure and support
Located at the exterior “edges,” this is where the tire holds onto the wheel when rolling over the ground
Each wheel features two beads, or circular metal wires, that maintain an airtight fit with the rim of the wheel and keep the tire seated
The outside-facing section of tire that protects it from curbs and other damaging exterior forces
Providing a majority of the strength of the tire, the casing ply is made of up a bunch of tiny metal cords
What Michelin also calls the “zero degree belt,” the cap ply is made of rubber-covered reinforced nylon cords and maintains the tire’s shape while reducing heat
The structural base of the tread
The tread is the pattern seen on the flat outside portion of the tire. In addition to this part of the rubber creating flash chemical bonds with the ground, the tread helps push away moisture and dirt from the surface of the tire. The tread is responsible for traction and grip, and without it, the tire can become slippery and unsafe.
A lot can go wrong with a tire, so it’s important to constantly check that it’s up to snuff. Look for and be aware of these factors when examining the health of your tires:
Measured in pounds per square inch (PSI), this refers to the air pressure inside the tires.
This refers to how deep the patterned exterior ridges of the tire are.
Check for anything that has penetrated the tire and innertube that could cause air to leak out.
Look for cracks or splits in the tire. If found, the tire is not safe for driving and should be replaced immediately.
Inflating a tire with too much or too little air will cause uneven tread wear and will detract from its full performance capabilities.
The mass distribution of tires needs to be even and balanced in order to function properly.
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Reading will only take you so far. It helps to have someone actually show you how to do things. That's why we've attached this video by 1A Auto. It covers how to measure tread depth with both a dedicated tool and a penny. Remember that tread depth is only part of the story, though. As you check it, look for cracking, severe wear, and other signs of damage.
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Cannabidiol and the gut: can cbd cause constipation, hhc vs. cbd: two sides of commercial hemp, do zyns expire how to keep nicotine pouches fresh, h4cbd: what is it and how does it compare to cbd, how long do nicotine pouches last when to bin the zyn, cbd oil vs. gummies vs. capsules: what’s the difference, vaping & headaches: why they happen & how to stop them.
As the popularity of ZYN and other nicotine pouches continues to rise, more consumers have questions about the products. Sure, the concept seems simple—tuck a pouch in your lip and enjoy—but when is it time to toss it in the trash? How long do nicotine pouches last? This article will help you understand what to expect from your favorite nicotine pouches.
Before we dive in, let’s briefly cover the proper usage of nicotine pouches.
Place the pouch in a comfortable location between the lip and the gum. The upper lip, off to one side, is recommended. You may experience a slight tingle or burn from the nicotine for a few minutes; this is normal. Leave the pouch parked and allow the flavors to release and the nicotine to absorb. Lastly, remove it from your mouth and dispose in a waste bin. (Most pouch brands, including ZYN, have a hidden compartment in their cans to store used pouches while you’re on the go.)
ZYN and other dry nicotine pouches usually kick in within two minutes. Dry pouches rely on the body’s saliva to release the nicotine, so a little patience is required.
Moist pouches, on the other hand, don’t need a kickstart from saliva. They have higher moisture content, which enables the nicotine to start taking effect within seconds.
The average time required for the nicotine and flavorings to fully disperse is usually between 20 and 60 minutes, but this duration can vary depending on several factors.
Pouch size : Nicotine pouches are available in multiple sizes, such as mini, slim, and large. Larger pouches generally last longer.
Nicotine strength : A common belief is that stronger pouches last longer. While this might be true, it is debatable. Regardless of the strength, the nicotine will likely absorb at a similar rate. However, the effects of nicotine may be perceivable for longer with stronger pouches.
Flavor : Certain dominant flavors, such as mint and menthol, often linger longer than mild or delicate flavors. Think of it in terms of chewing gum: mint flavors tend to outlast fruity ones.
Dry and moist pouches : Dry pouches deliver a slow and steady release of nicotine, often over a slightly longer period. Moist pouches provide an intense initial burst of nicotine, but the flavor and effects may fade more quickly.
Freshness : Improperly stored or expired pouches won’t last as long as fresh ones. Nicotine and flavorings lose their potency over time and with exposure to light, heat, and oxygen. Follow proper storage techniques to keep your nicotine pouches fresh.
Personal standards: Users have different standards for determining when a pouch is “done.” For some, it may be when that first decrease in flavor is detected. Others may keep it in their mouth until every last bit of flavor and nicotine has been siphoned from it.
According to ZYN’s U.S. website, ZYN pouches can deliver “up to one hour of real nicotine satisfaction.” In contrast, the company’s UK website claims only “up to 30 mins.” Estimates like these exist to manage expectations, but they don’t necessarily indicate how long a ZYN may actually last.
Manufacturer recommendations aside, how long do ZYN pouches work in a real-world setting? Like most pouches, ZYNs tend to deliver at least 25 to 30 minutes of enjoyment for most people. This is not necessarily when they should be discarded, but rather when users begin noticing a distinct drop in flavor and effects.
The amount of time to park a nicotine pouch in your mouth is a subjective choice. Ultimately, the decision is yours. Simply dispose of it when it’s no longer satisfying or when you’ve had enough nicotine.
When using any type of nicotine product, it’s always important to be mindful of the body’s response to avoid overdoing it. Too much nicotine can make a person “ nic sick ”, which can include symptoms like dizziness, increased heart rate, nausea, headaches, etc. It’s unpleasant and should be avoided. For a light or inexperienced user, parking a pouch for five to ten minutes could be adequate. Others may enjoy nicotine pouches for much longer without any discomfort. (Note: the nicotine from a pouch may continue being absorbed from your gums into your bloodstream for several minutes after you discard the pouch.)
The initial rush felt after popping a ZYN in your mouth usually levels out after 10 to 15 minutes. However, the broad effects of nicotine can last much longer.
Nicotine from pouches absorbs fairly slowly into the bloodstream—at least compared to vaping or smoking—so the subtle effects can linger for over an hour after discarding a ZYN. The duration won’t be the same for everyone. Much of it depends on your tolerance, the amount of nicotine consumed, hydration level, and metabolism.
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Vaping empowered me to kick a lengthy smoking habit in 2014. It changed my life and I never looked back. Although vaping quickly became a hobby, my real passion is helping smokers make the switch and spreading awareness about the potential of these products. I have been writing vape content and working behind the scenes in the industry since 2016.
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The flu (short for influenza) is a common respiratory virus that causes symptoms such as fever, cough, body aches, chills, extreme fatigue, and sometimes, vomiting and diarrhea. Unlike the common cold, flu symptoms tend to be more severe and come on all at once.
Flu symptoms can temporarily impair your ability to carry out daily tasks and prevent you from going to school or work. Generally, the flu can last anywhere from five to seven days. But, a variety of factors, like having underlying health conditions, the symptoms you're experiencing, and how much rest you're getting can affect the duration of your illness.
The flu is a respiratory illness that occurs when you contract an influenza virus. These types of viruses predominantly affect the lungs, nose, and throat.
People who have the flu can unintentionally spread the illness to you via fluid droplets when they cough, sneeze , talk, or laugh near you. The droplets can land in your mouth or nose if you’re within six feet of them. You might also develop the illness if you inhale flu germs or touch contaminated surfaces and then make contact with your mouth, nose, or eyes. As a result, the virus can multiply in your body and lead to the onset of symptoms.
Symptoms usually start a couple of days after the virus invades your respiratory tract—which includes your mouth, nose, throat, and lungs. Everyone experiences the flu a little differently. Some people may have mild symptoms that last a handful of days, while others can experience more severe symptoms that can last a week or longer.
There are two main types of flu: type A and type B. Influenza type A tends to be more common and severe in adults, while influenza is less common and primarily affects young children. Type A viruses are also responsible for some kinds of animal flu, such as swine flu or bird flu . Type B viruses, on the other hand, usually only infect humans.
While colds are more common, the flu is widespread and crops up in every part of the world. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimates that this illness affects millions of people a year in the United States alone. From 2021 to 2022, 9 million people had the flu, 100,000 of those people had to be hospitalized, and 5,000 people unfortunately passed away as a result of their symptoms.
The flu shares similar symptoms with COVID-19 , but the two illnesses are caused by different viruses. COVID-19 seems to spread more easily, makes people contagious for longer, and can lead to severe illness more often. Early studies also suggest that it may take longer for people who contract COVID-19 to show symptoms.
However, both illnesses do share some symptoms. Both the flu and COVID-19 can cause:
It's often difficult to tell the difference between the flu and COVID-19. That's why it may help to get tested to see what infection you have and which treatments you should use to help relieve symptoms. It's also worth noting that you can have both illnesses at the same time. In some cases, you can have one or both of the illnesses without displaying any symptoms at all.
Both the flu and COVID-19 can also occasionally lead to more serious complications. These include pneumonia , secondary infections, heart conditions, and respiratory (lung-related) issues. Unlike the flu, COVID-19 can also sometimes lead to blood clots.
It's important to note that medical tests can detect the flu in your system the day before you begin showing symptoms, and five to seven days after symptoms go away. People with weakened immune symptoms and young children, however, may stay contagious even longer.
There are a few stages of the flu you might go through when you have the illness. These include:
In some cases, young children and those who are pregnant or have weakened immune systems may continue to have symptoms after a week of the illness. If you or a loved one still have symptoms after a week, it doesn't hurt to call a healthcare provider and let them know that symptoms aren't improving. Your provider can help guide you to other treatment options or ask you to come in for a physical exam if they suspect complications, such as pneumonia .
Most people weather the flu and feel back to normal within a week of the infection. But, some people might be at an increased risk of developing serious complications. If you’re in one of the following groups, you are more likely to experience more severe illness:
Certain conditions also boost your risk of having more severe symptoms, such as:
You are contagious a day or more before you show symptoms and up to a week after they’re gone. You’re at your most contagious three to four days after you first start experiencing and displaying flu symptoms.
It’s worth noting that it's easy to spread the infection to people you work with, live with, or frequently socialize with or see. Similarly, the people you spend time with often can just as easily spread the illness to you. However, you can prevent transmitting the virus to others and protect yourself by practicing the following strategies:
There’s usually not much you can do about your symptoms other than rest, stay hydrated , and let symptoms run their course. You may consider some treatment options like over-the-counter flu medicines or getting a prescription antiviral drug from a healthcare provider. Generally, these medications are only effective if you take them within the first 24 to 48 hours of having symptoms.
However, medication can help you avoid serious complications, especially if you are in a high-risk group. That said, letting your healthcare provider know about your illness can help you get treatment sooner.
Generally, it's not always necessary to tell your healthcare provider if you get the flu. However, it's good practice to contact your provider if you:
The flu is a common, seasonal illness that affects millions of people each year. Your symptoms can show up within a day of infection and last anywhere from a few days to a week or longer. It's common to experience symptoms such as coughing, fever, chills, fatigue, and body aches when you have the flu.
Unfortunately, there isn’t much you can do to shorten the course of the illness. However, getting proper rest, asking your provider for antiviral medications, and staying hydrated can help you recover. You can also be contagious even after symptoms go away, so practicing prevention strategies can reduce the risk of transmitting the infection to others.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How flu spreads .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Flu symptoms & complications .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Disease burden of flu .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Similarities and differences between influenza (flu) and COVID-19 .
Boktor SW, Hafner JW. Influenza . In: StatPearls . StatPearls Publishing; 2023.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Key facts about influenza (flu) .
Gaitonde DY, Moore FC, Morgan MK. Influenza: Diagnosis and treatment . Am Fam Physician . 2019;100(12):751-758
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccines for your children .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Healthy habits to help protect against flu .
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All-electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular, so it’s easy to forget that old fashioned, gas-powered cars and trucks are still reliant on electric batteries for their operation. Easy to forget, that is, until those batteries die, either permanently or temporarily. So, it’s only natural to ask: How long do car batteries last ?
The answer to this question depends on several factors, such as battery age, climate where the battery is stored and the driving habits of the car owner. While some generalizations can be made about average lifespan, no two batteries will perform exactly the same.
To get the most out of your car battery, whether it is old or new, it’s helpful to understand how different variables will affect your car battery’s life. This can lead to significant improvements in the overall lifespan, as well as better performance.
What other types of batteries are there, what is the average lifespan of a car battery, what shortens car battery life, how do i know when my car needs a new battery, what are some ways to extend car battery life, can my car battery last 10 years.
Most modern gasoline and diesel vehicles use lead-acid batteries. Inside the battery is a series of cells containing lead plates, which are submerged in a solution of sulfuric acid that serves as the electrolyte.
When activated, a chemical reaction occurs, creating a current of electricity. These relatively sturdy, reliable and cost-effective devices are called wet-cell batteries, or flooded lead-acid batteries (FLA for short). They remain the industry standard.
When you turn the key in your ignition, the car battery sends a strong, brief jolt of electricity to the starter motor. This allows the internal combustion engine to begin operating. The alternator, an electric generator powered by the now-firing engine, sends electricity back into the battery, recharging it while you drive.
In addition to the standard lead-acid flooded battery, there are other options on the market. Some of these have advantages over the standard FLA batteries.
The average car battery life is about three to five years. Some batteries can last significantly longer, however, if they are treated well and kept in a relatively stable environment.
Many batteries sold today will include a three-year or 36-month warranty, although some will have warranties lasting significantly longer, such as 80 months.
While it can be worth it to pay for the battery with a longer warranty, with the right care, you can increase your chances of getting your car’s battery to live longer, and perform better, before having to replace it.
The lifespan of a car battery is determined by several factors. The four most important elements in knowing when to replace a car battery are time, usage, temperature and vibration.
This refers not just to the age of the battery, but also how much time it spends powering the car. All batteries will degrade with age, but sitting inert for long periods will significantly diminish their lifespan.
When the car is operated regularly, it keeps the charge full and prevents the battery from going completely dead, which ensures that the battery is working optimally.
Running the air conditioning, radio, or lights while the car engine is switched off creates a strain on the battery. What’s more, modern cars tend to have a lot of extra electronics, all of which draw power.
If the engine isn’t running enough to fully charge the battery each time it’s being used, this can lead to battery degradation over time.
Excessive heat can degrade the battery, leading to a shorter battery life and poorer overall quality. However, too much cold isn’t good either; it will create more of a burden for your battery when it comes time to start the car, and it can also lead to faster discharge.
Too much vibration isn’t good for a car battery, since the agitation of the internal components can cause corrosion and gradual decay.
When you have a truly dead battery, you’ll know it right away, because the engine won’t turn over. However, the signs that a car battery is nearing the end are often less blatant. By paying attention to your car battery’s performance, you can get a good idea of when it will need to be replaced.
If you want to keep your car battery healthy, and maximize the time before you have to shell out for a replacement, there are some reliable methods to do so. Using even one of these guidelines will help, but for the best results, it’s helpful to use them all.
Short trips can put additional strain on your battery, because they don’t offer the chance for a sustained charge.
Once the car is started, the alternator charges the battery, but it takes time and elevated RPMs (revolutions per minute) to get the job done. On shorter trips, the battery doesn't get adequate time to fully charge.
If you can, keep the temperature of your vehicle stable (which in turn will keep your engine compartment, and thus your car battery temperature, stable).
This is most easily accomplished with a garage where you can keep the car out of the hot weather. Even if you don’t have a garage, parking in the shade wherever possible will still help.
Every so often, take a look at your car battery terminals. If there’s corrosion visible, give it a clean. Always use protective gear: rubber gloves, an apron and eye protection are worthwhile precautions.
Remove the battery from the car, and scrub the terminals with a wire brush. You can purchase battery contact cleaner from your local auto supply store, or you can use a solution of warm water and baking soda .
These small electronic gadgets are often affordable and easily stored, either in your garage or in the trunk of your car. When plugged into a standard outlet, they provide a slow trickle of electricity to the battery, ensuring it has optimal charge at all times, and switching off when the optimal level has been reached.
Some devices will also include a charging function to bring a depleted battery up to full charge quickly.
A well cared-for car battery can indeed last 10 years. While most batteries won’t make it to the decade mark, it does happen. If you’re always keeping your battery charged, protecting it from temperature extremes, excess vibration and corrosion, you’d be surprised at how many years your battery will last.
Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article:
How long is a dissertation.
Dissertation word counts vary widely across different fields, institutions, and levels of education:
However, none of these are strict guidelines – your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided by your university to determine how long your own dissertation should be.
A dissertation prospectus or proposal describes what or who you plan to research for your dissertation. It delves into why, when, where, and how you will do your research, as well as helps you choose a type of research to pursue. You should also determine whether you plan to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.
It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives , ready to be approved by your supervisor or committee.
Note that some departments require a defense component, where you present your prospectus to your committee orally.
A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.
Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.
For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:
Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.
While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.
All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.
A theoretical framework can sometimes be integrated into a literature review chapter , but it can also be included as its own chapter or section in your dissertation . As a rule of thumb, if your research involves dealing with a lot of complex theories, it’s a good idea to include a separate theoretical framework chapter.
A literature review and a theoretical framework are not the same thing and cannot be used interchangeably. While a theoretical framework describes the theoretical underpinnings of your work, a literature review critically evaluates existing research relating to your topic. You’ll likely need both in your dissertation .
While a theoretical framework describes the theoretical underpinnings of your work based on existing research, a conceptual framework allows you to draw your own conclusions, mapping out the variables you may use in your study and the interplay between them.
A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.
Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:
When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .
In most styles, the title page is used purely to provide information and doesn’t include any images. Ask your supervisor if you are allowed to include an image on the title page before doing so. If you do decide to include one, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image.
Include a note directly beneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period). Include a citation and copyright attribution . Don’t title, number, or label the image as a figure , since it doesn’t appear in your main text.
Definitional terms often fall into the category of common knowledge , meaning that they don’t necessarily have to be cited. This guidance can apply to your thesis or dissertation glossary as well.
However, if you’d prefer to cite your sources , you can follow guidance for citing dictionary entries in MLA or APA style for your glossary.
A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, an index is a list of the contents of your work organized by page number.
The title page of your thesis or dissertation goes first, before all other content or lists that you may choose to include.
The title page of your thesis or dissertation should include your name, department, institution, degree program, and submission date.
Glossaries are not mandatory, but if you use a lot of technical or field-specific terms, it may improve readability to add one to your thesis or dissertation. Your educational institution may also require them, so be sure to check their specific guidelines.
A glossary or “glossary of terms” is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. Your glossary only needs to include terms that your reader may not be familiar with, and is intended to enhance their understanding of your work.
A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, dictionaries are more general collections of words.
An abbreviation is a shortened version of an existing word, such as Dr. for Doctor. In contrast, an acronym uses the first letter of each word to create a wholly new word, such as UNESCO (an acronym for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
As a rule of thumb, write the explanation in full the first time you use an acronym or abbreviation. You can then proceed with the shortened version. However, if the abbreviation is very common (like PC, USA, or DNA), then you can use the abbreviated version from the get-go.
Be sure to add each abbreviation in your list of abbreviations !
If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .
If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.
A list of abbreviations is a list of all the abbreviations that you used in your thesis or dissertation. It should appear at the beginning of your document, with items in alphabetical order, just after your table of contents .
Your list of tables and figures should go directly after your table of contents in your thesis or dissertation.
Lists of figures and tables are often not required, and aren’t particularly common. They specifically aren’t required for APA-Style, though you should be careful to follow their other guidelines for figures and tables .
If you have many figures and tables in your thesis or dissertation, include one may help you stay organized. Your educational institution may require them, so be sure to check their guidelines.
A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation and displays them with the page number where they can be found.
The table of contents in a thesis or dissertation always goes between your abstract and your introduction .
You may acknowledge God in your dissertation acknowledgements , but be sure to follow academic convention by also thanking the members of academia, as well as family, colleagues, and friends who helped you.
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.
The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
In the discussion , you explore the meaning and relevance of your research results , explaining how they fit with existing research and theory. Discuss:
The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter.
In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. But in quantitative research , it’s considered important to separate the objective results from your interpretation of them.
Results are usually written in the past tense , because they are describing the outcome of completed actions.
The results chapter of a thesis or dissertation presents your research results concisely and objectively.
In quantitative research , for each question or hypothesis , state:
In qualitative research , for each question or theme, describe:
Don’t interpret or speculate in the results chapter.
To automatically insert a table of contents in Microsoft Word, follow these steps:
Make sure to update your table of contents if you move text or change headings. To update, simply right click and select Update Field.
All level 1 and 2 headings should be included in your table of contents . That means the titles of your chapters and the main sections within them.
The contents should also include all appendices and the lists of tables and figures, if applicable, as well as your reference list .
Do not include the acknowledgements or abstract in the table of contents.
The abstract appears on its own page in the thesis or dissertation , after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .
An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 200–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.
In a thesis or dissertation, the acknowledgements should usually be no longer than one page. There is no minimum length.
The acknowledgements are generally included at the very beginning of your thesis , directly after the title page and before the abstract .
Yes, it’s important to thank your supervisor(s) in the acknowledgements section of your thesis or dissertation .
Even if you feel your supervisor did not contribute greatly to the final product, you must acknowledge them, if only for a very brief thank you. If you do not include your supervisor, it may be seen as a snub.
In the acknowledgements of your thesis or dissertation, you should first thank those who helped you academically or professionally, such as your supervisor, funders, and other academics.
Then you can include personal thanks to friends, family members, or anyone else who supported you during the process.
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COMMENTS
Step 2: Write your initial answer. After some initial research, you can formulate a tentative answer to this question. At this stage it can be simple, and it should guide the research process and writing process. The internet has had more of a positive than a negative effect on education.
Here are some basic rules for thesis statement lengths based on the number of pages: 5 pages: 1 sentence. 5-8 pages: 1 or 2 sentences. 8-13 pages: 2 or 3 sentences. 13-23 pages: 3 or 4 sentences. Over 23 pages: a few sentences or a paragraph.
Revised on April 16, 2024. A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a master's program or a capstone to a bachelor's degree. Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Other than a dissertation, it is one of the longest pieces of writing students typically complete.
A thesis statement is a sentence in a paper or essay (in the opening paragraph) that introduces the main topic to the reader. As one of the first things your reader sees, your thesis statement is one of the most important sentences in your entire paper—but also one of the hardest to write! In this article, we explain how to write a thesis ...
Tips for Writing Your Thesis Statement. 1. Determine what kind of paper you are writing: An analytical paper breaks down an issue or an idea into its component parts, evaluates the issue or idea, and presents this breakdown and evaluation to the audience.; An expository (explanatory) paper explains something to the audience.; An argumentative paper makes a claim about a topic and justifies ...
A thesis statement . . . Makes an argumentative assertion about a topic; it states the conclusions that you have reached about your topic. Makes a promise to the reader about the scope, purpose, and direction of your paper. Is focused and specific enough to be "proven" within the boundaries of your paper. Is generally located near the end ...
Keep your thesis prominent in your introduction. A good, standard place for your thesis statement is at the end of an introductory paragraph, especially in shorter (5-15 page) essays. Readers are used to finding theses there, so they automatically pay more attention when they read the last sentence of your introduction.
Thesis. Your thesis is the central claim in your essay—your main insight or idea about your source or topic. Your thesis should appear early in an academic essay, followed by a logically constructed argument that supports this central claim. A strong thesis is arguable, which means a thoughtful reader could disagree with it and therefore ...
A thesis statement: tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion. is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself.
Step 4: Revise and refine your thesis statement before you start writing. Read through your thesis statement several times before you begin to compose your full essay. You need to make sure the statement is ironclad, since it is the foundation of the entire paper. Edit it or have a peer review it for you to make sure everything makes sense and ...
The thesis statement is the brief articulation of your paper's central argument and purpose. You might hear it referred to as simply a "thesis." Every scholarly paper should have a thesis statement, and strong thesis statements are concise, specific, and arguable. Concise means the thesis is short: perhaps one or two sentences for a shorter paper.
1 It should be clear and concise: A research paper thesis statement should use plain language and explain the topic briefly, without going into too much detail. 2 It's a single sentence: A thesis statement is generally only one sentence, which helps keep the topic simple and makes it easier to understand. 3 It should establish the scope of ...
Last Updated: Apr 01, 2024 Views: 262. ... but a statement of position. What argument are you making about your topic? Your thesis should answer that question. How long should my thesis statement be? Thesis statements are often just one sentence. Keep thesis statements concise, without extra words or information. ... Does your thesis accurately ...
Step 2: Summarize and reflect on your research. Step 3: Make future recommendations. Step 4: Emphasize your contributions to your field. Step 5: Wrap up your thesis or dissertation. Full conclusion example. Conclusion checklist. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about conclusion sections.
Unfortunately, there's no one size fits all answer to this question. However, from the analysis of over 100 PhD theses, the average thesis length is between 80,000 and 100,000 words. A further analysis of 1000 PhD thesis shows the average number of pages to be 204. In reality, the actual word count for each PhD thesis will depend on the ...
A good conclusion will review the key points of the thesis and explain to the reader why the information is relevant, applicable, or related to the world as a whole. Make sure to dedicate enough of your writing time to the conclusion and do not put it off until the very last minute. Organize your papers in one place. Try Paperpile.
This includes formulating an idea, doing the research, and writing up. A PhD thesis takes a longer time, as the thesis is the main focus of the degree. A PhD thesis might be being formulated and worked on for the whole four years of the degree program. The writing process alone can take around 18 months.
Most people probably can do that in about 3 months or less. But if you can't treat writing the thesis as a full time job and only get to write 5-10 pages a week, it obviously takes a little longer. Add to that multiple rounds of feedback from colleagues and advisors.
There are two parts: an exit seminar and the actual defense. Exit seminars should be the length of any other seminar; about 45-50 minutes. The exit seminar should introduce your research problem, talk briefly about some of the research you did, and then discuss conclusions and further directions. Basically, your entire audience should walk away ...
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I suggest setting targets that allow you to finish writing in eight days, not 10. This gives you some padding in case life gets in the way. To be clear, there are 192 hours in eight days. Allowing for a 12-hour work day, then you need to write 15,000 words in 96 hours or about 156 words an hour. Set a target of 400 words an hour.
Find out how long MacBooks last, how long Apple supports Macs and MacBooks for, and how to tell if a Mac is too old to be useful. By Karen Haslam Managing Editor SEP 27, 2023 4:21 am PDT
Overview of the structure. To help guide your reader, end your introduction with an outline of the structure of the thesis or dissertation to follow. Share a brief summary of each chapter, clearly showing how each contributes to your central aims. However, be careful to keep this overview concise: 1-2 sentences should be enough.
How long do tires last? Experts agree that your tires can last at least 50,000 miles in normal driving conditions,but a lot depends on your driving style.
How long do nicotine pouches last? The average time required for the nicotine and flavorings to fully disperse is usually between 20 and 60 minutes, but this duration can vary depending on several factors. Pouch size: Nicotine pouches are available in multiple sizes, such as mini, slim, and large. Larger pouches generally last longer.
It's often difficult to tell the difference between the flu and COVID-19. That's why it may help to get tested to see what infection you have and which treatments you should use to help relieve ...
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A well cared-for car battery can indeed last 10 years. While most batteries won't make it to the decade mark, it does happen. If you're always keeping your battery charged, protecting it from temperature extremes, excess vibration and corrosion, you'd be surprised at how many years your battery will last.
How long does homemade chicken broth last in the fridge? TMB Studio. Homemade chicken broth will keep for up to four days in the refrigerator. Allow it to cool slightly before popping into the fridge (boiling-hot broth might warm up the whole refrigerator, which can make other food spoil). Once it's cooled off a bit, transfer the broth to an ...
An undergraduate dissertation is typically 8,000-15,000 words. A master's dissertation is typically 12,000-50,000 words. A PhD thesis is typically book-length: 70,000-100,000 words. However, none of these are strict guidelines - your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided ...