compound assignment operators modulus

In , assignment is used to assign values to a variable. In this section, we will discuss the .

The is the combination of more than one operator. It includes an assignment operator and arithmetic operator or bitwise operator. The specified operation is performed between the right operand and the left operand and the resultant assigned to the left operand. Generally, these operators are used to assign results in shorter syntax forms. In short, the compound assignment operator can be used in place of an assignment operator.

For example:

Let's write the above statements using the compound assignment operator.

Using both assignment operators generates the same result.

Java supports the following assignment operators:

Using Compound Assignment Operator in a Java Program

CompoundAssignmentOperator.java

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Matthew J. Clemente

What is the Modulus Operator? A Short Guide with Practical Use Cases

Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. These are the four mathematical operations I was taught during my childhood education, and their operators, + , - , * , / , are very familiar. I was not taught % , the modulus operator , which I recently discovered can be quite useful and interesting in its own right.

The modulus operator, written in most programming languages as % or mod , performs what is known as the modulo operation . You next response, understandably, might be, "That doesn't clarify anything," so let's take a closer look:

How It Works

The modulus operator - or more precisely, the modulo operation - is a way to determine the remainder of a division operation. Instead of returning the result of the division, the modulo operation returns the whole number remainder.

Some examples may help illustrate this, as it's not necessarily intuitive the first time you encounter it:

It may be helpful to think back to your early math lessons, before you learned fractions and decimals. Mathematics with whole numbers behaves differently - when dividing numbers that aren't even multiples, there's always some amount left over. That remainder is what the modulo operation returns.

If this seems strange, boring, or not particularly useful, bear with me a bit longer - or just skip ahead to the use cases .

The Modulo Operation Expressed As a Formula

As one final means of explication, for those more mathematically inclined, here's a formula that describes the modulo operation:

By substituting values, we can see how the modulo operation works in practice:

If you don't find the formula helpful, don't worry - I didn't either at first. Some people find this abstract representation helps deepen or clarify their understanding of the operation, but you don't need to know it.

A final note here - if you're wondering how the modulo operation functions with negative numbers or decimals, that's a bit outside the scope of this article. For our purposes here, we'll only be dealing with positive integers. [1]

Okay, enough with the math for now. While returning the remainder is what the modulo operation does, that's not its only use; indeed we'll see that it's handy for a good deal more - but that was a necessary starting point.

Use Cases for the Modulo Operation

When I first encountered the it, the modulus operator seemed little more than a bit of mathematical trivia. I found it far more interesting as I started to learn its practical utility. I'll discuss a few applications here.

Even / Odd and Alternating

One of the most basic use cases for the modulus operator is to determine if a number is even or odd. [2] This is possible because x % 2 always returns either 0 or 1. Even numbers, because they are evenly divisible by 2, always return 0, while odd numbers always return the remainder of 1. Here's what I mean:

So, what's the use case? This technique is often used to alternate values within a loop. The first time I used the modulus operator, it was to manually zebra-stripe table rows, with the row's background color based on whether it was even or odd. In a similar vein, I've used % to distribute the results of a web-form to two recipients, on an every-other basis; in pseudocode:

It's a convenient hack any time you have a group or stream of records, widgets, leads, etc., that you want to handle on an alternating basis.

Restrict Number to Range

When you're using the modulus operator for even/odd alternation, you're actually taking advantage of one of its more helpful properties, though you might not realize it. Here's the property: the range of x % n is between 0 and n - 1 , which is to say that the modulo operation will not return more than the divisor . [3]

Again, examples might help clarify this idea; in each instance here, the divisor is 5, so results will range from 0 - 4.

As you can see, regardless of the initial number, the modulus (divisor) limits the range of the result.

On its own, this property doesn't seem useful, but when applied within a larger set, it can be used to create a pattern of circular repetition. Here's an example of incrementing numbers with a modulus of 3:

Notice how the result of the modulo operation keeps repeating 0-1-2; the values wrap around. One way to describe these results is as a circular array , like numbers on the face of a clock. Let's take a closer look at a practical application of this property.

Rotating Through Limited Options (Circular Array)

In a situation with a limited number of options - weekdays, primary colors, company projects, clients, etc. - we can use the modulo operation to walk through them in a repeating loop. That is, we can treat the array of options as a circle that we just keep cycling through.

Here's a somewhat contrived example to illustrate this:

As we step through a list of employees, we assign each to a weekday. Once we've scheduled five employees, we reach Friday. With no more options, assignment then loops back to Monday and continues the cycle until all employees are scheduled. This is possible because, as shown in the previous section, the modulus of 5 (the number of weekdays) returns a circular array of 0-4, that we can map to options in our weekday array. Seeing and understanding this was a major revelation for me.

Every Nth Operations in a Loop

Another application of the modulo operation is determining an interval within a loop; that is, calculating occurrences such as "every fourth time," "once every ten," etc.

The principle, in this case, is that if n is an even multiple of x , then x % n = 0 . Consequently, x % 4 will return 0 every fourth time; x % 10 will return 0 every tenth time, and so on. One practical use of this is providing feedback within long or long running loops:

You could use a similar principle to trigger client/user interaction based on time or engagement. For example, send a promo every 90 days, or offer a feedback survey every 50 logins.

Keep in mind that time is also, in effect, a long running loop. Every hour has 60 minutes, repeating on a cycle. If you wanted to schedule a task to run four times an hour, you could achieve this using the modulo operation - just run it when minutes % 4 == 0 .

Converting Units of Measure

Converting units of measure is common example of the modulo operation's practical utility. The general use case is when you want to convert a smaller unit, such as minutes or inches/centimeters, to a larger unit, like hours or miles/kilometers; in these situations, decimals or fractions aren't always helpful.

For example, if we wanted to know the number of hours in 349 minutes, having the result expressed as 5 hours 49 minutes may be more helpful than 5.8167 hours . Here's a quick-and-dirty take at what that type of conversion function might look like:

Standard division (rounded down to the nearest integer) determines the number of hours, while the modulo operation is used to keep track of the remaining minutes. Whether you're dealing with time, distance, pressure, energy, or data storage, you can use this general approach for unit conversion.

You might think that I've exhausted all the situations in which you might use the modulus operator, but you'd be wrong. Here are a handful more that I found on Stack Overflow, Quora, and the internet at large:

• Reversing a number
• Converting linear data to a matrix
• Determining if arrays are rotated versions of each other
• Leap year calculation

Additionally, once you're comfortable with the modulo operation, you shouldn't have any trouble solving the FizzBuzz Question discussed here.

Some Helpful Reading

Credit where it's due - I learned a lot from these posts while I was researching and writing this article:

• The Modulo Operator in Java
• How to Use the Modulo Operator in PHP
• Fun With Modular Arithmetic
• Recognizing when to use the modulus operator (Stack Overflow)
• In which cases is the Modulo (%) operation used in programming? (Quora)

Now you know it; go use it! If you've got other uses or examples that you'd like to share, I'd love to hear them.

Programming languages vary in their approach to supporting and handing floating point (decimal) modulo operations, as well as negative numbers. Working with these is outside the scope of this article, my concern, and most practical use cases that I've read about or encountered. ↩︎

Lest I get called out in the comments, I should note that bitwise operators offer another, even more efficient approach to determining if a number is even or odd, but that's another topic for another day. ↩︎

I should note that the divisor in a modulo operation is also called the modulus. ↩︎

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about_Assignment_Operators

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Short description

Describes how to use operators to assign values to variables.

Long description

Assignment operators assign one or more values to a variable. The equals sign ( = ) is the PowerShell assignment operator. PowerShell also has the following compound assignment operators: += , -= , *= , %= , ++ , -- , ??= . Compound assignment operators perform operations on the values before the assignment.

The syntax of the assignment operators is as follows:

• <assignable-expression> <assignment-operator> <value>

Assignable expressions include variables and properties. The value can be a single value, an array of values, or a command, expression, or statement.

The increment and decrement operators are unary operators. Each has prefix and postfix versions.

• <assignable-expression><operator>
• <operator><assignable-expression>

The value of the assignable expression must be a number or it must be convertible to a number.

Using the assignment operator

Variables are named memory spaces that store values. You store the values in variables using the assignment operator = . The new value can replace the existing value of the variable, or you can append a new value to the existing value. For example, the following statement assigns the value PowerShell to the $MyShell variable:

When you assign a value to a variable in PowerShell, the variable is created if it didn't already exist. For example, the first of the following two assignment statements creates the $a variable and assigns a value of 6 to $a . The second assignment statement assigns a value of 12 to $a . The first statement creates a new variable. The second statement changes only its value:

Variables in PowerShell don't have a specific data type unless you cast them. When a variable contains only one object, the variable takes the data type of that object. When a variable contains a collection of objects, the variable has the System.Object data type. Therefore, you can assign any type of object to the collection. The following example shows that you can add process objects, service objects, strings, and integers to a variable without generating an error:

Because the assignment operator = has a lower precedence than the pipeline operator | , parentheses aren't required to assign the result of a command pipeline to a variable. For example, the following command sorts the services on the computer and then assigns the sorted services to the $a variable:

You can also assign the value created by a statement to a variable, as in the following example:

This example assigns zero to the $a variable if the value of $b is less than zero. It assigns the value of $b to $a if the value of $b isn't less than zero.

To assign an array (multiple values) to a variable, separate the values with commas, as follows:

To assign a hash table to a variable, use the standard hash table notation in PowerShell. Type an at sign @ followed by key/value pairs that are separated by semicolons ; and enclosed in braces { } . For example, to assign a hashtable to the $a variable, type:

To assign hexadecimal values to a variable, precede the value with 0x . PowerShell converts the hexadecimal value (0x10) to a decimal value (in this case, 16) and assigns that value to the $a variable. For example, to assign a value of 0x10 to the $a variable, type:

To assign an exponential value to a variable, type the root number, the letter e , and a number that represents a multiple of 10. For example, to assign a value of 3.1415 to the power of 1,000 to the $a variable, type:

PowerShell can also convert kilobytes KB , megabytes MB , and gigabytes GB into bytes. For example, to assign a value of 10 kilobytes to the $a variable, type:

Using compound assignment operators

Compound assignment operators perform numeric operations on the values before the assignment.

Compound assignment operators don't use dynamic scoping. The variable is always in the current scope.

In the following example, the variable $x is defined in the global scope. The braces create a new scope. The variable $x inside the braces is a new instance and not a copy of the global variable.

When you use the regular assignment operator, you get a copy of the variable from the parent scope. But notice that $x in the parent scope is not changed.

The assignment by addition operator

The assignment by addition operator += either increments the value of a variable or appends the specified value to the existing value. The action depends on whether the variable has a numeric or string type and whether the variable contains a single value (a scalar) or multiple values (a collection).

The += operator combines two operations. First, it adds, and then it assigns. Therefore, the following statements are equivalent:

When the variable contains a single numeric value, the += operator increments the existing value by the amount on the right side of the operator. Then, the operator assigns the resulting value to the variable. The following example shows how to use the += operator to increase the value of a variable:

When the value of the variable is a string, the value on the right side of the operator is appended to the string, as follows:

When the value of the variable is an array, the += operator appends the values on the right side of the operator to the array. Unless the array is explicitly typed by casting, you can append any type of value to the array, as follows:

When the value of a variable is a hash table, the += operator appends the value on the right side of the operator to the hash table. However, because the only type that you can add to a hash table is another hash table, all other assignments fail.

For example, the following command assigns a hash table to the $a variable. Then, it uses the += operator to append another hash table to the existing hash table, effectively adding a new key-value pair to the existing hash table. This command succeeds, as shown in the output:

The following command attempts to append an integer "1" to the hash table in the $a variable. This command fails:

The assignment by subtraction operator

The assignment by subtraction operator -= decrements the value of a variable by the value that's specified on the right side of the operator. This operator can't be used with string variables, and it can't be used to remove an element from a collection.

The -= operator combines two operations. First, it subtracts, and then it assigns. Therefore, the following statements are equivalent:

The following example shows how to use of the -= operator to decrease the value of a variable:

You can also use the -= assignment operator to decrease the value of a member of a numeric array. To do this, specify the index of the array element that you want to change. In the following example, the value of the third element of an array (element 2) is decreased by 1:

You can't use the -= operator to delete the values of a variable. To delete all the values that are assigned to a variable, use the Clear-Item or Clear-Variable cmdlets to assign a value of $null or "" to the variable.

To delete a particular value from an array, use array notation to assign a value of $null to the particular item. For example, the following statement deletes the second value (index position 1) from an array:

To delete a variable, use the Remove-Variable cmdlet. This method is useful when the variable is explicitly cast to a particular data type, and you want an untyped variable. The following command deletes the $a variable:

The assignment by multiplication operator

The assignment by multiplication operator *= multiplies a numeric value or appends the specified number of copies of the string value of a variable.

When a variable contains a single numeric value, that value is multiplied by the value on the right side of the operator. For example, the following example shows how to use the *= operator to multiply the value of a variable:

In this case, the *= operator combines two operations. First, it multiplies, and then it assigns. Therefore, the following statements are equivalent:

When a variable contains a string value, PowerShell appends the specified number of strings to the value, as follows:

To multiply an element of an array, use an index to identify the element that you want to multiply. For example, the following command multiplies the first element in the array (index position 0) by 2:

The assignment by division operator

The assignment by division operator /= divides a numeric value by the value that's specified on the right side of the operator. The operator can't be used with string variables.

The /= operator combines two operations. First, it divides, and then it assigns. Therefore, the following two statements are equivalent:

For example, the following command uses the /= operator to divide the value of a variable:

To divide an element of an array, use an index to identify the element that you want to change. For example, the following command divides the second element in the array (index position 1) by 2:

The assignment by modulus operator

The assignment by modulus operator %= divides the value of a variable by the value on the right side of the operator. Then, the %= operator assigns the remainder (known as the modulus) to the variable. You can use this operator only when a variable contains a single numeric value. You can't use this operator when a variable contains a string variable or an array.

The %= operator combines two operations. First, it divides and determines the remainder, and then it assigns the remainder to the variable. Therefore, the following statements are equivalent:

The following example shows how to use the %= operator to save the modulus of a quotient:

The increment and decrement operators

The increment operator ++ increases the value of a variable by 1. When you use the increment operator in a simple statement, no value is returned. To view the result, display the value of the variable, as follows:

To force a value to be returned, enclose the variable and the operator in parentheses, as follows:

The increment operator can be placed before (prefix) or after (postfix) a variable. The prefix version of the operator increments a variable before its value is used in the statement, as follows:

The postfix version of the operator increments a variable after its value is used in the statement. In the following example, the $c and $a variables have different values because the value is assigned to $c before $a changes:

The decrement operator -- decreases the value of a variable by 1. As with the increment operator, no value is returned when you use the operator in a simple statement. Use parentheses to return a value, as follows:

The prefix version of the operator decrements a variable before its value is used in the statement, as follows:

The postfix version of the operator decrements a variable after its value is used in the statement. In the following example, the $d and $a variables have different values because the value is assigned to $d before $a changes:

Null-coalescing assignment operator

The null-coalescing assignment operator ??= assigns the value of its right-hand operand to its left-hand operand only if the left-hand operand evaluates to null. The ??= operator doesn't evaluate its right-hand operand if the left-hand operand evaluates to non-null.

For more information, see Null-coalescing operator .

Microsoft .NET types

By default, when a variable has only one value, the value that's assigned to the variable determines the data type of the variable. For example, the following command creates a variable that has the System.Int32 type:

To find the .NET type of a variable, use the GetType method and its FullName property. Be sure to include the parentheses after the GetType method name, even though the method call has no arguments:

To create a variable that contains a string, assign a string value to the variable. To indicate that the value is a string, enclose it in quotation marks, as follows:

If the first value that's assigned to the variable is a string, PowerShell treats all operations as string operations and casts new values to strings. This occurs in the following example:

If the first value is an integer, PowerShell treats all operations as integer operations and casts new values to integers. This occurs in the following example:

You can cast a new scalar variable as any .NET type by placing the type name in brackets that precede either the variable name or the first assignment value. When you cast a variable, you are defining the type of data that can be stored in the variable.

For example, the following command casts the variable as a string type:

The following example casts the first value, instead of casting the variable:

You can't recast the data type of an existing variable if its value can't be converted to the new data type.

To change the data type, you must replace its value, as follows:

In addition, when you precede a variable name with a data type, the type of that variable is locked unless you explicitly override the type by specifying another data type. If you try to assign a value that's incompatible with the existing type, and you don't explicitly override the type, PowerShell displays an error, as shown in the following example:

In PowerShell, the data types of variables that contain multiple items in an array are handled differently from the data types of variables that contain a single item. Unless a data type is specifically assigned to an array variable, the data type is always System.Object [] . This data type is specific to arrays.

Sometimes, you can override the default type by specifying another type. For example, the following command casts the variable as a string [] array type:

PowerShell variables can be any .NET data type. In addition, you can assign any fully qualified .NET data type that's available in the current process. For example, the following command specifies a System.DateTime data type:

The variable will be assigned a value that conforms to the System.DateTime data type. The value of the $a variable would be the following:

Assigning multiple variables

In PowerShell, you can assign values to multiple variables using a single command. The first element of the assignment value is assigned to the first variable, the second element is assigned to the second variable, the third element to the third variable. This is known as multiple assignment .

For example, the following command assigns the value 1 to the $a variable, the value 2 to the $b variable, and the value 3 to the $c variable:

If the assignment value contains more elements than variables, all the remaining values are assigned to the last variable. For example, the following command contains three variables and five values:

Therefore, PowerShell assigns the value 1 to the $a variable and the value 2 to the $b variable. It assigns the values 3, 4, and 5 to the $c variable. To assign the values in the $c variable to three other variables, use the following format:

This command assigns the value 3 to the $d variable, the value 4 to the $e variable, and the value 5 to the $f variable.

If the assignment value contains fewer elements than variables, the remaining variables are assigned the value $null . For example, the following command contains three variables and two values:

Therefore, PowerShell assigns the value 1 to the $a variable and the value 2 to the $b variable. The $c variable is $null .

You can also assign a single value to multiple variables by chaining the variables. For example, the following command assigns a value of "three" to all four variables:

Variable-related cmdlets

In addition to using an assignment operation to set a variable value, you can also use the Set-Variable cmdlet. For example, the following command uses Set-Variable to assign an array of 1, 2, 3 to the $a variable.

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Expressions and operators

This chapter documents all the JavaScript language operators, expressions and keywords.

Expressions and operators by category

For an alphabetical listing see the sidebar on the left.

Primary expressions

Basic keywords and general expressions in JavaScript. These expressions have the highest precedence (higher than operators ).

The this keyword refers to a special property of an execution context.

Basic null , boolean, number, and string literals.

Array initializer/literal syntax.

Object initializer/literal syntax.

The function keyword defines a function expression.

The class keyword defines a class expression.

The function* keyword defines a generator function expression.

The async function defines an async function expression.

The async function* keywords define an async generator function expression.

Regular expression literal syntax.

Template literal syntax.

Grouping operator.

Left-hand-side expressions

Left values are the destination of an assignment.

Member operators provide access to a property or method of an object ( object.property and object["property"] ).

The optional chaining operator returns undefined instead of causing an error if a reference is nullish ( null or undefined ).

The new operator creates an instance of a constructor.

In constructors, new.target refers to the constructor that was invoked by new .

An object exposing context-specific metadata to a JavaScript module.

The super keyword calls the parent constructor or allows accessing properties of the parent object.

The import() syntax allows loading a module asynchronously and dynamically into a potentially non-module environment.

Increment and decrement

Postfix/prefix increment and postfix/prefix decrement operators.

Postfix increment operator.

Postfix decrement operator.

Prefix increment operator.

Prefix decrement operator.

Unary operators

A unary operation is an operation with only one operand.

The delete operator deletes a property from an object.

The void operator evaluates an expression and discards its return value.

The typeof operator determines the type of a given object.

The unary plus operator converts its operand to Number type.

The unary negation operator converts its operand to Number type and then negates it.

Bitwise NOT operator.

Logical NOT operator.

Pause and resume an async function and wait for the promise's fulfillment/rejection.

Arithmetic operators

Arithmetic operators take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single numerical value.

Exponentiation operator.

Multiplication operator.

Division operator.

Remainder operator.

Addition operator.

Subtraction operator.

Relational operators

A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a boolean value based on whether the comparison is true.

Less than operator.

Greater than operator.

Less than or equal operator.

Greater than or equal operator.

The instanceof operator determines whether an object is an instance of another object.

The in operator determines whether an object has a given property.

Note: => is not an operator, but the notation for Arrow functions .

Equality operators

The result of evaluating an equality operator is always of type boolean based on whether the comparison is true.

Equality operator.

Inequality operator.

Strict equality operator.

Strict inequality operator.

Bitwise shift operators

Operations to shift all bits of the operand.

Bitwise left shift operator.

Bitwise right shift operator.

Bitwise unsigned right shift operator.

Binary bitwise operators

Bitwise operators treat their operands as a set of 32 bits (zeros and ones) and return standard JavaScript numerical values.

Bitwise AND.

Bitwise OR.

Bitwise XOR.

Binary logical operators

Logical operators implement boolean (logical) values and have short-circuiting behavior.

Logical AND.

Logical OR.

Nullish Coalescing Operator.

Conditional (ternary) operator

The conditional operator returns one of two values based on the logical value of the condition.

Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

Assignment operator.

Multiplication assignment.

Division assignment.

Remainder assignment.

Addition assignment.

Subtraction assignment

Left shift assignment.

Right shift assignment.

Unsigned right shift assignment.

Bitwise AND assignment.

Bitwise XOR assignment.

Bitwise OR assignment.

Exponentiation assignment.

Logical AND assignment.

Logical OR assignment.

Nullish coalescing assignment.

Destructuring assignment allows you to assign the properties of an array or object to variables using syntax that looks similar to array or object literals.

Yield operators

Pause and resume a generator function.

Delegate to another generator function or iterable object.

Spread syntax

Spread syntax allows an iterable, such as an array or string, to be expanded in places where zero or more arguments (for function calls) or elements (for array literals) are expected. In an object literal, the spread syntax enumerates the properties of an object and adds the key-value pairs to the object being created.

Comma operator

The comma operator allows multiple expressions to be evaluated in a single statement and returns the result of the last expression.

Specifications

Browser compatibility

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• Operator precedence

• Programming

• Rahul Awati

What is an operator in mathematics and programming?

In mathematics and computer programming , an operator is a character that represents a specific mathematical or logical action or process. For instance, "x" is an arithmetic operator that indicates multiplication, while "&&" is a logical operator representing the logical AND function in programming.

Depending on its type, an operator manipulates an arithmetic or logical value, or operand, in a specific way to generate a specific result. From handling simple arithmetic functions to facilitating the execution of complex algorithms, like security encryption , operators play an important role in the programming world.

Mathematical and logical operators should not be confused with a system operator , or sysop, which refers to a person operating a server or the hardware and software in a computing system or network.

Operators and logic gates

In computer programs, Boolean operators are among the most familiar and commonly used sets of operators. These operators work only with true or false values and include the following:

These operators and variations, such as XOR, are used in logic gates .

Boolean operators can also be used in online search engines , like Google. For example, a user can enter a phrase like "Galileo AND satellite" -- some search engines require the operator be capitalized in order to generate results that provide combined information about both Galileo and satellite.

Types of operators

There are many types of operators used in computing systems and in different programming languages. Based on their function, they can be categorized in six primary ways.

1. Arithmetic operators

Arithmetic operators are used for mathematical calculations. These operators take numerical values as operands and return a single unique numerical value, meaning there can only be one correct answer.

The standard arithmetic operators and their symbols are given below.

2. Relational operators

Relational operators are widely used for comparison operators. They enter the picture when certain conditions must be satisfied to return either a true or false value based on the comparison. That's why these operators are also known as conditional operators.

The standard relational operators and their symbols are given below.

3. Bitwise operators

Bitwise operators are used to manipulate bits and perform bit-level operations . These operators convert integers into binary before performing the required operation and then showing the decimal result.

The standard bitwise operators and their symbols are given below.

4. Logical operators

Logical operators play a key role in programming because they enable a system or program to take specific decisions depending on the specific underlying conditions. These operators take Boolean values as input and return the same as output.

The standard logical operators and their symbols are given below.

5. Assignment operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The left operand is a variable, and the right is a value -- for example, x=3.

The data types of the variable and the value must match; otherwise, the program compiler raises an error, and the operation fails.

The standard assignment operators and their symbols are given below.

6. Increment/decrement operators

The increment/decrement operators are unary operators, meaning they require only one operand and perform an operation on that operand. They sometimes are called monadic operators .

The standard increment/decrement operators and their symbols are given below.

See also: proximity operator , search string , logical negation symbol , character and mathematical symbols .

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Python Assignment Operators

Assignment operators in python.

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The Python Operators are used to perform operations on values and variables. These are the special symbols that carry out arithmetic, logical, and bitwise computations. The value the operator operates on is known as the Operand. Here, we will cover Different Assignment operators in Python .

Here are the Assignment Operators in Python with examples.

Assignment Operator

Assignment Operators are used to assign values to variables. This operator is used to assign the value of the right side of the expression to the left side operand.

Addition Assignment Operator

The Addition Assignment Operator is used to add the right-hand side operand with the left-hand side operand and then assigning the result to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the addition assignment operator which will first perform the addition operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

S ubtraction Assignment Operator

The Subtraction Assignment Operator is used to subtract the right-hand side operand from the left-hand side operand and then assigning the result to the left-hand side operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the subtraction assignment operator which will first perform the subtraction operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

M ultiplication Assignment Operator

The Multiplication Assignment Operator is used to multiply the right-hand side operand with the left-hand side operand and then assigning the result to the left-hand side operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the multiplication assignment operator which will first perform the multiplication operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

D ivision Assignment Operator

The Division Assignment Operator is used to divide the left-hand side operand with the right-hand side operand and then assigning the result to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the division assignment operator which will first perform the division operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

M odulus Assignment Operator

The Modulus Assignment Operator is used to take the modulus, that is, it first divides the operands and then takes the remainder and assigns it to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the modulus assignment operator which will first perform the modulus operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

F loor Division Assignment Operator

The Floor Division Assignment Operator is used to divide the left operand with the right operand and then assigs the result(floor value) to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the floor division assignment operator which will first perform the floor division operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

Exponentiation Assignment Operator

The Exponentiation Assignment Operator is used to calculate the exponent(raise power) value using operands and then assigning the result to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the exponentiation assignment operator which will first perform exponent operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

Bitwise AND Assignment Operator

The Bitwise AND Assignment Operator is used to perform Bitwise AND operation on both operands and then assigning the result to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the bitwise AND assignment operator which will first perform Bitwise AND operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

Bitwise OR Assignment Operator

The Bitwise OR Assignment Operator is used to perform Bitwise OR operation on the operands and then assigning result to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the bitwise OR assignment operator which will first perform bitwise OR operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator 

The Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator is used to perform Bitwise XOR operation on the operands and then assigning result to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the bitwise XOR assignment operator which will first perform bitwise XOR operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

Bitwise Right Shift Assignment Operator

The Bitwise Right Shift Assignment Operator is used to perform Bitwise Right Shift Operation on the operands and then assign result to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the bitwise right shift assignment operator which will first perform bitwise right shift operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

Bitwise Left Shift Assignment Operator

The Bitwise Left Shift Assignment Operator is used to perform Bitwise Left Shift Opertator on the operands and then assign result to the left operand.

Example: In this code we have two variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ and assigned them with some integer value. Then we have used the bitwise left shift assignment operator which will first perform bitwise left shift operation and then assign the result to the variable on the left-hand side.

Walrus Operator

The Walrus Operator in Python is a new assignment operator which is introduced in Python version 3.8 and higher. This operator is used to assign a value to a variable within an expression.

Example: In this code, we have a Python list of integers. We have used Python Walrus assignment operator within the Python while loop . The operator will solve the expression on the right-hand side and assign the value to the left-hand side operand ‘x’ and then execute the remaining code.

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Announcing UNISTR and || operator in Azure SQL Database – preview

Abhiman Tiwari

June 4th, 2024 0 0

We are excited to announce that the UNISTR intrinsic function and ANSI SQL concatenation ope ra tor ( || ) are now available in public preview in Azure SQL Database. The UNISTR function allows you to escape Unicode characters, making it easier to work with international text. The ANSI SQL concatenation ope ra tor ( || ) provides a simple and intuitive way to combine characters or binary strings. These new features will enhance your ability to manipulate and work with text data.  

What is UNISTR function?

The UNISTR function takes a text literal or an expression of characters and Unicode values, that resolves to character data and returns it as a UTF-8 or UTF-16 encoded string . This function allows you to use Unicode codepoint escape sequences with other characters in the string. The escape sequence for a Unicode character can be specified in the form of \ xxxx or \+ xxxxxx , where xxxx is a valid UTF-16 codepoint value, and xxxxxx is a valid Unicode codepoint value. This is especially useful for inserting data into NCHAR columns.  

The syntax of the UNISTR function is as follows:

• The data type of character_expression could be char ,  nchar ,  varchar , or  nvarchar . For  char and  varchar  data types, the collation should be a valid UTF-8 collation only.
• A single character representing a user-defined Unicode escape sequence. If not supplied, the default value is \.

Example #1:

For example, the following query returns the Unicode character for the specified value:

——————————-

Example #2:  

In this example, the UNISTR function is used with a user-defined escape character ( $ ) and a VARCHAR data type with UTF-8 collation.

I ♥ Azure SQL.

The legacy collations with code page can be identified using the query below:

What is ANSI SQL concatenation operator (||)?

The ANSI SQL concatenation ope ra tor ( || ) concatenates two or more characters or binary strings, columns, or a combination of strings and column names into one expression . The || ope ra tor does not honor the SET CONCAT_NULL_YIELDS_NULL option and always behaves as if the ANSI SQL behavior is enabled . This ope ra tor will work with character strings or binary data of any supported SQL Server collation . The || ope ra tor supports compound assignment || = similar to += . If the ope ra nds are of incompatible collation, then an error will be thrown. The collation behavior is identical to the CONCAT function  of character string data.

The syntax of the string concatenation operator is as follows:

• The expression is a character or binary expression. Both expressions must be of the same data type, or one expression must be able to be implicitly converted to the data type of the other expression. If one ope ra nd is of binary type, then an unsupported ope ra nd type error will be thrown.

Example #1:  

For example, the following query concatenates two strings and returns the result:

Hello World!

Example #2:

In this example, multiple character strings are concatenated. If at least one input is a character string, non-character strings will be implicitly converted to character strings.

full_name order_details                                                                                                         item_desc

Josè Doe Order-1001~TS~Jun 1 2024 6:25AM~442A4706-0002-48EC-84FC-8AF27XXXX NULL

Example #3:  

In the example below, concatenating two or more binary strings and also compounding with T-SQL assignment operator.

V1          B1    B2

0x1A2B       0x4E  0xAE8C602E951AC245ADE767A23C834704A5

Example #4:  

As shown in the example below, using the || operator with only non-character types or combining binary data with other types is not supported.

Above queries will fail with error messages as below –  

In this blog post, we have introduced the UNISTR function and ANSI SQL concatenation operator (||) in Azure SQL Database.  The UNISTR function allows you to escape Unicode characters, making it easier to work with international text. ANSI SQL concatenation operator (||) provides a simple and intuitive way to combine characters or binary data. These new features will enhance your ability to manipulate and work with text data efficiently.  

We hope you will explore these enhancements, apply them in your projects, and share your feedback with us to help us continue improving.   Thank you!

Abhiman Tiwari Senior Product Manager, Azure SQL

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