government forms essay

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13.6: Reading: Forms of Government

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Most people generally agree that anarchy , or the absence of organized government, does not facilitate a desirable living environment for society, but it is much harder for individuals to agree upon the particulars of how a population should be governed. Throughout history, various forms of government have evolved to suit the needs of changing populations and mindsets, each with pros and cons. Today, members of Western society hold that democracy is the most just and stable form of government, although former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once declared to the House of Commons, “Indeed it has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time” (Shapiro 2006).

Even though people in the United States tend to be most aware of Great Britain’s royals, many other nations also recognize kings, queens, princes, princesses, and other figures with official royal titles. The power held by these positions varies from one country to another. Strictly speaking, a monarchy is a government in which a single person (a monarch) rules until he or she dies or abdicates the throne. Usually, a monarch claims the rights to the title by way of hereditary succession or as a result of some sort of divine appointment or calling. As mentioned above, the monarchies of most modern nations are ceremonial remnants of tradition, and individuals who hold titles in such sovereignties are often aristocratic figureheads.

A few nations today, however, are run by governments wherein a monarch has absolute or unmitigated power. Such nations are called absolute monarchies . Although governments and regimes are constantly changing across the global landscape, it is generally safe to say that most modern absolute monarchies are concentrated in the Middle East and Africa. The small, oil-rich nation of Oman, for instance, is an example of an absolute monarchy. In this nation, Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said has ruled since the 1970s. Recently, living conditions and opportunities for Oman’s citizens have improved, but many citizens who live under the reign of an absolute ruler must contend with oppressive or unfair policies that are installed based on the unchecked whims or political agendas of that leader.

In today’s global political climate, monarchies far more often take the form of constitutional monarchies , governments of nations that recognize monarchs but require these figures to abide by the laws of a greater constitution. Many countries that are now constitutional monarchies evolved from governments that were once considered absolute monarchies. In most cases, constitutional monarchies, such as Great Britain and Canada, feature elected prime ministers whose leadership role is far more involved and significant than that of its titled monarchs. In spite of their limited authority, monarchs endure in such governments because people enjoy their ceremonial significance and the pageantry of their rites.

The power in an oligarchy is held by a small, elite group. Unlike in a monarchy, members of an oligarchy do not necessarily achieve their statuses based on ties to noble ancestry. Rather, they may ascend to positions of power because of military might, economic power, or similar circumstances.

The concept of oligarchy is somewhat elusive; rarely does a society openly define itself as an oligarchy. Generally, the word carries negative connotations and conjures notions of a corrupt group whose members make unfair policy decisions in order to maintain their privileged positions. Many modern nations that claim to be democracies are really oligarchies. In fact, some prominent journalists, such as Paul Krugman, who won a Nobele laureate prize in economics, have labeled the United States an oligarchy, pointing to the influence of large corporations and Wall Street executives on U.S. policy (Krugman 2011). Other political analysts assert that all democracies are really just “elected oligarchies,” or systems in which citizens must vote for an individual who is part of a pool of candidates who come from the society’s elite ruling class (Winters 2011).

Oligarchies have existed throughout history, and today many consider Russia an example of oligarchic political structure. After the fall of communism, groups of business owners captured control of this nation’s natural resources and have used the opportunity to expand their wealth and political influence. Once an oligarchic power structure has been established, it can be very difficult for middle- and lower-class citizens to advance their socioeconomic status.

Is the United States an Oligarchy?

The American Gilded Age saw the rise and dominance of ultra-rich families such as the Vanderbilts, Rockefellers, and Carnegies, and the wealthy often indulged in absurd luxuries. One example is a lavish dinner party hosted for a pampered pet dog who attended wearing a $15,000 diamond collar (PBS Online 1999). At the same time, most Americans barely scraped by, living below what was considered the poverty level.

Some scholars believe that the United States has now embarked on a second gilded age, pointing out that the “400 wealthiest American families now own more than the ‘lower’ 150 million Americans put together” (Schultz 2011), and “the top 10% of earners took in more than half of the country’s overall income in 2012, the highest proportion recorded in a century of government record keeping” (Lowery 2014).

Many of the super–rich use their economic clout to purchase more than luxury items; wealthy individuals and corporations are major political donors. Based on campaign finance reform legislation in 1971 and 2002, political campaign contributions were regulated and limited; however, the 2012 Supreme Court decision in the case of Citizen’s United versus the Federal Election Commission repealed many of those restrictions. The Court ruled that contributions of corporations and unions to Political Action Committees (PACs) are a form of free speech that cannot be abridged and so cannot be limited or disclosed. Opponents believe this is potentially a step in promoting oligarchy in the United States; the ultra-wealthy and those who control the purse strings of large corporations and unions will, in effect, be able to elect their candidate of choice through their unlimited spending power, as well as influence policy decisions, appointments to nonelected government jobs, and other forms of political power. Krugman (2011) says, “We have a society in which money is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few people, and in which that concentration of income and wealth threatens to make us a democracy in name only.”

Dictatorship

Power in a dictatorship is held by a single person (or a very small group) that wields complete and absolute authority over a government and population. Like some absolute monarchies, dictatorships may be corrupt and seek to limit or even eradicate the liberties of the general population. Dictators use a variety of means to perpetuate their authority. Economic and military might, as well as intimidation and brutality are often foremost among their tactics; individuals are less likely to rebel when they are starving and fearful. Many dictators start out as military leaders and are conditioned to the use of violence against opposition.

Some dictators also possess the personal appeal that Max Weber identified with a charismatic leader. Subjects of such a dictator may believe that the leader has special ability or authority and may be willing to submit to his or her authority. The late Kim Jong-Il, North Korean dictator, and his successor, Kim Jong-Un, exemplify this type of charismatic dictatorship.

Some dictatorships do not align themselves with any particular belief system or ideology; the goal of this type of regime is usually limited to preserving the authority of the dictator. A totalitarian dictatorship is even more oppressive and attempts to control all aspects of its subjects’ lives; including occupation, religious beliefs, and number of children permitted in each family. Citizens may be forced to publicly demonstrate their faith in the regime by participating in marches and demonstrations.

Some “benevolent” dictators, such as Napoleon and Anwar Sadat, are credited with advancing their people’s standard of living or exercising a moderate amount of evenhandedness. Others grossly abuse their power. Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Cambodia’s Pol Pot, and Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe, for instance, are heads of state who earned a reputation for leading through fear and intimidation.

A democracy is a form of government that strives to provide all citizens with an equal voice, or vote, in determining state policy, regardless of their level of socioeconomic status. Another important fundamental of the democratic state is the establishment and governance of a just and comprehensive constitution that delineates the roles and responsibilities of leaders and citizens alike.

Democracies, in general, ensure certain basic rights for their citizens. First and foremost, citizens are free to organize political parties and hold elections. Leaders, once elected, must abide by the terms of the given nation’s constitution and are limited in the powers they can exercise, as well as in the length of the duration of their terms. Most democratic societies also champion freedom of individual speech, the press, and assembly, and they prohibit unlawful imprisonment. Of course, even in a democratic society, the government constrains citizens’ total freedom to act however they wish. A democratically elected government does this by passing laws and writing regulations that, at least ideally, reflect the will of the majority of its people.

Although the United States champions the democratic ideology, it is not a “pure” democracy. In a purely democratic society, all citizens would vote on all proposed legislation, and this is not how laws are passed in the United States. There is a practical reason for this: a pure democracy would be hard to implement. Thus, the United States is a constitution-based federal republic in which citizens elect representatives to make policy decisions on their behalf. The term representative democracy , which is virtually synonymous with republic , can also be used to describe a government in which citizens elect representatives to promote policies that favor their interests. In the United States, representatives are elected at local and state levels, and the votes of the Electoral College determine who will hold the office of president. Each of the three branches of the U.S. government—the executive, judicial, and legislative—is held in check by the other branches.

Further Research

The Tea Party is among the highest-profile grassroots organizations active in U.S. politics today. What is its official platform? Examine the Tea Party website to find out more information.

Think It Over

• Do you feel the United States has become an oligarchy? Why, or why not?
• Explain how an absolute monarchy differs from a dictatorship.
• In which form of government do average citizens have the least political power? What options might they have for exerting political power under this type of regime?

1. Many constitutional monarchies started out as:

• oligarchies
• absolute monarchies
• dictatorships
• democracies

2. Which nation is an absolute monarchy?

• Great Britain

3. Which of the following present and former government leaders is generally considered a dictator?

• David Cameron
• Barack Obama
• Qaboos bin Said Al Said
• Kim Jong-Un

4. A(n) _________________ is an extremely oppressive government that seeks to control all aspects of its citizens’ lives.

• totalitarian dictatorship
• absolute monarchy

5. Which is not a characteristic of a democracy?

• People vote to elect officials.
• A king or queen holds the majority of governmental control.
• One goal of this type of government is to protect citizens’ basic rights.
• A constitution typically outlines the foundational ideas of how this government should operate.

6. Which statement best expresses why the United States is not a true democracy?

• Many politicians are corrupt.
• Special-interest groups fund political campaigns.
• Citizens elect representatives who vote on their behalf to make policy.
• Ancient Greece was the only true democracy.

[reveal-answer q=”455714″]Show Glossary[/reveal-answer] [hidden-answer a=”455714″]

[/hidden-answer]

• Introduction to Sociology 2e. Authored by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/contents/02040312-72c8-441e-a685-20e9333f3e1d/Introduction_to_Sociology_2e . License : CC BY: Attribution . License Terms : Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]

Forms of Government

A government is a system of order for a nation, state, or another political unit. A government is responsible for creating and enforcing the rules of a society, defense, foreign affairs, the economy, and public services. While the responsibilities of all governments are similar, those duties are executed in different ways depending on the form of government. Some of the different types of government include a direct democracy, a representative democracy, socialism, communism, a monarchy, an oligarchy, and an autocracy.

Help your students understand the different forms of government with these classroom resources.

Geography, Human Geography, Social Studies, Civics, World History

Democracy as the Best Form of Government Essay

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A democracy is a form of governance characterized by power sharing. The implication of this is that all the citizens have an equal voice in the way a nation is governed. This often encompasses either direct or indirect involvement in lawmaking. “Democracy” can be a very delicate subject for any writer.

Throughout history, various scholars, including ancient philosophers, have had a divergent view on whether democracy is the best form of governance (Kelsen 3). Some of these arguments are discussed in this essay. Democracy appears to go hand in hand with national unity.

This is particularly true because this form of governance is all about people, and these people are working together towards attainment of national goals. The cohesiveness also results from the freedom prevailing in a democratic environment. Unity and liberty in a nation lay a fertile ground for economic and social growth (Weatherford 121).

In a democratic form of government, the entire citizenry is cushioned against exploitation and all form of abuse. As opposed to other governance approaches (for instance monarchy and dictatorship), democracy engages the people in decision-making processes. This ensures efficient delivery of basic services such as education, health care, and security.

Moreover, these services will be of high quality. Having people govern themselves significantly minimizes the risk of running a nation into chaos. In operational democracies, policies must undergo thorough scrutiny by many organs of government and stakeholders before they are made laws. The modalities of implementing the laws are also carefully determined.

In such a corporate system, it would be rare for all the involved people to be wrong. Therefore democracy protects a nation against the consequences of human errors. As a consequence of reduced possibility for human errors, people will experience a nation devoid of civil wars and strife. This atmosphere, in turn, perpetuates the general growth of a nation.

Democracy acts as a framework within which the law about the basic human rights operates (Barak 27). In a democratic environment, the law gives equal entitlement to the bill of rights with total disregard of race, ethnicity or economic class.

On the other hand, democracy may not be worth the high status it has been accorded for centuries by many schools of thought. Democracy gives an opportunity for all citizens to vote (Williamson 36). This can be technically hazardous to a nation. An average voter is not adequately equipped with the necessary information on the economic and political aspects of a nation.

The direct implication is that a fairly large percentage of voters will base their choice on limited and incorrect information. This situation can greatly impair development. Democratic approaches tend to slow down the process of policy-making and implementation (Dahl 49). This is due to the bureaucracies associated with democracy.

For example, it may take twelve months for parliament to debate over a bill, pass it into law and fully enforce it. In a dictatorial system, however, the same process would take utmost one day. For many years, democracy has been synonymous with political instability (Snell 18). The high turnover rate of governments comes with drastic changes in national and international policies.

New governments tend to attract much criticism from the media and non-governmental bodies. This criticism and alteration of international relations policies keep off foreign investors, something that can have immense economic implications to a nation.

The seemingly most feared danger of democracy relates to the basic rights of the minority. A case in point is the Netherlands. The Dutch parliament enacted a law against female genital mutilation. The Somali living in the Netherlands could not have a say in this because they are a small group.

In conclusion, the name a government gives itself is immaterial. Whether a government calls itself democratic, anarchy, monarchy, or dictatorial, the most important question should be “Are the people getting back what they deserve?”

Works Cited

Barak, Aharon. The Judge in a Democracy . New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2006. Print.

Dahl, Robert. Democracy and its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. Print.

Kelsen, Hans. “Foundations of Democracy.” Ethics 66.1 (1955):1–101.

Snell, Daniel. Flight and Freedom in the Ancient Near East . Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2001. Print.

Weatherford, McIver. Indian givers: how the Indians of the America transformed the world . New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1988. Print.

Williamson, Thames. Problems in American Democracy . Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. Print.

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IvyPanda. (2020, March 14). Democracy as the Best Form of Government. https://ivypanda.com/essays/democracy-as-the-best-form-of-government/

"Democracy as the Best Form of Government." IvyPanda , 14 Mar. 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/democracy-as-the-best-form-of-government/.

IvyPanda . (2020) 'Democracy as the Best Form of Government'. 14 March.

IvyPanda . 2020. "Democracy as the Best Form of Government." March 14, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/democracy-as-the-best-form-of-government/.

1. IvyPanda . "Democracy as the Best Form of Government." March 14, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/democracy-as-the-best-form-of-government/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Democracy as the Best Form of Government." March 14, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/democracy-as-the-best-form-of-government/.

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Forms of Government, Essay Example

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Equal Protection

The structure of a country’s political system is based primarily on how power and authority is distributed. Within most large countries are many political units. These can be states, provinces, colonies, districts, or other such groupings. The issue that differentiates one type of government from another is the level of authority granted the central (federal) government.

In a confederacy, the federal government has the least amount of power.  Each political unit is fairly autonomous and only awards the federal government as much (or little) authority as it chooses.  In most cases, the federal government has very limited power (CIA).

In a federal governmental system, political power and authority are split between the federal government and the political units. Political units can make their own laws, collect their own taxes, and manage their own internal affairs. The federal government does tend to have ultimate authority where conflicts arise.

A unitary form of government offers little authority to individual political units. The central government makes all laws, collects all taxes, and political units tend to serve as “administrative arms” for the central government. Unitary governments are not to be confused with socialist governments wherein the government owns production and distribution.

Unitary governments are preferable. In a confederate government, each political unit has equal and autonomous power which can lead to conflict and division. Federal governments have a lot of power, but do not have the tax resources collected by the political units to distribute for the common good. A unitary government (e.g. Canada, England, France)can be democratic and have free enterprise and still provide equitable healthcare and other basic human services to its citizenry.

The United States was founded on the premise that all men are created equal and according to the 14 th Amendment, every person should have equal protection under the law (Cornell). In contemporary America, this principle is still idealistically true although in practical application, debatable.

Given the increase in disparity between the wealthy (individuals and corporations) and the poor, one might argue that the US is entering another Gilded Age. In their paper, (McCarty, Poole, and Rosenthal 6-7)argue that a direct relationship exists between political polarization and economic equity. In essence, right-wing conservatism tends to favor the wealthy in terms of taxation and regulatory legislation. One might even argue that the US has become more of a plutocracy than a democracy.

Poor people often feel disenfranchised from not only the political system, but the court system as well.  In her paper presented at the annual conference of the American Sociological Association, (Hernandez 1-7) begins with a case study involving a poor family living in substandard housing.  The family did not seek legal recourse against the property owner due to their mistrust of the legal system in dealing with the economically disadvantaged.  Instead, they continued to live in the home while it continued to deteriorate.

This story is a shining illustration of how bias in the justice system affects the quality of life for those who feel disenfranchised from the system. 

Works Cited

Equal Protection. 2010. Cornell University. 22 June 2010 <http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/Equal_protection>.

Government Type. 2010. Central Intelligence Agency. 22 June 2010 <https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html>.

Hernandez, D. “Living in Paradox: Low Income Families, Home, and Neighborhood Challenges and (non) participation in the Legal System.” Diss. Conference of the American Sociological Association, 2007. Web. Web. 22 June 2010. <http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=13&sid=193b2553-dd3c-4c66-81c6-2d951d425181%40sessionmgr13 >.

McCarty, N., K. Poole, and H. Rosenthal . Political Polarization and Income Inequality . Diss. Prinston U, ND. n.p.: Prinston, n.d. Web.

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• Utility Menu

Writing in Government

How do i write a gov paper .

Expos teaches you about the fundamentals of writing an analytical argument. As you write papers in Gov, you are adapting the elements of argument to a particular audience: readers in the social sciences. These readers have specific expectations about how to present arguments and supporting evidence. Writing successfully in Gov requires you to identify those expectations in assignment prompts and then  respond to them by making well-supported and clearly reasoned arguments.

__________________________________

"Everybody's work has to stand or fall on the basis of the arguments presented and the evidence." - Prof. Eric Nelson

Do the Exercise

In these exercises, you have two goals: to identify the common elements of essay prompts, and to learn strategies for developing arguments that respond effectively to the expectations presented by a given prompt. 

Decoding Prompts

Developing a thesis.

What to Do:

• Prepare  by reading about the elements of paper prompts in the "Tips" tool to the right.
• Read  the three sample prompts below and select one to work with.
• Answer  the questions in the text boxes below the sample prompts.
• Write  a 1-sentence version in your own words of the prompt you have selected. You can do this in the first “Re-write” box below the questions.
• Try re-writing  the other two prompts in a single sentence. 

Please note that these forms are not monitored; no feedback will be sent at this time.

Sample Prompts

1. The traditional definition of democracy is captured by Schumpeter’s statement that democracy is the “institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote.” Is Schumpeter’s “free competition for the free vote” a sufficient conceptual and normative definition of “democracy”? What else, if anything, would you add to this definition?

2. The majority of Gov 97 has focused on state actors, but the Internet is a whole new non-state world that currently has little to no formal governance. Should the Internet be governed democratically? What does it mean to have democratic governance of the Internet? (Will there be elected bodies? Will the Internet be governed by democratic principles?) If you were on a committee to develop Internet governance, what democratic processes (if any) would you recommend? Why?

3. How do new technologies affect democratic politics? We have read a number of accounts of traditional forms of democratic participation and democratic institutions – choose one topic or outcome (e.g. elections, campaign finance, regime change, economic institutions, the welfare state, democratic peace etc.) that we have read about, and think about how new technologies challenge or add to traditional theories about that outcome.

( Taken from Gov 97, Spring 2015)

Understanding Prompts

Design and purpose.

Instructors have two main goals with most prompts: First, they want to test how well you’ve understood assigned material for the course and gauge your progress over the term. Second, they want to encourage you to think about certain questions in a way that may not be directly covered in the course materials themselves. In this way, prompts facilitates guided learning through writing.

In most cases, the instructor will have both of these goals in mind. Depending on the assignment, though, one goal may carry greater emphasis than the other. 

Central Question

This is the main question that the instructor wants you to answer. It may be a yes/no question, where you need to agree or disagree with a given statement. Or it may be an open-ended question, where you need to develop your own line of argument. Either way, the central question is the core of the paper, i.e., the question your instructor is asking in order to test your knowledge about material from the course or to encourage you to develop a reasoned opinion based on that material. Your thesis statement should respond directly to this central question.

Example of a central question:

What do you think is Aristotle’s strongest justification for participatory citizenship?

Example of a multi-part central question:

What do you think is Aristotle’s strongest justification for participatory citizenship? Does it translate from ancient democracy to the present; does it apply today?

Supporting Questions

In addition to the central question, prompts typically include additional points to consider as you write your paper, and these points often come in the form of secondary or supporting questions. Supporting questions are meant to prompt your thinking and can help remind you of important debates that may exist within the topic you are writing about.  

That being said, prompts made up of more than one question can be harder to decode. For one thing, the first question in the prompt is not always the central question, and it might be possible to interpret more than one of the questions as the central question. This ambiguity might be intentional (to allow students to write a range of essays), or it might be unintentional. For these reasons, it is always helpful to try putting the prompt in your own words. What is the central question being asked? And what is the central question your paper is answering with its thesis? What are the supporting questions being asked? And how will your paper answer those questions in relation to your thesis?

In the following example prompt, notice how the first set of questions (greyed out and in italics) form a multi-part central question about an idea of Aristotle and its relevance to the present day. The subsequent supporting questions provide a number of possible directions in which to elaborate on this question, but none of these supporting questions should be the main focus of an argument responding to this particular prompt.  

Example:        

What do you think is Aristotle’s strongest justification for participatory citizenship? Does it translate from ancient democracy to the present; does it apply today? How do modern democracies define citizenship? Do modern democratic institutions (representation, voting and elections, political parties) and/or the organized groups of civil society (voluntary associations, demonstrations, social movements) provide arenas for political participation? If so, how and why is participation valued? If not, why not, and how is the division of political labor justified?

Additional Cues

Prompts often provide cues about what should or shouldn't be the focus of a writing assignment. For instance, there may be debates or themes that have been raised in the course, but which are not meant to be the particular focus of the paper at hand. In the following excerpt from a prompt, you can see that Aristotle's definition of "citizen" is crucial, but the goal of the essay is to  use  the definition to make a further point, rather than getting bogged down in the definition itself. 

Example from a Gov prompt:

In the Politics , Aristotle defined a citizen as someone who takes turns in ruling and being ruled, identified who was eligible (and ineligible) for citizenship, gave an account of citizens’ judgment, and set out reasons for popular political participation.

Restrictions

Prompts often include additional requirements that either guide or limit a writing assignment. These restrictions are usually straightforward requirements for the essay's form (how long it should be) or for its content (what question(s) it should answer and which sources or cases it should use). 

• You must analyze Aristotle’s text
• You may pick just one or two government institutions or civil society groups to 
illustrate your answer.
• You must refer to at least two authors (in addition to Aristotle) in composing your 
response. 
• Prepare by reading about the elements of thesis statements in the "Tips" tool to the right.
• Read the sample prompt below.
• Answer the questions in the text boxes below the sample prompts.  

Sample Prompt & Theses

Making reference to the cases of Rwanda and Yugoslavia, construct an argument that addresses the following questions: When you consider the various theories you've encountered about the emergence of ethnic politics in your readings as well as in lecture, how well (or how poorly) do specific elements of these two cases fit those theories? What is the strongest explanation overall for why ethnic violence broke out in these two cases and eventually assumed the proportions it did? Does the same answer apply to both cases, or do different answers best explain Rwanda and Yugoslavia separately?

• The Rwandan and Yugoslav genocides were similar in some ways. In other ways, though, they were different. 
• Ethnic politics leads to the emergence of ethnic violence.
• I argue that ethnic politics is important for understanding violence in Rwanda and Yugoslavia and for explaining the genocides there.
• Rwanda and Yugoslavia both experienced similar levels of ethnic politics and ethnic violence during the 1990s and followed similar paths to genocide.
• Ethnic politics does not always lead to ethnic violence, but in cases where the state collapses like it did in Rwanda and Yugoslavia, the path from ethnic politics to genocide will be similar.

Taken from Gov 20, Fall 2015

What is an Argument?

In the social sciences, an argument typically make claims about the way the world works. It argues that the world is one way rather than another, and explains why it is that way .

The first part of the bolded statement above is really important. In social science courses, you will rarely be asked to just summarize a set of facts. You will instead be asked to make assertions about how something came to be or how some phenomenon caused another.

This implies a counterfactual , which is a statement about how the world would have been, if something else had happened. For example, you might argue that polarization in American politics is caused by people moving to areas where most people share their political beliefs. This implies that if people didn't move to neighborhoods or cities with like-minded people, there wouldn't be polarization. But they do , so there is .

The first part of the bolded statement above also implies that you will give evidence to show us that your argument is correct.

The latter part of the statement, in turn, implies that you will show us the "why" of the phenomenon you're looking at: how exactly does it work?

Thesis Requirements

A thesis statement will be in response to a specific question, whether that question is explicitly asked in a prompt or is a question you have yourself developed in response to course readings or class discussions. Therefore, your thesis statement should clearly be an answer to a question!

Your answer should not just contain a "what is" statement, but a statement of "how" your argument works. What is the "mechanism" of your argument? If you say that wealth causes democracy, make sure the “how” or “because” is also clearly previewed in your thesis.

This is also your introduction to the reader of what the paper’s really about, and it is your chance to explain how the paper will work. It should prepare them for the direction the paper is going, so they know what kinds of evidence they should expect.

In college-level papers, thesis statements can be more than one sentence long. Being concise is good, but it's ok to have a slightly longer thesis statement if your thesis is somewhat complex, e.g., if there are two or three steps in the "how" part of your paper. 

Scope Conditions

Most papers are not about making universal arguments that showcase  everything you know, but about making an valid argument within a set of parameters that are either provided by the assignment itself, or that you decide to keep your argument clear and effective.

In writing, be clear: what are the “scope conditions” of your argument? In other words, under what conditions or in which cases is your argument valid?

Example: “In democracies,” i.e., not for every country we’ve looked at, but only for democracies.

Example: “Among late developers” i.e., only in those countries that developed recently.

Make sure your these boundaries are clearly stated in your thesis statement . Do you think it will be intuitive to the reader why you used these scope conditions in particular? If not, you may need to briefly explain why you're using them, either in the thesis statement itself or just before (or after) your thesis statement.

Evaluating Theses

Can readers take your thesis statement and test it like they would a hypothesis? Would they know what to look for in order to evaluate how well your argument is made? If so, it's probably a strong thesis.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested . For example, in the statement "wealth leads to democracy," we can imagine testing it by looking for wealthy countries that aren't democratic.

If readers can look at your thesis statement and come up new evidence to refute your claim, it might mean there's room for healthy debate on the topic--and it might mean there's a genuine weakness in your argument--but it also means you probably have a clearly written thesis statement! 

A really common thesis-related problem for students is that readers don't know how to evaluate whether the argument is right or wrong . This idea of being able to test arguments against new evidence is what makes political science "scientific."

Additional Tips

Be direct, and own your answer. Don’t say, “The purpose of my paper is to show that economic development causes democracy.” Say, “Economic development causes democracy, because…”

But it is OK to use the first-person voice in political science! (Example: "Wealth is a necessary condition for democracy. I show this by examining all countries with an average GDP above $6,000 per year")

Make it clear where your thesis statement is. You don’t have to put the thesis statement at the end of a short, first paragraph...but this is common, because it keeps you from writing too much/too little introduction, and it’s often where your reader will look first (because it is so common!)

Avoid the word “prove,” which implies definitive proof (which is rarely possible in social sciences)

Avoid overly stylized language in your thesis statement, and keep it as clear, specific, and unambiguous as possible.

It’s ok to argue that sometimes things work one way, and sometimes another. For example, “wealthy countries are usually democratic, but sometimes they aren’t.” However, it’s much stronger to try and make this difference part of your argument---”Wealthy countries are usually democratic because [reason], but oil-rich countries are an exception because [reason].”

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Democracy Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on democracy.

Democracy is known as the finest form of government. Why so? Because in a democracy, the people of the country choose their government. They enjoy certain rights which are very essential for any human being to live freely and happily. There are various democratic countries in the world , but India is the largest one. Democracy has withstood the test of time, and while other forms have the government has failed, democracy stood strong. It has time and again proved its importance and impact.

Significance of a Democracy

Democracy is very important for human development . When people have free will to live freely, they will be happier. Moreover, we have seen how other forms of government have turned out to be. Citizens are not that happy and prosperous in a monarchy or anarchy.

Furthermore, democracy lets people have equal rights. This ensures that equality prevails all over the country. Subsequently, it also gives them duties. These duties make them better citizens and are also important for their overall development.

Most importantly, in a democracy, the people form the government. So, this selection of the government by the citizens gives everyone a chance to work for their country. It allows the law to prevail efficiently as the rules are made by people whom they have selected.

In addition, democracy allows people of various religions and cultures to exist peacefully. It makes them live in harmony with one another. People of democracy are more tolerant and accepting of each other’s differences. This is very important for any country to be happy and prosper.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

India: A Democratic Country

India is known to be the largest democracy all over the world. After the rule of the British ended in 1947 , India adopted democracy. In India, all the citizens who are above the age of 18 get the right to vote. It does not discriminate on the basis of caste, creed, gender, color, or more.

Although India is the largest democracy it still has a long way to go. The country faces a lot of problems which do not let it efficiently function as a democracy. The caste system is still prevalent which hampers with the socialist principle of democracy. Moreover, communalism is also on the rise. This interferes with the secular aspect of the country. All these differences need to be set aside to ensure the happiness and prosperity of the citizens.

In short, democracy in India is still better than that in most of the countries. Nonetheless, there is a lot of room for improvement which we must focus on. The government must implement stringent laws to ensure no discrimination takes place. In addition, awareness programs must be held to make citizens aware of their rights and duties.

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Essay on Government

Students are often asked to write an essay on Government in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Government

What is government.

Government is a group of people who make decisions and laws for a country. They are responsible for providing services like education, healthcare, and security to the public.

Types of Government

There are different types of governments, such as democracy, monarchy, dictatorship, and communism. In a democracy, people choose their leaders through voting.

Roles of Government

Governments have many roles. They protect citizens, make laws, and manage the economy. They also provide public services like schools and hospitals.

Importance of Government

Government is important because it maintains order, protects citizens, and provides necessary services. Without it, society would be chaotic.

Also check:

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250 Words Essay on Government

Introduction.

The term ‘Government’ fundamentally signifies the governing body of a nation or state that exercises authority, controls, and administers public policy. It is the political direction and control exercised over the actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states.

The Role of Government

The government plays a crucial role in society by ensuring the smooth functioning of the nation. It is responsible for maintaining law and order, protecting citizens’ rights, and providing public services. The government also shapes the economy by implementing policies that either stimulate or slow down economic growth.

Governments can be categorized into several types based on their structure and the extent of power they exercise. These include democracy, where power is vested in the people; monarchy, where power is held by a single ruler; and autocracy, where a single person holds unlimited power.

Government and Democracy

In democratic governments, citizens have the right to elect their representatives who make decisions on their behalf. This system promotes accountability, transparency, and the protection of individual rights. However, democracy’s success hinges on an informed and active citizenry that can hold the government accountable.

In conclusion, the government is a fundamental institution in any society. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining societal order, ensuring the welfare of its citizens, and driving the nation’s growth and development. The efficiency of a government is largely determined by its structure, the extent of its powers, and the level of citizen participation.

500 Words Essay on Government

Introduction to government.

Government, a fundamental construct of societal organization, is an institution that enforces rules and regulations, maintains order, and facilitates the smooth functioning of a country. It’s a complex mechanism that encompasses myriad aspects from legislation to implementation, and from diplomacy to defense.

The government’s primary role is to safeguard the rights and freedoms of its citizens. This involves ensuring the security of the people, maintaining law and order, and providing public goods and services. A government has the responsibility to protect its citizens from internal and external threats, which is why it maintains law enforcement agencies and a military.

The government also plays a crucial role in economic regulation and stabilization. By controlling monetary and fiscal policies, it can influence the country’s economic trajectory, ensuring growth, stability, and equity. Furthermore, the government is responsible for the provision of public goods and services such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, and social welfare programs.

Forms of Government

Governments come in various forms, each with its unique characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Democracies are governments in which power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives. Autocracies, on the other hand, are characterized by a single entity possessing all power, with little to no constraint on the exercise of that power.

In between these extremes, there are numerous variations, such as constitutional monarchies, where a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government, or oligarchies, where power rests with a small number of people.

The Importance of Good Governance

Good governance is integral to the effective functioning of a government. It is characterized by transparency, accountability, efficiency, and adherence to the rule of law. Good governance ensures that the government’s actions benefit the majority of the population and that public resources are used efficiently and ethically.

Transparency in government actions encourages public participation and holds the government accountable for its decisions. Accountability ensures that those in power can be held responsible for their actions. Efficiency in governance means that resources are used optimally to deliver maximum value to citizens.

Conclusion: The Evolving Role of Government

In today’s rapidly changing world, the role of government is evolving. With the advent of technology and globalization, governments are not just confined to traditional roles but are increasingly involved in areas such as digital infrastructure, climate change, and global health crises.

As we move forward, the challenge for governments worldwide will be to adapt to these changes and continue to serve their citizens effectively. Understanding the nature, role, and complexities of government is crucial for us as we navigate the political landscape of the 21st century.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Essay Samples on Government

The subject of government is often approached by college students majoring in Law and Political Sciences. At the same time, when you check various government essay examples, you will instantly notice that journalists, psychologists, historians, and even healthcare majors often have to deal with governmental processes and related studies. The complex part of such essays is a necessity of prior exploration and analysis of the information that you have. Remember that the federal laws differ between the states, which is an important point to consider. As you work on your sources, always take notes and write down important names and the laws to provide your readers with at least one piece of evidence per claim. It will help you to keep your writing focused and precise. Successful government essays must operate with the facts and sum things up again in the conclusion part regardless of your essay type. The only difference is posed by the governmental case study writing. The structure requires an introduction part where you explain the problem or an issue researched, three to five body paragraphs that provide analysis, and the conclusion part that should be like an executive summary where you list and explain your findings.

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Is the Constitution a Living Document: A Document with Enduring Relevance

The Constitution of a nation serves as its foundational legal framework, shaping the governance and rights of its citizens. One ongoing debate revolves around whether the Constitution should be interpreted as a static document with fixed meanings or as a living document that evolves with...

• Constitution

Abigail Adams' Letter to John Adams: A Glimpse into History

Abigail Adams' letter to her husband John Adams is a remarkable piece of historical correspondence that provides valuable insights into the thoughts and perspectives of women during the early years of the United States. Written in 1776, amidst the revolutionary fervor and discussions about the...

• Abigail Adams
• John Quincy Adams

Why Student Loans Should be Forgiven: A Path to Economic Relief and Opportunity

The burden of student loans has become a pressing issue for countless individuals pursuing higher education. As tuition costs rise and the job market becomes increasingly competitive, many graduates find themselves weighed down by student debt. In this essay, we will explore the reasons why...

• Student Loan Debt
• Student Loans

Upholding Integrity: Exploring the Importance of Accountability in the Army

Accountability in the army is a cornerstone of discipline, efficiency, and trust within military organizations. Whether on the battlefield or in administrative duties, the concept of accountability is deeply embedded in the ethos of the armed forces. This essay delves into the importance of accountability...

• Army Values

Qualities of a Good Police Officer as the Backbone of Community Safety

A good police officer plays a vital role in maintaining law and order, ensuring the safety of the community, and upholding the principles of justice. This essay explores the essential qualities of a good police officer, shedding light on the characteristics that contribute to their...

My Pledge to Our Veterans: Honoring Sacrifice and Service

Our veterans have dedicated their lives to protecting our nation, defending our freedoms, and upholding the values we hold dear. As a citizen, I am deeply grateful for their sacrifices and unwavering commitment. This essay serves as a reflection of my pledge to our veterans,...

Examining the Pros and Cons of Gun Control

The debate surrounding gun control has been a longstanding and contentious issue, with proponents and opponents presenting valid arguments from their respective standpoints. This essay delves into the multifaceted discussion by exploring the pros and cons of gun control policies, shedding light on the complexities...

• Gun Violence

Kamala Harris Challenges Florida's Education Changes: A Battle Over History and Truth

Vice President Kamala Harris recently traveled to Jacksonville, Florida to speak out against the state's controversial changes to its African American history curriculum. In a speech at the Ritz Theatre and Museum, Harris criticized Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and the state Board of Education for...

• Kamala Harris

Behind Biden's "God Save the Queen" Comment: Innocent Slip or Inappropriate Remark

President Joe Biden recently left some in the audience confused when he concluded a speech on gun control in Connecticut with the phrase "God Save the Queen." The comment came just months after Queen Elizabeth II passed away in September 2022 at the age of...

Biden and Longoria: A Heartwarming Friendship in Celebrating Latino Contributions

In June 2023, actress and activist Eva Longoria visited the White House for a meeting with President Joe Biden. Photos from the visit showed Biden warmly embracing Longoria, sparking amused reactions on social media. The image of the 46th President enveloping the petite Desperate Housewives...

How President Biden's Joke on State Secrets Sparked Controversy and Criticism

A recent joke made by President Joe Biden about selling state secrets has sparked controversy and accusations from critics. During an event with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Biden quipped "I started off without you, and I sold a lot of state secrets and a...

Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s Controversial Views on Race

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. hails from one of the most illustrious political lineages in the annals of American history, yet his personal legacy remains a tapestry of intricacies. As the nephew of the former President, John F. Kennedy, and the son of the ex-Attorney General...

• John F. Kennedy
• Politicians

What Is the Deep State: Shadowy Influencers or Conspiracy Theory

What is the Deep State? The notion of the "abyssal authority" alludes to a conjectured assemblage of influential and unelected government dignitaries who clandestinely operate to manipulate politics and policy, often to serve their personal interests. Though interpretations may diverge, the abyssal authority is generally...

• Conspiracy Theory

Unbreakable Spirit: Challenges and Achievements of Malala Yousafzai

This is a 5-paragraph essay about Malala, where we will briefly explore her extraordinary courage, inspiring advocacy for education, and the global impact of her unwavering determination. Malala Yousafzai was born on July 12th, 1997 in Mingora, which happens to be the largest city in...

• Famous Person

He Named Me Malala': Inspiring Hope, Courage, and Education

Malala is a campaigner for girls' education from Pakistan. On the 9th of October Malala was shot in the head by Taliban gunmen because she spoke up for the rights of girls to be educated. Malala survived being shot in the head and is continuing...

• Film Analysis
• Movie Review

How to Reduce Inflation: the Role of Monetary Policy and Measures

Inflation, the persistent rise in the general price level, poses challenges for individuals, businesses, and economies as a whole. Controlling and reducing inflation is a crucial objective for policymakers seeking to maintain stable economic conditions. There are several ways how to reduce inflation and this...

• Monetary Policy

Unraveling Theories of Inflation in Economics and Its Problem Nature

Inflation is the continual rise in prices, this is also known as a monetary problem. There are different monetary policies in order to keep inflation below a certain level one of these consist of inflation targeting which allows banks to keep a good stability on...

• Economic Problem

Malala Yousafzai's Speech: Analysis of Its Global Impact on Society

“I tell my story not because it is unique, but because it is the story of many girls.” Malala Yousafzai, a woman who was shot in the face by a gunman at just 15 years old. Despite facing immense adversity, including a targeted attack by...

The Problem of Police Brutality and Racism in Britain

Introduction Police racism in Britain dates back notably to April 1981 in the Brixton riots where black men were reportedly being maltreated by police (BBC News,2020). Police racism in Britain is understood to be manifested by police discretion that is inevitable in policing- where police...

Integrity and Service Before Self: the Air Force's Core Values

Integrity first, service before self and excellence in all we do are the three pillars of an Air Force airman. Many people embody these values before they know anything about an organization such as the United States Air Force. The civilians who live by the...

• United States Army

Analysis of President Barack Obama as a Leader

Successful leaders possess distinct traits and qualities that set them apart. One such leader is Barack Obama, who exemplifies several key leadership characteristics. Inspirational communication, unwavering conviction, and a willingness to take risks are among the qualities that have contributed to Obama's success. Furthermore, Obama's...

• Barack Obama

Examining Totalitarianism: Control and Governance Exposed

Theo Finigan starts by establishing an innocent relationship alongside readers in his persuasive argument. He wants to show a writing style that is meant to show credibility toward his readers as well as establish his credentials as an author. He focuses on totalitarianism, which can...

• Totalitarianism

Totalitarian Regimes of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union

Introduction This paper talks about the similarities and differences in the totalitarian elements of rule between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Totalitarianism is defined as a form of government in which all societal resources are monopolized by the state to control all aspects of...

• Adolf Hitler
• Joseph Stalin

Comparing Autocracy, Totalitarianism, and Democracy: Strengths and Weaknesses

Introduction There have been many forms of government, some more popular than others, that have been tried and tested globally throughout history. Winston Churchill, a former British prime minister once said, “… democracy is the worst form of government except for all those other forms...

• Dictatorship

Exploring Perspectives in the Memoir, 'My Father's Daughter'

Introduction In Shelia Fitzpatrick’s memoir ‘My Fathers Daughter’, the subtleties of the Fitzpatrick family dynamics are quite unusual, and throughout the memoir, they strive to be a “normal” family. We learn about these dynamics through the eyes of Fitzpatrick as she takes the reader through...

Public Debt and its Sustainability: Literature Analysis

Introduction The global financial crisis of 2008 triggered a shockwave of sudden awareness amongst all who were able to jump the metaphorical sinking ship in time. Others weren’t as lucky; Lehman Brothers sunk with a bang of almost $US 800billion and shocked the world quite...

• Gross Domestic Product
• Literature Analysis

Historiographical Discourse Around Marxism and Marx's Ideas

Introduction This essay will discuss a gobbet written by Karl Marx in the Communist Manifesto in 1848. It is a very short gobbet, but the subject matter is incredibly loaded and the historiographical discourse that surrounds the notion presented by Marx here is very wide....

• Historiography

Transitioning to a Cashless Economy: Challenges, Opportunities, and the Path Ahead

The world is now moving on from Paper Currency based economy to Cashless economy. By embracing Alternate Delivery Channels and other Cashless modes of payment which include old ones like NEFT,RTGS etc. to newer one’s like POS, e-wallets, debit and credit cards, UPI, BHIM etc....

Europe: Navigating Identity through Politics, Culture, and Economy

We can understand the term Europe from many different perspectives. There are four main definitions of Europe: Geographic, Political, Cultural and Socio-Economic. In my opinion, all of these definitions partially relate to each other. Despite that, the political definition is the most useful because it...

• European Union

Exploring the Relationship Between Sociological and Social Theory

Marxists stated that ‘’it is not the consciousness of men that determines their being, but on the contrary, their social being determines their consciousness.’’ Marxist view of human consciousness is transforming false consciousness to true consciousness which people become aware of their human needs only...

• Critical Theory
• Sociological Theory

Economic Problems and Nationalism: Exploring the Relationship

Introduction when we speak about nationalism the first thought that comes to our mind is that it is a plan which includes some undesirable policies against other nations. From this aspect of the phenomenon, there is no any doubt that to use of aggressive policies...

• Nationalism

The Controversial Potential of Social Media Before Elections

With the rise of social media in recent years, it has slowly become a tool to utilise in democratic elections throughout the world. In this essay I will arguing that politicians participating in these elections are not utilising it to its full potential. I will...

• Effects of Social Media

The Sharing Economy - a New Paradigm in Consumerism

With the rise in technology, people are able to communicate and conduct business through the use of the Internet and social networks. This has led to a sharing economy, where consumers can connect and exchange goods and services. Starting a company in a shared economy...

• Consumer Behavior
• Effects of Industrialization

Joe Biden's Life and Political Activities: a Comprehensive Analysis

Who Is Joe Biden? Joe Biden immediately worked as an attorney preceding going to authoritative issues. He transformed into the fifth-most energetic U.S. senator in history as well as Delaware's longest-serving delegate. His 2008 authority mission never gotten a move on, but Equitable applicant Barack...

• Influential Person

Urban Infrastructure and Its Relation to Modern Living

Urban infrastructure is the networks of systems in a city that aid the running of the city and the people in it. It is a very broad term that refers to the framework that provides operation and organisation which in turn makes economic development possible...

• Infrastructure
• New Urbanism

Introduction to Urban Infrastructure: Transport Sector Development

Urban infrastructure defines the framework of a city and its inhabitants and is an important factor in the outcome of a city’s economic growth. To keep up with GDP growth, it is estimated that $17 trillion is required for the Asia-Pacific region to meet this...

• Transportation

Politicians as the Decision Makers Must Share the Blame

Throughout world war 1, 1914, there were several campaigns fought by the ANZAC’s. The most well-known was the Gallipoli campaign of 1914 fought by the British allies against the Turkish forces. The campaign caused several heavy casualties. Most individuals now days would say that these...

• World History

Racial Inequality: the Changing Role of American Federal Government

Throughout history, our country has faced one problem - Racial inequality. From the very beginning, our country has been built on immigration, but we as a nation tend to forget that. With time has been proven that white male supremacy is one of the oldest...

• African American
• American Government
• Federal Government

The Political Theory of John Locke: a Critical Analysis

This essay aims to discuss John Locke's political theory within the Two Treatises of Government, particularly in regards to the State of Nature due to its imperative role within the foundations of the Social Contract between the legislative and the sovereign (the citizens). The Social...

• Political theories

Two Main Differences Between Conservatives and Socialism

There are numerous contrasts among Conservatives and Socialism, one of them being their perspectives on human instinct. In a socialist's view, individuals are social creatures who flourish best when they are associated with one another. People are not driven exclusively by self-centred interests however can...

• Conservatism

Teen Activists: Great Examples of Youth Bravery

There are innumerable teen activists in the world. Some are famous. Others - unknown. Notwithstanding, they all work to make the world a better place. Three activists are extremely prominent. These three are Malala Yousafzai on education, Alex Lin on e-waste, and Iqbal Masih on child...

Influence and Role of Transportation Infrastructure on Urban Scale

The spatial type of urban areas is obviously impacted by a scope of social, political, institutional and administrative conditions in different settings, and these should be comprehended in considering city structure. Low-thickness urban communities organized around the engine vehicle are frequently hard to access for...

• Public Transport

Federal Government Responsibility for Issues in HealthCare

The health care system in America today is at best a failing system. One both ends of the spectrum we have people who are unable to pay for incilen, prescriptions, and the pharmaceutical companies who abuse the free market and can charge any price they...

• Healthcare Crisis

Factors Leading to Frequent Military Interventions in Pakistan

The evolution of the civil-military relations in Pakistan was affected by many factors that were unique to the developing world. The political and administration infrastructures of Pakistan have to be built from the scratch is one these factors. Like Indian Army, Pakistan army originated from...

• Armed Forces

Comparison of Activism in the 60-70's and Nowadays

The activist during the 60’s and 70’s had different ways of doing things from now on. During the 60’s there was an upsurge in civil rights and promoting freedom and equality. The way that activist do things now are different, they use Twitter or Instagram...

Explanation of the Inconclusiveness of the 1979 Elections in Ghana

The 1925 election made way for subsequent elections to take place in the Gold Coast now known as Ghana. Before, voting was restricted to just a few people mostly chiefs, property owners and others. The beginning of the first proper elections in the then Gold...

• Political Party

The Sharing Economy in Australia and the Associated Tax Obstacles

The 'sharing economy' is a term that describes individuals utilizing web applications to lease their property, assets, time and skills. Sharing economy stages enable users to monetise the estimation of surplus limit in the utilization of advantages or work, for instance, vehicles or transportation administrations....

Vulnerability of Stock Markets During Elections Times

Stock Markets around Elections Surging on waves of excitement and sliding under burdens of panic, Stock Markets are precarious indicators of the economies of nations but accurate reflections of people’s sentiments. They’re shaken by any unexpected event that may or may not affect company fundamentals....

• Stock Market

Politicians and Comedians: It's Time to Change the Voice

Sociopolitical jokes circulated on social media are frequently irreverent and sometimes reflect ignorance. But those that center on issues that are emotive, unpleasant or confusing are often wildly popular. That is because the humor provides comic relief that temporarily defuses the tense feeling evoked by...

A Comparative Analysis: Gunpowder and Nuclear Weapons in Military History

Since the establishment of civilizations, man has been interested in inventing simple tools to defend himself, but with the development of lifestyles and the rise of nations. The interest has become greater in developing military methods and developing weapons. In this article I will discuss...

• Nuclear Weapon

Analysis of the Controversy Surrounding Military Spending

Should the government decrease military spending, or should it increase military spending? This is a question that many Americans wrestle with, and politically speaking, is a point of great contention since to many, military might evoke a sense of security. However, when considering this question...

Formation of Political Theories Using Ideas of Great Philosophers

Politics aid in shaping decisions that affect all aspects of our lives. To begin with, political theory is the study of concepts that have shaped our politics and the enduring questions that individuals are concerned about within society. Some of the issues usually addressed in...

A Story of Pearl Mary Gibbs: Fighting for Equality and Justice

Pearl Mary Gibbs, an Aboriginal Activist, Born in Botany Bay, in 1901, did many things in her lifetime defending indigenous Australians, Gibbs especially focussed her efforts on ATSI women’s rights, particularly regarding their slavery in domestic service and their sexual exploitation, this was inspired by...

The Indian Economy: the Main Changes in the Last 55 Years

On 14 August 1947, Nehru had declared: “Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge. The achievement we celebrate today is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the great triumph and...

Joe Biden's Impact on US Politics: Past, Present, and Future

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. Is a politician, lawyer and Author in American, who is the current president of America and is also regarded as the 46th president of American. He was married to Neilia Hunter who died in 1972 and then got married again to...

Joe Biden's Presidency: Possible New Era in American Politics

Joe Biden, who was responsible for introducing the Gun-Free School Zones Act in 1990, is an accomplished man with a sizeable net worth. Joe Biden had enjoyed enormous praise from the African-American community after serving as former President Barack Obama’s second in command for eight...

The Measures Needed to Ensure Peaceful Elections in Ghana

It is virtually desirable that countries are typically seconding that election is the first rate way of transferring political power. Election is therefore the system by way of which public leaders are chosen with the aid of the heaps with the intention of them fostering...

An In-Depth Analysis of Military Industrial Complex

It has been observed with the passage of time that the military industry has been progressing in terms of their technology as well as their capabilities of production. According to the study it has been observed that in postmodern era, military production plays an important...

Exploring the Importance and Benefits of the Infrastructure Industry

Infrastructure industry managed to set itself as a separate asset class within alternative investments that continuously attracts hefty financial allocations mainly due to its characteristic traits. In the case of this particular sector, however, the investment is a major two-way street, as it also ensures...

• Economic Development

Indian Judiciary System: Public Law and Policies for Development

India is one of the richest country in culture, diversity, heritage, religion, language and known for great history, ruled under many kings and empires. Even it followed many rules and regulation under many emperors. As after India got independence the constitution work started with its...

• Judicial System

The Loss of Sense of Control: the State of American Government

In the U.S. Constitution, Article Ten says “And yet, Trump decided to have a shutdown over his stupid border wall. In recent times, the U.S government has failed to pass laws and create changes without over half the country hating on it. And on top...

The Rise and Leadership of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy in Ukraine

In the early hours of 26 February, during the most significant assault by Russian troops on the capital of Kyiv, the United States government and Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan urged Zelenskyy to evacuate to a safer location, and both offered assistance for such an...

• Contemporary History

Utopia as Possible Political Theory for a Perfect Society

In the contemporary era, everyday life is surrounded by utopian images and texts. The term ‘Utopia’ is coined by Thomas More in 1516 in which it is initially the name of his ideal imagined society. The term is combined by the Greek words: outopia and...

Failed Politicians in Mexico: the Lack of Class Consciousness

In Mexico politics has been defined as the art of governing or as the art of the possible. The content of the policy is a relationship between classes and social groups, both economic and immediate and long-term interests. In Mexico there have been several politicians...

• Political Culture

The Importantce of Social Media Influence for Modern Politicians

Early analysis on the results of television election coverage showed that exposure to political broadcasts provided voters with vital information regarding campaign problems and policy proposals. The rise of the internet and social media saw a decline in the audience for television, as now media...

• Social Media

Analysis of Russian Unethical Interference in the US 2016 Elections

Conduct is the aspect of self-determination, a legal term that incorporates the right of the people to make decisions for themselves, both the political affiliations (at a methodical stage) and their forthcoming destiny (at a more granular stage of policy). It is evidently this more...

• Cyber Crimes

The Issue of Financial Indistinctness of the US Federal Government

Budget, allocation of resources, and overspending are all viable issues that are plaguing the United State federal government. Amidst congressional debates and the government shutting down at an alarming rate, the government should be more transparent in showing its constituents how it spends their hard-earned...

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Home — Essay Samples — Government & Politics — Forms of Government

Essays on Forms of Government

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Shaping Law Enforcement: Democracy's Public Role

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Disadvantages of Direct Democracy

The advantages and disadvantages of dictatorship, definition of democracy to me, difference between direct democracy and dictatorship, compare absolute and absolutism, implications of subjective relativism moral infallibility, peter the great absolutism analysis, 7 adjectives for adolf hitler, absolutism locke voltaire and wollstonecraft, topics in this category.

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25 Essay Topics for American Government Classes

Writing Ideas That Will Make Students Think

• Teaching Resources
• An Introduction to Teaching
• Tips & Strategies
• Policies & Discipline
• Community Involvement
• School Administration
• Technology in the Classroom
• Teaching Adult Learners
• Issues In Education
• Becoming A Teacher
• Assessments & Tests
• Elementary Education
• Secondary Education
• Special Education
• Homeschooling
• M.Ed., Curriculum and Instruction, University of Florida
• B.A., History, University of Florida

If you are a teacher searching for essay topics to assign to your U.S. government or civics class or looking for ideas, do not fret. It is easy to integrate debates and discussions into the classroom environment. These topic suggestions provide a wealth of ideas for written assignments such as  position papers , compare-and-contrast essays , and  argumentative essays . Scan the following 25 question topics and ideas to find just the right one. You'll soon be reading interesting papers from your students after they grapple with these challenging and important issues.

• Compare and contrast what is a direct democracy versus representative democracy. 
• React to the following statement: Democratic decision-making should be extended to all areas of life including schools, the workplace, and the government. 
• Compare and contrast the Virginia and New Jersey plans. Explain how these led to the Great Compromise .
• Pick one thing about the U.S. Constitution including its amendments that you think should be changed. What modifications would you make? Explain your reasons for making this change.
• What did Thomas Jefferson mean when he said, "The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants?" Do you think that this statement still applies to today's world? 
• Compare and contrast mandates and conditions of aid regarding the federal government's relationship with states. For example, how has the Federal Emergency Management Agency delivered support to states and commonwealths that have experienced natural disasters?
• Should individual states have more or less power compared to the federal government when implementing laws dealing with topics such as the legalization of marijuana  and abortion ? 
• Outline a program that would get more people to vote in presidential elections or local elections.
• What are the dangers of gerrymandering when it comes to voting and presidential elections?
• Compare and contrast the major political parties in the United States. What policies are they preparing for upcoming elections?
• Why would voters choose to vote for a third party, even though they know that their candidate has virtually no chance of winning? 
• Describe the major sources of money that are donated to political campaigns. Check out the Federal Election Regulatory Commission's website for information.
• Should corporations be treated as individuals regarding being allowed to donate to political campaigns?  Look at the 2010 Citizens United v. FEC ruling on the issue. Defend your answer. 
• Explain the role of social media in connecting interest groups that have grown stronger as the major political parties have grown weaker. 
• Explain why the media has been called the fourth branch of government. Include your opinion on whether this is an accurate portrayal.
• Compare and contrast the campaigns of U.S. Senate and House of Representatives candidates.
• Should term limits be instituted for members of Congress? Explain your answer.
• Should members of Congress vote their conscience or follow the will of the people who elected them into office? Explain your answer.
• Explain how executive orders have been used by presidents throughout the history of the U.S. What is the number of executive orders issued by the current president?
• In your opinion, which of the three branches of the federal government has the most power? Defend your answer.
• Which of the rights guaranteed by the First Amendment do you consider the most important? Explain your answer. 
• Should a school be required to get a warrant before searching a student's property? Defend your answer. 
• Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail? What kind of campaign could be run to see it passed?
• Explain how the 14th Amendment has affected civil liberties in the United States from the time of its passage at the end of the Civil War.
• Do you think that the federal government has enough, too much or just the right amount of power? Defend your answer.
• 50 Argumentative Essay Topics
• 100 Persuasive Essay Topics
• January Writing Prompts
• Key Election Terms for Students
• 501 Topic Suggestions for Writing Essays and Speeches
• Expository Essay Genre With Suggested Prompts
• Voting Rights Background for Students
• Presidential Elections: ESL Lesson
• American Government Journal Topics
• Topical Organization Essay
• Fun March Writing Prompts for Journaling
• 12 Interesting Ethical Topics for Essay Papers
• Campaign Finance Laws: Definition and Examples
• Current Political Campaign Contribution Limits
• What Is Majoritarianism? Definition and Examples
• What Is Political Participation? Definition and Examples

Archives Library Information Center (ALIC)

Government Documents

Links to government publications in the National Archives, gateways and guides to federal information, finding aids and indexes to government documents, federal directories, and other government publications.

National Archives & Records Administration

• Government documents in the National Archives
• Library Resources for Administrative History by Maryellen Trautman, ALIC Government Publications Librarian
• Foreign Relations of the U.S. (FRUS) -- Serial Set Correlation List compiled by Maryellen Trautman, ALIC Government Publications Librarian

Other Guides to Government Information

• Government search engines
• Gateways and guides to federal information
• Directories
• Specific government sites
• Consumer information
• GrayLit Network - hard-to-find agency literature

National Archives & Records Administration Government documents in the National Archives

The major collections of U.S. government publications in the National Archives are in the Library at Archives II; the Center for Legislative Archives , Archives I; and the Microfilm Reading Room, Archives I.

Publications not in any of the National Archives collections may be found at the University of Maryland’s McKeldin Library and at other Federal Depository Libraries . The latter are also a source for people who cannot visit the National Archives. Sale items still in print may be purchased from the Government Printing Office Bookstore.

Finding aids and indexes to government documents

• Library Resources for Administrative History (Compiled by Maryellen Trautman, ALIC Government Publications Librarian) Index to administrative history documents by type of document and date . Index to administrative history documents by titles and names .
• Foreign Relations of the U.S. (FRUS) -- Serial Set Correlation List (Compiled by Maryellen Trautman, ALIC Government Publications Librarian)

Other guides to government information

Government documents search engines

• USA.gov The U.S. government’s official web portal.
• Government Documents Center (University of Michigan Library) This resource provides access thousands of web sites with government or statistical information. Users can browse or search the site.
• Government Documents (University of Tennessee at Knoxville) This site provides helpful links to federal, state, and local government information, as well as special topics and links to documents by subject.
• Government Documents Librarianship (Mansfield University) This metasite includes an alphabetical list of resources and a quick guide to essentials leading to sources on managing government documents.
• Government Information (University of Texas, Austin, Libraries) This site contains links to federal resources, including a Getting Started page.
• Government Information (Vanderbilt University) Government documents indexed by level of government and by subject.
• Government Information Guide (Oregon State University) This site offers links to selected government sites by subject.
• Government Information Library (University of Colorado, Boulder) The Government Publications Library provides information from all levels of government, including state and foreign governments and intergovernmental organizations. Also included is a Government Publications blog.
• Hot Docs: Government Documents in the News (Columbia University Libraries Document Service Center) "Links to topical full text documents or reports about major governmental activities."
• Uncle Sam: Government Publications Department (Regional Depository Library, University of Memphis) Site provides guides and databases to help users locate government information. Of special interest is Forms from the Feds , which contains downloadable government electronic forms organized by agency.

Gateways and guides to federal information:

• CapitolHearings.org "CapitolHearings.org distributes gavel-to-gavel audio coverage of U.S. Senate Committee hearings. The Senate produces the audio feeds, and C-SPAN encodes and streams these hearings via CapitolHearings.org."
• Citizen Journalist’s Guide to Open Government This site provides guidance for gaining access to government information. Pages include evaluating state web sites, how to request records, a blog, and more.
• FDsys: Federal Digital System (Government Printing Office) The official, free, one-stop online public access point for the growing wealth of important information products produced by the federal government. This site replaces GPO Access.
• Federal R & D Project Summaries Searchable databases of federal agencies to find descriptions, awards, and summaries of federally funded research.
• Open CRS Open CRS is designed to be a centralized resource that gathers and makes available reports produced by the Congressional Research Service that have been released into the public domain.
• PolicyArchive "PolicyArchive is a comprehensive digital library of public policy research containing over 27,000 documents." The site is searchable, or users can browse by topic, author, funder, publisher, or special collection.
• Searching for Government Information (University of California, San Diego) This web site provides links to resources produced by the Federal government, California government, Santa Barbara government, as well as links to international organizations.

Directories:

• House of Representatives Member Directory (Office of the Clerk of the House) Listings include names, addresses, telephone numbers, and committee and subcommittee assignments.
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Race to form South Africa’s next government: Who will the ANC ally with?

The governing party has a range of potential partners. But early negotiations suggest that no deal would be easy.

Johannesburg, South Africa — After suffering a stunning blow in last week’s election, South Africa’s ruling African National Congress (ANC) has begun closed-door negotiations with its political opponents to begin talks about forming a coalition government.

On Sunday, the Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that elections in South Africa were “free and fair” but with no single party gaining an outright majority. The final election results confirmed the ANC’s decline in support to just more than 40 percent of the vote – far less than the absolute majority it had for the past 30 years after bringing about an end to apartheid.

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Parties have a two-week deadline to elect a president, and analysts said the ANC would likely need to concede to an array of demands to bring others on board for a coalition government.

The ANC held a meeting of its national leaders on Saturday where they discussed coalition permutations and the possibility of forming a “government of national unity”. Such an arrangement would be reminiscent of the era of former president Nelson Mandela, who led a government of national unity from 1994 until 1997. Mandela was the president, with FW De Klerk, the last apartheid prime minister, as his deputy. Leaders of the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) were part of the cabinet.

But public policy expert Kagiso “TK” Pooe, told Al Jazeera that a government of national unity might only work if built around clear goals that all parties can agree to.

“Key among them will be the economic recovery of the South African economy and promoting employment,” he said. “Secondly curtailing the problem of institutional corruption and inefficiency.” Without the will to commit to such objectives, “the coalition will always be at the precipice of failure and fallout,” he said.

A weakened ANC

The ANC, in addition to its national setbacks, also lost the majority in three provinces that it currently rules: KwaZulu-Natal, Gauteng and the Northern Cape. It suffered its worst blow in KwaZulu-Natal, where former President Jacob Zuma’s MK Party swept up support.

The centre-right Democratic Alliance, the official opposition, saw marginal growth in its support with 21.8 percent of the vote, and the left-wing Economic Freedom Fights (EFF) saw a dip in their support to 9.5 percent of the vote.

Former president Jacob Zuma and his uMkhonto we Sizwe Party (MK Party) were the biggest election winners. The party, formed only in late 2023, contested elections for the first time and secured third place with 14.6 percent of the vote. It is now the largest party in KwaZulu-Natal, Zuma’s home province.

Against that backdrop, the ANC said on Sunday that it had begun exploratory talks with other political parties as it digested the consequences of its plummeting support.

“The ANC is committed to the formation of a government that reflects the will of the people. That is stable, and it can govern effectively,” ANC secretary-general Fikile Mbalula said at a news conference.

He sought to call for calm, committing the ANC to act responsibly amid widespread uncertainty.

“The voters of South Africa have shown that they expect the leaders of this country to work together in the interests of all. We will continue to act responsibly, progressively and at all times in the interests of the people of South Africa,” he said. “We will continue to uphold the rule of law and call on all South Africans to respect the laws, rules and codes that govern the conduct of elections.”

An ANC-DA alliance?

The ANC is scheduled to have several top-level meetings this week to try to crystalise its coalition plans.

One option could be to strike a deal with the DA — traditionally its main opponent . A coalition involving South Africa’s largest and most mainstream parties could be more stable than partnerships with newer, more radical formations, many analysts have said. Both parties are also more conservative economically than the MK Party and the EFF, which espouse left-leaning policies.

The DA on Sunday announced that it would begin talks with the ANC in an effort to block what some have described as a “doomsday coalition” between the ANC, EFF and MK Party.

“I, too, am a father to three young daughters. And, like millions of other South Africans, I do not want them to grow up in a country run by a party like MK, that wants to abolish the constitution which so many fought and died for, that wants to subvert the judiciary, and that plans to expropriate all private property and nationalise the Reserve Bank,” DA leader John Steenhuisen said in a briefing. “These are the things contained in the manifestos of the EFF and MK.”

The DA has set up a high-level team to manage talks with the ANC.

But stitching together an ANC-DA coalition will not be easy.

Lukhona Mnguni, a political analyst, said the ANC and the DA’s constituencies are “fundamentally opposed to each other”.

“If they position it as a quasi-government of national unity, then it may have an opportunity to work,” he said.

Mnguni said that, as far back as 2018, business leaders touted an ANC-DA coalition as a more stable option for the country.

“Both parties are conservative when it comes to making bold and audacious decisions when it comes to economic policy. They may disagree on other issues like foreign policy, which will be difficult to negotiate,” he said.

The EFF – which seeks the expropriation of land from minority white farmers without compensation – said it was open to a deal with the ANC. “We want to work with the ANC because the ANC, when compromised, they are not arrogant,” EFF party leader Julius Malema told journalists over the weekend.

However, business leaders and investors have expressed wariness at the possibility of an ANC-EFF coalition because of the EFF’s leftist positions.

“We are not going to support an administration that is touting policies of mass economic destruction,” Busisiwe Mavuso, CEO of Business Leadership South Africa (BLSA), told local media.

The IFP, the country’s fifth-largest party, has said it too is open to talks with the ANC.

Meanwhile, the MK said it was open to talks with the ANC — but not with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa in charge.

The MK Party has also alleged that the election had been rigged, even though it has emerged as the biggest gainer from the polls.

The party – which has made calls to abolish the supremacy of South Africa’s constitution and replace it with “unfettered parliamentary sovereignty” – also threatened violence on Sunday over the election results.

Writing in his weekly newsletter on Monday morning, Ramaphosa rejected those threats.

“As we work as political parties to find each other across the divide in the coming weeks and months, let us demonstrate both in our actions and our utterances that we hold the constitution and the rule of law to be paramount,” he wrote. “Let us remember that whatever authority, whatever power we are entrusted with, must be exercised to advance the interests of the South African people.

“Now more than ever, we need to put our differences aside and work together for the common good,” he said.

But the election verdict has not only exposed the deep political fissures among South Africa’s parties — it could also set off internal scrutiny within the ANC, said Pooe.

“I think the ANC has been severely dented. I certainly have no doubt that they have been shocked. They have been disappointed,” he said. “The next [ANC] national executive committee meeting will be a very tense discretion and postmortem of this election, which may make or break the party.”

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Former Intelligence Chief Tapped as Next Dutch Prime Minister

Dick Schoof is poised to be the country’s first new leader in over 13 years. His selection came as a relative surprise, after more than six months of negotiations to form a governing coalition.

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By Claire Moses

The Netherlands will be getting a new prime minister, with the four right-wing parties that are forming a government finally naming their pick, more than six months after the elections.

The parties selected a top justice official, Dick Schoof, 67, on Tuesday. They will now continue work on forming a cabinet, naming ministers and state secretaries, with the aim of finalizing a government in about four weeks.

The choice of Mr. Schoof — the highest-ranking official at the Ministry of Justice and Security and a former counterterrorism chief, who has no political experience or party affiliation — reflects an attempt to govern the Netherlands differently after more than 13 years under Prime Minister Mark Rutte’s leadership.

While Mr. Schoof’s name had not been widely circulated as a potential prime minister, the four parties have said they agreed to set up a government that includes political outsiders, in order to create more distance between the Parliament and the cabinet.

“The step I am taking now is unexpected but not illogical,” Mr. Schoof told reporters at a news conference on Tuesday in The Hague, saying that he wanted to be a prime minister for all Dutch people.

His selection comes nearly two weeks after the four right-wing parties that together hold an 88-seat majority in the 150-seat House of Representatives agreed on a preliminary deal to form a government after months of negotiations prompted by a surprise election result in November.

Geert Wilders, a longtime populist leader known for his anti-Muslim stance, shocked the Dutch political system when his party won the biggest share of the votes. But his party still needed to form a coalition to govern, and after negotiations stalled, Mr. Wilders said in March that he would not become prime minister , in an effort to increase the chances of forming a right-wing coalition. The leaders of the other three parties agreed to do the same and excluded themselves from the country’s highest political office.

The coalition negotiations featured Mr. Wilders and his Party for Freedom; the People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy, a center-right party that has governed the country for the past 13 years; New Social Contract, a new, centrist party ; and the Farmer Citizen Movement, a populist pro-farmer party.

In Mr. Schoof, the four parties appear to have found what they hope is a neutral leader to help work out thorny issues such as migration policy and the country’s housing shortage.

Mr. Schoof emphasized on Tuesday that he was asked to be prime minister by all four parties — not just by Mr. Wilders.

Mr. Wilders said on Tuesday that Mr. Schoof was “above the political parties” and “very sympathetic.”

“Congratulations Dick!” he wrote on X .

But entering the political fray might be unavoidable for Mr. Schoof once he holds the highest office in the Netherlands, said Janka Stoker, a professor of leadership and organizational change at the University of Groningen.

“He’s going to need a lot of political skills, which is something that isn’t part of his profile,” Dr. Stoker added. “That’s a bit of a gamble.”

Mr. Schoof does not belong to any political party. After being a member of the Dutch Labor Party for about 30 years, Mr. Schoof said, he canceled his membership in 2021 because he no longer felt connected to the party.

“I am nonpartisan,” Mr. Schoof told reporters on Tuesday.

He started his long career in public service as an official at the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science in the late 1980s. From 2013 until 2018, Mr. Schoof served as the national coordinator for security and counterterrorism, during which time he was involved with the investigation into the downing of Flight MH17 . He later became the director general of the Dutch intelligence service and since 2020 has served as the top official at the Ministry of Justice and Safety.

Edwin Bakker, a professor of terrorism studies at Leiden University, predicted that Mr. Schoof’s lack of political experience would not be an issue because he has been close to politicians over the course of his career and served as a kind of national security adviser to Mr. Rutte, the outgoing prime minister.

“He has a lot of experience in crisis communication,” Dr. Bakker said. “I think that’s a prerequisite for a prime minister.”

He said the choice of Mr. Schoof was a pleasant surprise, especially because of Mr. Schoof’s background in safety and cybersecurity.

“This isn’t a man who hides behind bureaucracy,” Dr. Bakker said.

Mr. Schoof’s career has not been entirely without controversy: In 2021, the Dutch newspaper NRC reported that the national coordinator for security and counterterrorism, under Mr. Schoof’s leadership, used fake accounts on Twitter to follow citizens. Mr. Schoof declined to comment when asked about the matter during the news conference on Tuesday.

Bits of Freedom, an independent Dutch organization that focuses on privacy and internet freedom, said that it was worried about the selection of Mr. Schoof because of what it called an invasion of privacy by Dutch officials under his leadership.

“Our own government also poses a threat to the rule of law,” Evelyn Austin, the organization’s director, said in a statement. “We hope that Dick Schoof, as prime minister, will commit himself to the rights and safety of all citizens. And that he has learned from the past.”

Claire Moses is a Times reporter in London, focused on coverage of breaking and trending news. More about Claire Moses

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Egypt sees change of government amid inflation, living costs woes

Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi accepted the government’s resignation on Monday, calling for the new one to focus on boosting foreign investment and tackling rising prices, among other issues facing the North African country.

Prime Minister Mustafa Madbouly presented his government’s resignation to Sisi on Monday, after which the president tasked him with forming a new cabinet. In a statement from the Egyptian presidency, Sisi described Egypt's national security as the most important priority before the government “in light of regional and international threats.”

Sisi added that health and education should also be high on the government's agenda. In terms of Egypt’s struggling economy, he instructed the government to continue with economic reforms with a particular focus on attracting domestic and foreign investment and making “every effort to reduce rising prices and inflation,” according to the statement.

Madbouly has been prime minister since 2018. Monday’s move is the fourth cabinet reshuffle during his tenure. The most recent occurred in August of 2022.

Under Egypt's system, the prime minister is appointed by the president, and has the power to accept or reject cabinet appointments. The statement did not mention which cabinet members will be replaced, nor a timeline for the new government's formation. 

Why it matters: The change comes amid increasing economic challenges for Cairo. Inflation remains high, though it may be trending downward. Headline inflation was 32.5% in April, down from 33.3% in March, according to Egypt’s statistics agency CAPMAS. The Central Bank of Egypt opted to keep interest rates unchanged during its May meeting following a significant 6% hike in March.

In an effort to reduce the strain on the budget, Madbouly announced last week that the price of subsidized bread will increase 300% to 20 piastres ($0.0042) per loaf. The price hike, the first of its kind in three decades, came into effect this month.

The country is also struggling with dwindling foreign currency reserves, in large part due to decreased tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic and supply chain shocks after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

More recently, the Houthi attacks in the Red Sea have hurt the economy, particularly the manufacturing and textile industries.

Egypt has recently had some success attracting foreign investment and assistance. In February, the United Arab Emirates agreed to invest $35 billion into the Egyptian economy in a deal to develop the Ras el-Hekma coastal area.

A month later, the International Monetary Fund increased its bailout loan to Egypt by $5 billion after the country agreed to a more flexible exchange rate. The currency has been trading at 47 pounds to the US dollar since then.

In April, the European Union provided a 1 billion-euro ($1.09 billion) to Egypt as part of a wider 5 billion-euro ($5.44 billion) loan package.

Know more: Sisi’s mention of national security may relate to the Egypt’s concerns over the Gaza war . Egypt has repeatedly condemned Israel’s war against Hamas in the territory and is particularly worried about the Rafah offensive on its border. Egypt fears an influx of Palestinians into the Sinai Peninsula, in large part due to the recent history of Islamist insurgency in the area.

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The Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, today issued the following statement on National Indigenous History Month:

“Today, as we mark the first day of  National Indigenous History Month , we celebrate the cultures, languages, knowledge, histories, and traditions of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. Indigenous Peoples have been the stewards and caretakers of Canada’s lands and waters since time immemorial, and their profound teachings and contributions have helped shape the Canada we know today.

“This is a time to commemorate and celebrate, but to also acknowledge the ongoing legacy of colonialism. The painful truths of displacement, forced assimilation, and other injustices perpetrated against First Nations, Inuit, and Métis in Canada continue to affect Indigenous Peoples today. The Government of Canada is committed to confronting this difficult legacy and walking forward on the path of reconciliation, including through our work to deliver on the  Truth and Reconciliation Commission’s 94 Calls to Action and respond to the Calls for Justice from the  Final Report  of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls.

“An important step along this path came earlier this spring, when An Act to provide for the establishment of a national council for reconciliation  received Royal Assent, addressing Call to Action 53. Once established, the Council will have a mandate that includes an important role in monitoring, evaluating, and reporting on efforts to advance reconciliation and the implementation of the Calls to Action. Reconciliation is a fundamental journey we must undertake together to support healing and right past wrongs.

“We are implementing the five-year  Action Plan to turn the objectives of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act  into a reality. The plan, developed in consultation and co-operation with Indigenous partners, is a roadmap for the work toward increased self-determination and rights recognition for Indigenous Peoples in Canada. The federal government and Indigenous partners are working to foster strong, healthy, and prosperous Indigenous communities for generations to come.

“The federal government is also advancing our work with partners to create a safer and fairer society for Indigenous Peoples in Canada. As part of these efforts, we are working with partners to pilot a  ‘Red Dress Alert’ – a system to notify the public when an Indigenous woman, girl, Two-Spirit, or gender-diverse person goes missing. Through new measures proposed in Budget 2024, we are providing new funding to support Indigenous-led efforts to reclaim, revitalize, and strengthen  Indigenous cultures and languages . We are also permanently supporting the  Indigenous Screen Office so Indigenous Peoples can continue to tell their stories. This is in addition to our important work to create jobs, develop resources, and unlock economic opportunities for Indigenous Peoples through the Indigenous Loan Guarantee Program. This work is essential to building renewed relationships with First Nations, Inuit, and Métis based on the recognition of rights, respect, and nation-to-nation partnership. Together, we will continue to make progress toward this goal.

“Throughout this month, as we celebrate the cultures and achievements of Indigenous Peoples in Canada I invite all Canadians to  learn more about First Nations, Inuit, and Métis Peoples and to reflect on our collective responsibility to build a better and more inclusive future.”