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Eating Disorders, Essay Example

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Introduction

Eating disorders affect men and women of all ages, although adolescents tend to be the age group that is more susceptible. This is because, as their bodies are changing, they may feel more pressure by society as well as peer groups to look attractive and fit in (Segal et al). Types of eating disorders include Anorexia, Bulimia and Compulsive Overeating, which can also be related to the first two. The reasons behind Eating Disorder usually stem from a reaction to low self-esteem and a negative means of coping with life and stress (Something Fishy). Eating disorders are also often associated with an underlying psychological disorder, which may be the reason behind the eating disorder or which may develop from the Eating Disorder itself. Mental health disorders that are often associated with Eating Disorder include Anxiety, Depression, Multiple Personality Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, BiPolar, BiPolar II, Borderline Personality Disorder, Panic Disorder and Dissociative Disorder. The longer a person suffers from ED, the more probable that they will be dealing with another mental illness, most likely Anxiety or Depression (Something Fishy). The eventual outcome of Eating Disorder can be deadly. “Some eating disorders are associated with a 10-15% mortality rate and a 20-25% suicide rate. Sometimes, anorexia, bulimia and compulsive eating may be perceived as slow suicide (Carruthers).” In order to prevent the deadly consequences of Eating Disorder and to prevent it from becoming more pervasive in society, it is necessary to recognize the correct treatment method for this disease. Traditional treatments have focused on providing risk information to raise awareness of the consequences of Eating Disorder (Lobera et al 263). However, since Eating Disorder is a mental illness, a more effective treatment is one that offers psychological evaluation, counseling and treatment. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is emerging as a more robust and effective method that can be used not only to treat Eating Disorder but the associated mental illnesses that may accompany it.

The Problem

Eating disorder is pervasive in society and can have deadly consequences on those that suffer from it. Many time Eating Disorder goes undetected by family members and friends because those suffering will go to great lengths to hide their problem. However, there are some signs and symptoms that can be clues that a person is suffering from some sort of eating disorder. According to Segal, these signs can include:

Restricting Food or Dieting: A change in eating habits that includes restricting food or excessive dieting. The person my frequently miss meals or not eat, complaining of an upset stomach or that they are not hungry. A use of diet pills or illegal drugs may also be noticed.
Bingeing: Sufferers may binge eat in secret, which can be hard to detect since they will usually do it late at night or in a private place. Signs of potential bingeing are empty food packages and wrappers and hidden stashes of high calorie junk food or desserts.
Purging: Those who suffer from bulimia will force themselves to throw up after meals to rid their body of added calories. A sign that this is occurring is when a person makes a trip to the bathroom right after eating on a regular basis, possible running water or a fan to hide the sound of their vomiting. They may also use perfume, mouthwash or breath mints regularly to disguise the smell. In addition to vomiting, laxatives or diuretics may also be used to flush unwanted calories from the body.
Distorted body image and altered appearance: People suffering from Eating Disorder often have a very distorted image of their own body. While they may appear thin to others, they may view themselves as fat and attempt to hide their body under loose clothing. They will also have an obsessive preoccupation with their weight, and complain of being fat even when it is obvious to others that this is not the case.

There are several possible side effects from Eating Disorders, both physical and psychological. Physical damage can be temporary or permanent, depending on the severity of the eating disorder and the length of time the person has been suffering from it. Psychological consequences can be the development of a mental illness, especially depression and anxiety. Some sufferers of Eating Disorder will also develop a coping mechanism such as harming themselves, through cutting, self-mutilation or self-inflicted violence, or SIV (Something Fishy).

Physical consequences of Eating Disorders depend on the type of eating disorder that the person has. Anorexia nervosa can lead to a slow heart rate and low blood pressure, putting the sufferer at risk for heart failure and permanent heart damage. Malnutrition can lead to osteoporosis and dry, brittle bones. Other common complications include kidney damage due to dehydration, overall weakness, hair loss and dry skin. Bulimia nervosa, where the person constantly purges through vomiting, can have similar consequences as Anorexia but with added complications and damage to the esophagus and gastric cavity due to the frequent vomiting. In addition, tooth decay can occur because of damage caused by gastric juices. If the person also uses laxatives to purge, irregular bowel movements and constipation can occur. Peptic ulcers and pancreatitis can also common negative heath effects (National Eating Disorders Association). If the Eating Disorder goes on for a prolonged time period, death is also a possible affect, which is why it is important to seek treatment for the individual as soon as it is determined that they are suffering from an Eating Disorder.

Once it is recognized that a loved one may be suffering from an Eating Disorder, the next step is coming up with an effective intervention in time to prevent any lasting physical damage or death. The most effective treatment to date is Cognitive-behavioral therapy, an active form of counseling that can be done in either a group or private setting (Curtis). Cognitive-behavioral therapy is used to help correct poor eating habits and prevent relapse as well as change the way the individual thinks about food, eating and their body image (Curtis).

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is considered to be one of the most effective treatments for eating disorders, but of course this depends on both the counselor administrating the therapy and the attitude of the person receiving it. According to Fairburn (3), while patients with eating disorders “have a reputation for being difficult to treat, the great majority can be helped and many, if not most, can make a full and lasting recovery.” In the study conducted by Lobera et al, it was determined that students that took part in group cognitive-behavioral therapy sessions showed a reduced dissatisfaction with their body and a reduction in their drive to thinness. Self esteem was also improved during the group therapy sessions and eating habits were significantly improved.

“The overall effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy can depend on the duration of the sessions. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is considered effective for the treatment of eating disorders. But because eating disorder behaviors can endure for a long period of time, ongoing psychological treatment is usually required for at least a year and may be needed for several years (Curtis).”

Alternative solutions

Traditional treatments for Eating Disorders rely on educating potential sufferers, especially school aged children, of the potential damage, both psychological and physical, that can be caused by the various eating disorders .

“ Research conducted to date into the primary prevention of eating disorders (ED) has mainly considered the provision of information regarding risk factors. Consequently, there is a need to develop new methods that go a step further, promoting a change in attitudes and behavior in the target population (Lobera et al).”

The current research has not shown that passive techniques, such as providing information, reduces the prevalence of eating disorders or improves the condition in existing patients. While education about eating disorders, the signs and symptoms and the potential health affects, is an important part of providing information to both the those that may know someone who is suffering from an eating disorder and those that are suffering from one, it is not an effective treatment by itself. It must be integrated with a deeper level of therapy that helps to improve the self-esteem and psychological issues from which the eating disorder stems.

Hospitalization has also been a treatment for those suffering from an eating disorder, especially when a complication, such as kidney failure or extreme weakness, occurs. However, treating the symptom of the eating disorder will not treat the underlying problem. Hospitalization can effectively treat the symptom only when it is combined with a psychological therapy that treats the underlying psychological problem that is causing the physical health problem.

Effectively treating eating disorders is possible using cognitive-behavioral therapy. However, the sooner a person who is suffering from an eating disorder begins treatment the more effective the treatment is likely to be. The longer a person suffers from an eating disorder, the more problems that may arise because of it, both physically and psychologically. While the deeper underlying issue may differ from patient to patient, it must be addressed in order for an eating disorder treatment to be effective. If not, the eating disorder is likely to continue. By becoming better educated about the underlying mental health issues that are typically the cause of eating disorder, both family members and friends of loved ones suffering from eating disorders and the sufferers themselves can take the steps necessary to overcome Eating Disorder and begin the road to recovery.

Works Cited

“Associated Mental Health Conditions and Addictions.” Something Fishy, 2010. Web. 19 November2010.

Carruthers, Martyn. Who Has Eating Disorders? Soulwork Solutions, 2010. Web. 19 November 2010.

Curtis, Jeanette. “Cognitive-behavioral Therapy for Eating Disorders.” WebMD (September 16, 2009). Web. 19 November 2010.

Fairburn, Christopher G. Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Eating Disorders. New York: The Guilford Press, 2008. Print.

“Health Consequences of Eating Disorders” National Eating Disorders Association (2005). Web. 21 November 2010.

Lobera, I.J., Lozano, P.L., Rios, P.B., Candau, J.R., Villar y Lebreros, Gregorio Sanchez, Millan, M.T.M., Gonzalez, M.T.M., Martin, L.A., Villalobos, I.J. and Sanchez, N.V. “Traditional and New Strategies in the Primary Prevention of Eating Disorders: A Comparative Study in Spanish Adolescents.” International Journal of General Medicine 3 (October 5, 2010): 263-272. Dovepress.Web. 19 November 2010.

Segal, Jeanne, Smith, Melinda, Barston, Suzanne. Helping Someone with an Eating Disorder: Advice for Parents, Family Members and Friends , 2010. Web. 19 November 2010.

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Eating Disorders in Adolescents Essay

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Eating disorder as a severe health condition that can be manifested in many different ways may tackle a person of any age, gender, and socio-cultural background. However, adolescents, especially when it comes to female teenagers, are considered to be the most vulnerable in terms of developing this condition (Izydorczyk & Sitnik-Warchulska, 2018). According to the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP, 2018), 10 in 100 young women struggle with an eating disorder. Thus, the purpose of the present paper is to dwell on the specifics of external factors causing the disorder as well as the ways to deal with this issue.

To begin with, it is necessary to define which diseases are meant under the notion of an eating disorder. Generally, eating disorders encompass such conditions as anorexia nervosa, bulimia, binge eating, and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) (AACAP, 2018). Although these conditions have different manifestations in the context of eating patterns, all of them affect teenager’s nutrition patterns and average weight. According to the researchers, there exist common external stressors that lead to an eating disorder, such as:

Socio-cultural appearance standards. For the most part, modern culture and mass media promote certain body images as a generally accepted ideal, which causes many teenage girls to doubt their appearance and follow the mass trends.
Biological factors. Some teenagers might have a genetic predisposition for certain disorders if anyone in the family struggled with the disease at some point in the past.
Emotional factors. Children, who are at risk of being affected by such mental disorders as anxiety and depression, are likely to disrupt their nutrition patterns.
Peer pressure. Similar to socio-cultural standards, peer pressure dictates certain criteria for the teenagers’ body image, eventually impacting their perception of food and nutrition (Izydorczyk & Sitnik-Warchulska, 2018).

With such a variety of potential stressors, it is imperative for both medical professionals and caregivers to pay close attention to the teenager’s eating habits. Thus, in order to assess the issue, any medical screening should include weight and height measurements. In such a way, medical professionals are able to define any discrepancies in the measurements over time and bring this issue up with a patient. When working with adolescents, it is of paramount importance to establish a trusting relationship with a patient, as teenagers are extremely vulnerable at this age. After identifying any issue related to weight and body image, nurses and physicians need to ask the patient whether they have any problems with eating. In case they are not willing to talk on the matter, it is necessary to emphasize that their response will not be shared with caregivers unless they want it. It is also necessary to ask questions regarding the child’s relationship with peers carefully, as they may easily become an emotional trigger.

In order to avoid such complications as eating disorders, it is vital for caregivers to talk with their children on the topic of the aforementioned stressors. Firstly, they need to promote healthy eating patterns by explaining why it is important for one’s body instead of giving orders to the child. For additional support, they may ask a medical professional to justify this information. Secondly, the caregivers need to dedicate time to explain the inappropriateness of body standards promoted by the mass media and promote diversity and positive body image within the family. Lastly, caregivers are to secure a safe environment for the teenager’s fragile self-esteem and self-actualization in order for them to feel more confident among peers (Boberová & Husárová, 2021). These steps, although frequently undermined, contribute beneficially in terms of dealing with eating disorders external stressors among adolescents.

American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry [AACAP]. (2018). Eating disorders in teens. Web.

Boberová, Z., & Husárová, D. (2021). What role does body image in relationship between level of health literacy and symptoms of eating disorders in adolescents?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 18 (7), 3482.

Izydorczyk, B., & Sitnik-Warchulska, K. (2018). Socio-cultural appearance standards and risk factors for eating disorders in adolescents and women of various ages. Frontiers in psychology , 9 , 429.

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Eating Disorders: About More Than Food

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What are eating disorders?

Eating disorders are serious, biologically influenced medical illnesses marked by severe disturbances to one’s eating behaviors. Although many people may be concerned about their health, weight, or appearance from time to time, some people become fixated or obsessed with weight loss, body weight or shape, and controlling their food intake. These may be signs of an eating disorder.

Eating disorders are not a choice. These disorders can affect a person’s physical and mental health. In some cases, they can be life-threatening. With treatment, however, people can recover completely from eating disorders.

Who is at risk for eating disorders?

Eating disorders can affect people of all ages, racial and ethnic backgrounds, body weights, and genders. Even people who appear healthy, such as athletes, can have eating disorders and be extremely ill. People with eating disorders can be underweight, normal weight, or overweight. In other words, you can’t tell if someone has an eating disorder by looking at them.

The exact cause of eating disorders is not fully understood. Research suggests a combination of genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological, and social factors can raise a person’s risk.

What are the common types of eating disorders?

Common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder. Each of these disorders is associated with different but sometimes overlapping symptoms. People exhibiting any combination of these symptoms may have an eating disorder and should be evaluated by a health care provider.

What is anorexia nervosa?

Anorexia nervosa is a condition where people avoid food, severely restrict food, or eat very small quantities of only certain foods. They also may weigh themselves repeatedly. Even when dangerously underweight, they may see themselves as overweight.

There are two subtypes of anorexia nervosa: a restrictive subtype and a binge-purge subtype.

Restrictive : People with the restrictive subtype of anorexia nervosa severely limit the amount and type of food they consume.

Binge-Purge : People with the binge-purge subtype of anorexia nervosa also greatly restrict the amount and type of food they consume. In addition, they may have binge-eating and purging episodes—eating large amounts of food in a short time followed by vomiting or using laxatives or diuretics to get rid of what was consumed.

Symptoms of anorexia nervosa include:

Extremely restricted eating and/or intensive and excessive exercise
Extreme thinness (emaciation)
A relentless pursuit of thinness and unwillingness to maintain a normal or healthy weight
Intense fear of gaining weight
Distorted body or self-image that is heavily influenced by perceptions of body weight and shape
Denial of the seriousness of low body weight

Over time, anorexia nervosa can lead to numerous serious health consequences, including:

Thinning of the bones (osteopenia or osteoporosis)
Mild anemia
Muscle wasting and weakness
Brittle hair and nails
Dry and yellowish skin
Growth of fine hair all over the body (lanugo)
Severe constipation
Low blood pressure
Slowed breathing and pulse
Damage to the structure and function of the heart
Drop in internal body temperature, causing a person to feel cold all the time
Lethargy, sluggishness, or feeling tired all the time
Infertility
Brain damage
Multiple organ failure

Anorexia nervosa can be fatal. It has an extremely high death (mortality) rate compared with other mental disorders. People with anorexia are at risk of dying from medical complications associated with starvation. Suicide is the second leading cause of death for people diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.

If you or someone you know is in immediate distress or is thinking about hurting themselves, call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline toll-free at 1-800-273-TALK (8255). You also can text the Crisis Text Line (HELLO to 741741) or use the Lifeline Chat on the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline website. If you suspect a medical emergency, seek medical attention or call 911 immediately.

What is bulimia nervosa?

Bulimia nervosa is a condition where people have recurrent episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food and feeling a lack of control over their eating. This binge eating is followed by behaviors that compensate for the overeating to prevent weight gain, such as forced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise, or a combination of these behaviors. Unlike those with anorexia nervosa, people with bulimia nervosa may maintain a normal weight or be overweight.

Symptoms and health consequences of bulimia nervosa include:

Chronically inflamed and sore throat
Swollen salivary glands in the neck and jaw area
Worn tooth enamel and increasingly sensitive and decaying teeth from exposure to stomach acid when vomiting
Acid reflux disorder and other gastrointestinal problems
Intestinal distress and irritation from laxative abuse
Severe dehydration from purging
Electrolyte imbalance (too low or too high levels of sodium, calcium, potassium, and other minerals), which can lead to stroke or heart attack

What is binge-eating disorder?

Binge-eating disorder is a condition where people lose control of their eating and have reoccurring episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food. Unlike bulimia nervosa, periods of binge eating are not followed by purging, excessive exercise, or fasting. As a result, people with binge-eating disorder are often overweight or obese.

Symptoms of binge-eating disorder include:

Eating unusually large amounts of food in a short amount of time, for example, within two hours
Eating rapidly during binge episodes
Eating even when full or not hungry
Eating until uncomfortably full
Eating alone or in secret to avoid embarrassment
Feeling distressed, ashamed, or guilty about eating
Frequently dieting, possibly without weight loss

What is avoidant restrictive food intake disorder?

Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), previously known as selective eating disorder, is a condition where people limit the amount or type of food eaten. Unlike anorexia nervosa, people with ARFID do not have a distorted body image or extreme fear of gaining weight. ARFID is most common in middle childhood and usually has an earlier onset than other eating disorders. Many children go through phases of picky eating, but a child with ARFID does not eat enough calories to grow and develop properly, and an adult with ARFID does not eat enough calories to maintain basic body function.

Symptoms of ARFID include:

Dramatic restriction of types or amount of food eaten
Lack of appetite or interest in food
Dramatic weight loss
Upset stomach, abdominal pain, or other gastrointestinal issues with no other known cause
Limited range of preferred foods that becomes even more limited (“picky eating” that gets progressively worse)

How are eating disorders treated?

Eating disorders can be treated successfully. Early detection and treatment are important for a full recovery. People with eating disorders are at higher risk for suicide and medical complications.

A person’s family can play a crucial role in treatment. Family members can encourage the person with eating or body image issues to seek help. They also can provide support during treatment and can be a great ally to both the individual and the health care provider. Research suggests that incorporating the family into treatment for eating disorders can improve treatment outcomes, particularly for adolescents.

Treatment plans for eating disorders include psychotherapy, medical care and monitoring, nutritional counseling, medications, or a combination of these approaches. Typical treatment goals include:

Restoring adequate nutrition
Bringing weight to a healthy level
Reducing excessive exercise
Stopping binge-purge and binge-eating behaviors

People with eating disorders also may have other mental disorders (such as depression or anxiety) or problems with substance use. It’s critical to treat any co-occurring conditions as part of the treatment plan.

Specific forms of psychotherapy (“talk therapy”) and cognitive-behavioral approaches can treat certain eating disorders effectively. For general information about psychotherapies, visit the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) psychotherapies webpage .

Research also suggests that medications may help treat some eating disorders and co-occurring anxiety or depression related to eating disorders. Information about medications changes frequently, so talk to your health care provider. Visit the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website for the latest warnings, patient medication guides, and FDA-approved medications.

Where can I find help?

If you're unsure where to get help, your health care provider is a good place to start. Your health care provider can refer you to a qualified mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, who has experience treating eating disorders.

You can learn more about getting help and finding a health care provider on NIMH's Help for Mental Illnesses webpage . If you need help identifying a provider in your area, call the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Treatment Referral Helpline at 1-800-662-HELP (4357). You also can search SAMHSA’s online Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator , which lists facilities and programs that provide mental health services.

For tips on talking with your health care provider about your mental health, read NIMH’s fact sheet, Taking Control of Your Mental Health: Tips for Talking With Your Health Care Provider .

For additional resources, visit the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality website .

Are there clinical trials studying eating disorders?

NIMH supports a wide range of research, including clinical trials that look at new ways to prevent, detect, or treat diseases and conditions, including eating disorders. Although individuals may benefit from being part of a clinical trial, participants should be aware that the primary purpose of a clinical trial is to gain new scientific knowledge so that others may be better helped in the future.

Researchers at NIMH and around the country conduct clinical trials with patients and healthy volunteers. Talk to your health care provider about clinical trials, their benefits and risks, and whether one is right for you. For more information about clinical research and how to find clinical trials being conducted around the country, visit NIMH's clinical trials webpage .

The information in this publication is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.

For More Information

MedlinePlus (National Library of Medicine) ( en español ) ClinicalTrials.gov ( en español )

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 21-MH-4901 Revised 2021

Essay on Eating Disorder

Essay generator.

Eating disorders represent a complex intersection of psychological, physical, and social issues. They are not just about food but are serious mental health conditions. This essay aims to delve into the various aspects of eating disorders, exploring their types, causes, effects, and treatments, providing a comprehensive understanding for students and individuals keen on understanding this intricate topic.

Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions characterized by an unhealthy preoccupation with eating, exercise, and body weight or shape. They can have devastating physical and psychological consequences. The most common eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.

Anorexia Nervosa: Anorexia is characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, leading individuals to restrict their food intake drastically. This can result in severe malnutrition, physical health issues, and even life-threatening conditions.
Bulimia Nervosa: Bulimia involves recurrent episodes of binge eating, followed by behaviors aimed at compensating for the excessive calorie intake, such as purging through vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative use. This cycle of overeating and purging can have serious health consequences.
Binge-Eating Disorder: Binge-eating disorder is marked by recurrent episodes of consuming large quantities of food in a short period, often without control. Unlike bulimia, individuals with this disorder do not engage in purging behaviors, which can lead to obesity and related health issues.
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): ARFID is characterized by highly selective eating patterns, avoiding certain foods or food groups based on sensory issues, aversions, or limited interest in food. This disorder can result in nutritional deficiencies and impaired growth in children.
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders (OSFED): OSFED, previously known as EDNOS (Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified), includes a range of eating disorders that do not fit the strict criteria for anorexia, bulimia, or binge-eating disorder. It encompasses various disordered eating patterns.
Night Eating Syndrome: Individuals with night eating syndrome consume a significant portion of their daily caloric intake during the nighttime. They may wake up to eat, often experiencing insomnia and emotional distress.
Muscle Dysmorphia (Bigorexia): Muscle dysmorphia primarily affects men and is characterized by an obsessive desire to gain muscle mass and an intense fear of being inadequately muscular. It can lead to excessive exercise and supplement use.

Causes of Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are caused by a complex interplay of genetic, biological, behavioral, psychological, and social factors.

Genetic Factors : Family and twin studies suggest a genetic predisposition to eating disorders.
Psychological Factors : Low self-esteem, perfectionism, and impulsive behavior are commonly associated with eating disorders.
Social Factors : Cultural pressures that glorify thinness and body shaming can trigger eating disorders.

Effects of Eating Disorders

The effects of eating disorders can be severe and far-reaching.

Malnutrition: Eating disorders often lead to severe malnutrition, resulting in vitamin and mineral deficiencies, weakened immune system, and fragile bones.
Gastrointestinal Issues: Individuals with eating disorders may experience digestive problems such as constipation, bloating, and acid reflux.
Cardiovascular Problems: Heart complications, such as irregular heart rhythms, low blood pressure, and increased risk of heart attack, can occur.
Dental Issues: Frequent vomiting associated with some eating disorders can lead to dental problems, including tooth decay and erosion.
Hair and Skin Problems: Hair loss, brittle nails, and dry, discolored skin are common physical effects.
Anxiety and Depression: Eating disorders are often co-occurring with anxiety and depression, exacerbating these mental health conditions.
Obsessive Thoughts: Individuals with eating disorders may become obsessed with food, body size, and weight, leading to distressing and intrusive thoughts.
Low Self-esteem: Persistent body dissatisfaction and distorted body image contribute to low self-esteem and poor self-worth.
Social Isolation: Eating disorders can lead to social withdrawal, isolation, and strained relationships with friends and family.
Emotional Instability: Mood swings, irritability, and emotional instability are common effects of eating disorders.
Secrecy and Deception: Many individuals with eating disorders engage in secretive behaviors related to eating, hiding their disordered eating habits.
Ritualistic Eating: Rigid food rituals and routines, such as eating specific foods in specific orders, are common among those with eating disorders.
Excessive Exercise: Over-exercising is often seen in individuals with certain eating disorders, leading to physical strain and potential injuries.
Food Hoarding or Bingeing: Some may hoard food or engage in secretive binge-eating episodes, followed by guilt and shame.
Electrolyte Imbalance: Frequent purging behaviors (vomiting, laxative use) can disrupt electrolyte balance, leading to potentially life-threatening conditions like cardiac arrhythmias.
Osteoporosis: Malnutrition can result in bone density loss, increasing the risk of fractures and osteoporosis.
Lanugo Hair: Fine, downy hair growth on the body, known as lanugo, may develop in response to malnutrition.
Organ Damage: Long-term consequences of eating disorders can include damage to vital organs, such as the liver and kidneys.
Menstrual Irregularities: In females, eating disorders can lead to amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) or irregular menstrual cycles.
Fertility Problems: Reduced fertility and complications during pregnancy may occur due to hormonal imbalances and nutritional deficiencies.

Treatment of Eating Disorders

Treating eating disorders generally involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medical care, nutritional counseling, and therapy.

Medical Treatment : Focuses on addressing any immediate health risks.
Nutritional Counseling : Helps in developing a healthy relationship with food.
Psychotherapy : Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is particularly effective in treating eating disorders.

Coping Strategies and Support

Support Groups : Sharing experiences with others facing similar challenges can be comforting.
Healthy Lifestyle Choices : Engaging in regular physical activity and eating a balanced diet can improve mood and health.
Professional Help : Seeking timely professional help is crucial for recovery.

In conclusion, Eating disorders are complex conditions that require a comprehensive understanding of their causes, effects, and treatment options. Awareness and education are key in preventing these disorders and encouraging those affected to seek help. As a community, it is vital to foster an environment where body positivity is embraced, and mental health is taken seriously.

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Essay on Eating Disorders

Students are often asked to write an essay on Eating Disorders in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Eating Disorders

Understanding eating disorders.

Eating disorders are serious health problems. They occur when individuals develop unhealthy eating habits that can harm their body. They often start with an obsession with food, body weight, or body shape.

Types of Eating Disorders

There are three main types of eating disorders: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder. Each has different symptoms but all can be harmful.

Impact on Health

Eating disorders can damage important body parts like the heart and brain. They can also affect mental health, causing anxiety or depression.

Getting Help

If you or someone you know has an eating disorder, it’s important to seek help. Doctors, therapists, and support groups can provide treatment and support.

250 Words Essay on Eating Disorders

Introduction.

The most common types are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge Eating Disorder. Anorexia is defined by a refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an obsessive fear of gaining weight. Bulimia involves frequent episodes of binge eating followed by behaviors like forced vomiting to avert weight gain. Binge Eating Disorder is characterized by frequent overeating episodes but without subsequent purging actions.

Sociocultural Influences

Sociocultural factors play a significant role in the onset of eating disorders. The media’s portrayal of an ‘ideal’ body size and shape can contribute to body dissatisfaction and consequently, disordered eating behaviors.

Health Implications

The health implications of eating disorders are severe, impacting both physical and mental health. These can range from malnutrition, organ damage, to increased risk of suicide.

Eating disorders, therefore, are serious conditions that require comprehensive treatment. Increased awareness, early diagnosis, and interventions can significantly improve the prognosis and quality of life for those affected.

500 Words Essay on Eating Disorders

Introduction to eating disorders.

Eating disorders represent a group of serious conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that can negatively affect a person’s physical and mental health. These disorders often develop from a complex interplay of genetic, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

The Types of Eating Disorders

The underlying causes.

Eating disorders are typically multifactorial and can’t be attributed to a single cause. They often coexist with other mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Genetic predisposition plays a significant role, suggesting that eating disorders can run in families. Sociocultural factors, including societal pressures to be thin, can also contribute to the development of these disorders.

The Impact on Physical and Mental Health

The physical consequences of eating disorders are profound and can be life-threatening. They range from malnutrition, heart conditions, and bone loss in anorexia, to gastrointestinal problems and electrolyte imbalances in bulimia. Binge eating disorder can lead to obesity and related complications like heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

Treatment and Recovery

Treatment for eating disorders typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, combining medical, psychological, and nutritional therapy. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often effective, helping individuals to understand and change patterns of thought and behavior that lead to disordered eating.

Early intervention is crucial for recovery. However, stigma and lack of understanding about these disorders can often delay treatment. Therefore, raising awareness and promoting understanding about eating disorders is essential.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

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Essay Samples on Eating Disorders

College students face various challenges, and one of the most critical ones is eating disorders. As a result, essays on this topic have become quite popular among students. Writing a college essay about eating disorders can be challenging, especially if you have not experienced it before. However, it is a critical topic that requires attention.

An eating disorder essay typically addresses the psychological, emotional, and physical impacts of eating disorders. It also covers factors that can cause an eating disorder, such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Additionally, the essay provides information about the types of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.

When choosing among eating disorder essay topics, it is crucial to choose the one you are interested in, as it will make the writing process more manageable. You could choose to write about how eating disorders affect mental health or explore the relationship between social media and eating disorders. Furthermore, you can also provide tips on how to prevent or overcome an eating disorder.

To write an effective essay, ensure that you research extensively to gather relevant information about the topic. Also, maintain a clear structure, including an introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Finally, proofread and edit your work to eliminate any errors.

A college essay about eating disorders is an an opportunity to raise awareness about the harmful impacts of eating disorders and provide tips on prevention and management. Use this section to get inspiration and find essay samples on this topic.

Causes and Treatment of Childhood Obesity

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Lactose Intolerance: Main Topics About Disorder

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Why Teenagers Are Developing Eating Disorders

Nowaday, Teenager have feeling that their body isn’t perfect.It decreases their confidence and giving them an eating disorder this is called Teenage Anorexia . Even though this eating disorder is very dangerous but people continue doing it. It can harm themselves and may cause to...

Anorexia As An Eating Disorder

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Anorexia: Psychiatric Illness Or Not

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Best topics on Eating Disorders

1. Causes and Treatment of Childhood Obesity

2. Lactose Intolerance: Main Topics About Disorder

3. Why Teenagers Are Developing Eating Disorders

4. Anorexia As An Eating Disorder

5. Anorexia: Psychiatric Illness Or Not

6. Coping Methods To Get Through Thanksgiving

7. Eating Disorder: Types, Causes, and Treatment Options

8. Taking Care of Eating Disorders During Holidays

9. The Link Between Memories, Emotions and Motivation

10. Bulimia Affects More Women than Men

11. The Study of Neuroscientifical Approach to Anorexia Nervosa

12. The Role of Social Environmental Issues in Anorexia and Eating Disorder

13. Recovery from Eating Disorder Fueled by Compassion

14. Stop Eating Fast Food: The Link Between Fast Food And Health Disorders

15. Overview Of Eating And Feeding Disorders

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Public Health Issues — Eating Disorders

Essay Examples on Eating Disorders

What makes a good eating disorders essay topic.

When it comes to selecting a topic for your eating disorders essay, it's crucial to consider a multitude of factors that can elevate your writing to new heights. Below are some innovative suggestions on how to brainstorm and choose an essay topic that will captivate your readers:

Brainstorm : Begin by unleashing a storm of ideas related to eating disorders. Delve into the various facets, such as causes, effects, treatment options, societal influences, and personal narratives. Ponder upon what intrigues you and what will engage your audience.
Research : Embark on a comprehensive research journey to accumulate information and gain a profound understanding of the subject matter. This exploration will enable you to identify distinctive angles and perspectives to explore in your essay. Seek out scholarly sources such as academic journals, books, and reputable websites.
Cater to your audience : Reflect upon your readers and their interests to tailor your topic accordingly. Adapting your subject matter to captivate your audience will undoubtedly make your essay more engaging. Consider the age, background, and knowledge level of your readers.
Unveil controversies : Unearth the controversies and debates within the realm of eating disorders. Opting for a topic that ignites discussion will infuse your essay with thought-provoking and impactful qualities. Delve into various viewpoints and critically analyze arguments for and against different ideas.
Personal connection : If you possess a personal connection or experience with eating disorders, contemplate sharing your story or delving into it within your essay. This will add a unique and personal touch to your writing. However, ensure that your personal anecdotes remain relevant to the topic and effectively support your main points.

Overall, a remarkable eating disorders essay topic should be meticulously researched, thought-provoking, and relevant to your audience's interests and needs.

Best Eating Disorders Essay Questions

Below, you will find an array of stellar eating disorders essay questions to explore:

How does social media contribute to the development and perpetuation of eating disorders?
What challenges do males with eating disorders face, and how can these challenges be addressed?
To what extent does the family environment contribute to the development of eating disorders?
What role does diet culture play in fostering unhealthy relationships with food?
How can different treatment approaches be tailored to address the unique needs of individuals grappling with eating disorders?

Eating Disorders Essay Prompts

Below, you will find a collection of eating disorders essay prompts that will kindle your creative fire:

Craft a personal essay that intricately details your voyage towards recovery from an eating disorder, elucidating the lessons you learned along the way.
Picture yourself as a parent of a teenager burdened with an eating disorder. Pen a heartfelt letter to other parents, sharing your experiences and providing valuable advice.
Fabricate a fictional character entangled in the clutches of binge-eating disorder. Concoct a short story that explores their odyssey towards self-acceptance and recovery.
Construct a persuasive essay that fervently argues for the integration of comprehensive education on eating disorders into school curricula.
Immerse yourself in the role of a therapist specializing in eating disorders. Compose a reflective essay that delves into the challenges and rewards of working with individuals grappling with eating disorders.

Writing Eating Disorders Essays: FAQ

Q : How can I effectively commence my eating disorders essay?

A : Commence your essay with a captivating introduction that ensnares the reader's attention and provides an overview of the topic. Consider starting with an intriguing statistic, a powerful quote, or a personal anecdote.

Q : Can I incorporate personal experiences into my eating disorders essay?

A : Absolutely! Infusing your essay with personal experiences adds depth and authenticity. However, ensure that your personal anecdotes remain relevant to the topic and effectively support your main points.

Q : How can I make my eating disorders essay engaging?

A : Utilize a variety of rhetorical devices such as metaphors, similes, and vivid descriptions to transform your essay into an engaging masterpiece. Additionally, consider incorporating real-life examples, case studies, or interviews to provide concrete evidence and make your essay relatable.

Q : Should my essay focus solely on one specific type of eating disorder?

A : While focusing on a specific type of eating disorder can provide a narrower scope for your essay, exploring the broader theme of eating disorders as a whole can also be valuable. Strive to strike a balance between depth and breadth in your writing.

Q : How can I conclude my eating disorders essay effectively?

A : In your conclusion, summarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis statement. Additionally, consider leaving the reader with a thought-provoking question or a call to action, encouraging further reflection or research on the topic.

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Eating disorders are complex mental health conditions characterized by abnormal or disturbed eating habits that negatively affect a person's physical and mental health.

Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, a distorted body image, and severe restriction of food intake leading to extreme weight loss and malnutrition.
Bulimia Nervosa: Involves cycles of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative use to prevent weight gain. Sufferers often maintain a normal weight.
Binge Eating Disorder: Marked by recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food in a short period, often accompanied by feelings of loss of control and distress, but without regular use of compensatory behaviors.
Orthorexia: An obsession with eating foods that one considers healthy, often leading to severe dietary restrictions and malnutrition. Unlike other eating disorders, the focus is on food quality rather than quantity.
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID): Involves limited food intake due to a lack of interest in eating, avoidance based on sensory characteristics of food, or concern about aversive consequences of eating, leading to nutritional deficiencies and weight loss.
Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances, such as dirt, clay, or paper, inappropriate to the developmental level of the individual and not part of a culturally supported or socially normative practice.
Rumination Disorder: Involves the repeated regurgitation of food, which may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out. This behavior is not due to a medical condition and can lead to nutritional deficiencies and social difficulties.
Distorted Body Image: Individuals often see themselves as overweight or unattractive, even when underweight or at a healthy weight.
Obsession with Food and Weight: Constant thoughts about food, calories, and weight, leading to strict eating rules and excessive exercise.
Emotional and Psychological Factors: Associated with low self-esteem, perfectionism, anxiety, depression, or a need for control.
Physical Health: Can cause severe health issues like malnutrition, electrolyte imbalances, hormonal disruptions, and organ damage.
Social Isolation: Withdrawal from social activities due to shame, guilt, and embarrassment, leading to loneliness and distress.
Co-occurring Disorders: Often coexists with anxiety, depression, substance abuse, or self-harming behaviors, requiring comprehensive treatment.
Genetic and Biological Factors: Genetic predisposition and biological factors, like brain chemical or hormonal imbalances, can contribute to eating disorders.
Psychological Factors: Low self-worth, perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and distorted body image perceptions play significant roles.
Sociocultural Influences: Societal pressures, cultural norms, media portrayal of unrealistic body ideals, and peer influence increase the risk.
Traumatic Experiences: Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse can heighten vulnerability, leading to feelings of low self-worth and body shame.
Dieting and Weight-related Practices: Restrictive dieting, excessive exercise, and weight-focused behaviors can trigger disordered eating patterns.

Treatment for eating disorders includes psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and family-based therapy (FBT), to address psychological factors and improve self-esteem. Nutritional counseling with dietitians helps develop healthy eating patterns and debunks dietary myths. Medical monitoring involves regular check-ups to manage physical health. Medication may be prescribed for symptoms like depression and anxiety. Support groups and peer support offer community and empathy, providing valuable insights and encouragement from others facing similar challenges.

As per the data provided by the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), it is estimated that around 30 million individuals residing in the United States will experience an eating disorder during their lifetime.
Research suggests that eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness. Anorexia nervosa, in particular, has a mortality rate of around 10%, emphasizing the seriousness and potential life-threatening nature of these disorders.
Eating disorders can affect individuals of all genders and ages, contrary to the common misconception that they only affect young women. While young women are more commonly affected, studies indicate that eating disorders are increasingly prevalent among men and can also occur in older adults and children.

Eating disorders are a critical topic because they affect millions of people worldwide, leading to severe physical and psychological consequences. Addressing eating disorders helps in understanding their complex causes and improving treatment options. Exploring eating disorders essay topics raises awareness, promotes early intervention, and encourages support for those affected, ultimately contributing to better mental health and well-being.

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. 2. Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S. (2011). Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: A meta-analysis of 36 studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(7), 724-731. 3. Brown, T. A., Keel, P. K., & Curren, A. M. (2020). Eating disorders. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.), Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual (6th ed., pp. 305-357). Guilford Press. 4. Fairburn, C. G., & Harrison, P. J. (2003). Eating disorders. The Lancet, 361(9355), 407-416. 5. Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., & Zeeck, A. (2020). Eating disorders in childhood and adolescence: Epidemiology, course, comorbidity, and outcome. In M. Maj, W. Gaebel, J. J. López-Ibor, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Eating Disorders (Vol. 11, pp. 68-82). Wiley-Blackwell. 6. Hudson, J. I., Hiripi, E., Pope, H. G., & Kessler, R. C. (2007). The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biological Psychiatry, 61(3), 348-358. 7. Jacobi, C., Hayward, C., de Zwaan, M., Kraemer, H. C., & Agras, W. S. (2004). Coming to terms with risk factors for eating disorders: Application of risk terminology and suggestions for a general taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 19-65. 8. Keski-Rahkonen, A., & Mustelin, L. (2016). Epidemiology of eating disorders in Europe: Prevalence, incidence, comorbidity, course, consequences, and risk factors. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 29(6), 340-345. 9. Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(4), 406-414. 10. Stice, E., Marti, C. N., & Rohde, P. (2013). Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122(2), 445-457.

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Diseases & Conditions
Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa — often simply called anorexia — is an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of weight. People with anorexia place a high value on controlling their weight and shape, using extreme efforts that tend to significantly interfere with their lives.

To prevent weight gain or to continue losing weight, people with anorexia usually severely restrict the amount of food they eat. They may control calorie intake by vomiting after eating or by misusing laxatives, diet aids, diuretics or enemas. They may also try to lose weight by exercising excessively. No matter how much weight is lost, the person continues to fear weight gain.

Anorexia isn't really about food. It's an extremely unhealthy and sometimes life-threatening way to try to cope with emotional problems. When you have anorexia, you often equate thinness with self-worth.

Anorexia, like other eating disorders, can take over your life and can be very difficult to overcome. But with treatment, you can gain a better sense of who you are, return to healthier eating habits and reverse some of anorexia's serious complications.

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The physical signs and symptoms of anorexia nervosa are related to starvation. Anorexia also includes emotional and behavioral issues involving an unrealistic perception of body weight and an extremely strong fear of gaining weight or becoming fat.

It may be difficult to notice signs and symptoms because what is considered a low body weight is different for each person, and some individuals may not appear extremely thin. Also, people with anorexia often disguise their thinness, eating habits or physical problems.

Physical symptoms

Physical signs and symptoms of anorexia may include:

Extreme weight loss or not making expected developmental weight gains
Thin appearance
Abnormal blood counts
Dizziness or fainting
Bluish discoloration of the fingers
Hair that thins, breaks or falls out
Soft, downy hair covering the body
Absence of menstruation
Constipation and abdominal pain
Dry or yellowish skin
Intolerance of cold
Irregular heart rhythms
Low blood pressure
Dehydration
Swelling of arms or legs
Eroded teeth and calluses on the knuckles from induced vomiting

Some people who have anorexia binge and purge, similar to individuals who have bulimia. But people with anorexia generally struggle with an abnormally low body weight, while individuals with bulimia typically are normal to above normal weight.

Emotional and behavioral symptoms

Behavioral symptoms of anorexia may include attempts to lose weight by:

Severely restricting food intake through dieting or fasting
Exercising excessively
Bingeing and self-induced vomiting to get rid of food, which may include the use of laxatives, enemas, diet aids or herbal products

Emotional and behavioral signs and symptoms may include:

Preoccupation with food, which sometimes includes cooking elaborate meals for others but not eating them
Frequently skipping meals or refusing to eat
Denial of hunger or making excuses for not eating
Eating only a few certain "safe" foods, usually those low in fat and calories
Adopting rigid meal or eating rituals, such as spitting food out after chewing
Not wanting to eat in public
Lying about how much food has been eaten
Fear of gaining weight that may include repeated weighing or measuring the body
Frequent checking in the mirror for perceived flaws
Complaining about being fat or having parts of the body that are fat
Covering up in layers of clothing
Flat mood (lack of emotion)
Social withdrawal
Irritability
Reduced interest in sex

When to see a doctor

Unfortunately, many people with anorexia don't want treatment, at least initially. Their desire to remain thin overrides concerns about their health. If you have a loved one you're worried about, urge her or him to talk to a doctor.

If you're experiencing any of the problems listed above, or if you think you may have an eating disorder, get help. If you're hiding your anorexia from loved ones, try to find a person you trust to talk to about what's going on.

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The exact cause of anorexia is unknown. As with many diseases, it's probably a combination of biological, psychological and environmental factors.

Biological. Although it's not yet clear which genes are involved, there may be genetic changes that make some people at higher risk of developing anorexia. Some people may have a genetic tendency toward perfectionism, sensitivity and perseverance — all traits associated with anorexia.
Psychological. Some people with anorexia may have obsessive-compulsive personality traits that make it easier to stick to strict diets and forgo food despite being hungry. They may have an extreme drive for perfectionism, which causes them to think they're never thin enough. And they may have high levels of anxiety and engage in restrictive eating to reduce it.
Environmental. Modern Western culture emphasizes thinness. Success and worth are often equated with being thin. Peer pressure may help fuel the desire to be thin, particularly among young girls.

Risk factors

Anorexia is more common in girls and women. However, boys and men have increasingly developed eating disorders, possibly related to growing social pressures.

Anorexia is also more common among teenagers. Still, people of any age can develop this eating disorder, though it's rare in those over 40. Teens may be more at risk because of all the changes their bodies go through during puberty. They may also face increased peer pressure and be more sensitive to criticism or even casual comments about weight or body shape.

Certain factors increase the risk of anorexia, including:

Genetics. Changes in specific genes may put certain people at higher risk of anorexia. Those with a first-degree relative — a parent, sibling or child — who had the disorder have a much higher risk of anorexia.
Dieting and starvation. Dieting is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. There is strong evidence that many of the symptoms of anorexia are actually symptoms of starvation. Starvation affects the brain and influences mood changes, rigidity in thinking, anxiety and reduction in appetite. Starvation and weight loss may change the way the brain works in vulnerable individuals, which may perpetuate restrictive eating behaviors and make it difficult to return to normal eating habits.
Transitions. Whether it's a new school, home or job; a relationship breakup; or the death or illness of a loved one, change can bring emotional stress and increase the risk of anorexia.

Complications

Anorexia can have numerous complications. At its most severe, it can be fatal. Death may occur suddenly — even when someone is not severely underweight. This may result from abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) or an imbalance of electrolytes — minerals such as sodium, potassium and calcium that maintain the balance of fluids in your body.

Other complications of anorexia include:

Heart problems, such as mitral valve prolapse, abnormal heart rhythms or heart failure
Bone loss (osteoporosis), increasing the risk of fractures
Loss of muscle
In females, absence of a period
In males, decreased testosterone
Gastrointestinal problems, such as constipation, bloating or nausea
Electrolyte abnormalities, such as low blood potassium, sodium and chloride
Kidney problems

If a person with anorexia becomes severely malnourished, every organ in the body can be damaged, including the brain, heart and kidneys. This damage may not be fully reversible, even when the anorexia is under control.

In addition to the host of physical complications, people with anorexia also commonly have other mental health disorders as well. They may include:

Depression, anxiety and other mood disorders
Personality disorders
Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Alcohol and substance misuse
Self-injury, suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts

There's no guaranteed way to prevent anorexia nervosa. Primary care physicians (pediatricians, family physicians and internists) may be in a good position to identify early indicators of anorexia and prevent the development of full-blown illness. For instance, they can ask questions about eating habits and satisfaction with appearance during routine medical appointments.

If you notice that a family member or friend has low self-esteem, severe dieting habits and dissatisfaction with appearance, consider talking to him or her about these issues. Although you may not be able to prevent an eating disorder from developing, you can talk about healthier behavior or treatment options.

Sim LA (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. Jan. 31, 2018.
Anorexia nervosa. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. http://dsm.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Hales RE, et al. Anorexia nervosa. In: The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry. 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2014. http://psychiatryonline.org. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Klein D, et al. Anorexia nervosa in adults: Clinical features, course of illness, assessment, and diagnosis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Mehler P. Anorexia nervosa in adults and adolescents: Medical complications and their management. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Mehler P. Anorexia nervosa in adults: Evaluation for medical complications and criteria for hospitalization to manage these complications. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Pike K. Anorexia nervosa in adults: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Walsh BT. Anorexia nervosa in adults: Pharmacotherapy. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Anorexia nervosa. Merck Manual Professional Version. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Harrington BC, et al. Initial evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. American Family Physician. 2015;91:46.
Brockmeyer T, et al. Advances in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: A review of established and emerging interventions. Psychological Medicine. In press. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Davis H, et al. Pharmacotherapy of eating disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2017;30:452.
Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Treatment of eating disorders in child and adolescent psychiatry. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2017;30:438.
Fogarty S, et al. The role of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of eating disorders: A systematic review. Eating Behaviors. 2016;21:179.
Eating disorders. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Eating-Disorders/Overview. Accessed Nov. 13, 2017.
Lebow J, et al. Is there clinical consensus in defining weight restoration for adolescents with anorexia nervosa? Eating Disorders. In press. Accessed Dec. 4, 2017.
Lebow J, et al. The effect of atypical antipsychotic medications in individuals with anorexia nervosa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2013;46:332.
Five things to know about safety of dietary supplements for children and teens. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/tips/child-supplements. Accessed Feb. 9, 2018.

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Current approach to eating disorders: a clinical update

Phillipa hay.

1 Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney New South Wales, Australia

2 Campbelltown Hospital, SWSLHD, Sydney New South Wales, Australia

This article presents current diagnostic conceptualisations of eating disorders, including new disorders such as binge eating disorder (BED) and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID). This is followed by contemporary findings in the epidemiology of eating disorders, their broad sociodemographic distribution and the increases in community prevalence. Advances and the current status of evidence‐based treatment and outcomes for the main eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and BED are discussed with focus on first‐line psychological therapies. Deficits in knowledge and directions for further research are highlighted, particularly with regard to treatments for BED and ARFID, how to improve treatment engagement and the management of osteopenia.

Introduction

The conceptualisation of eating disorders has expanded rapidly in the last 10 years to include binge eating disorder (BED) and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) in addition to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. These are now recognised as four well‐conceptualised disorders, which have been reclassified as Feeding and Eating Disorders (FEDs) in the 5th revision of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) published in 2013 and in the 11th revision of the World Health Organisation's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems published in 2019. 1 , 2 The common key diagnostic features of the main disorders of both schemes are shown in Table Table1. 1 . The vast majority of research and clinical understanding is with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and BED, and thus this paper will focus on these.

Key diagnostic features of the main feeding and eating disorders

	Anorexia nervosa	Bulimia nervosa	Binge eating disorder	Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
Eating	Severe restriction	Irregular, skipping meals common as well as restriction	Irregular but no extreme restriction	Severe restriction of all or selected foods
Weight	Underweight	Normal or above normal	Normal or above normal	Underweight and/or with nutrition deficiency
Body image	Overvaluation with or without ‘fear of fatness’	Overvaluation	Overvaluation but not mandatory	No overvaluation
Binge eating	May occur	Regular and with compensation	Regular without compensation	NA
Purging, fasting, driven exercise weight control behaviour(s)	One or more is present	Regular as compensatory behaviours	Not regular	None

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders characterised by the internalisation of the thin ideal and extreme weight‐control behaviours. In both, overvaluation of weight and shape – where such body image concern is of major or paramount importance to self‐view – is a mandatory criterion. Anorexia nervosa is distinct as a condition of self‐starvation, where people are underweight and engaged in behaviours to prevent weight gain. It includes people who do and do not binge eat or purge (induce vomiting or laxative/diuretic misuse). People with bulimia nervosa are not underweight, and are in a cycle of binge eating and purging and/or fasting/compulsive exercise. In contrast, BED and ARFID are the first FEDs that do not have body image concerns as core diagnostic criteria. They are distinguished by being disorders of eating behaviours, the former of recurrent binge eating without regular purging and the latter of avoidance and aversion to food and eating. All eating disorders occur across the age spectrum although anorexia nervosa and ARFID more commonly present in childhood and adolescence years, whereas bulimia nervosa and BED are uncommon in paediatric populations.

Advances in diagnosis and classification

The changes to diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa in DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 are subtle but important. Although physical consequences of starvation such as amenorrhea and osteopenia still occur, the former is no longer a mandatory criterion to diagnose anorexia owing to its frequent lack of applicability, for example in men and women who are taking hormonal contraception. In DSM‐5, there are also severity criteria based on body mass index (BMI; kg/m 2 ) levels or their equivalent in children but no upper BMI, and whether a person is underweight (needed for a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa) is a clinical judgement. People with a BMI in the normal range but who otherwise resemble those with anorexia nervosa may be given the DSM‐5 diagnosis of Atypical Anorexia Nervosa – a type of Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED).

Another change to anorexia nervosa in both schemes is to no longer require the person to report a ‘fear of fatness’ or weight gain – regarded often as a culturally specific phenomenon. However, if this is not reported, evidence of weight prevention/loss behaviours is required to confirm a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Overvaluation and other body image concerns may occur in people with BED but are proscribed for individuals with ARFID in both schemes.

Bulimia nervosa has changed little, but the criteria have broadened, and binge eating (overeating on contextually large amounts of food over which the person has lost control of eating) with compensatory weight loss behaviours may now occur as little as once a week, but this must be for 3 months in DSM‐5 or 1 month in ICD‐11. Similarly, a minimum frequency of weekly binge eating over several months is required for a diagnosis of BED in both schemes. However, although overvaluation is not required in either scheme, marked distress associated with binge eating is mandatory for BED. In the DSM‐5, 3/5 additional features associated with binge eating are also required for BED. These additional features are: (i) eating rapidly than normal; (ii) eating when not hungry; (iii) eating until uncomfortably full; (iv) eating alone; and (v) negative emotions of depression, guilt or disgust following overeating. 1 Both bulimia nervosa and BED occur evenly across the weight spectrum, from normal to above normal bodyweights. In clinical settings, the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa is commonly made in the context of purging behaviours such as self‐induced vomiting and laxative misuse for weight control. However, people with bulimia nervosa can also present without purging, but with extreme dietary restriction/fasting and/or driven exercise regimens. This non‐purging form of bulimia nervosa is more common in the community 3 and may differ from BED only in the manifestation of regular compensatory behaviours. ICD‐11 differs from DSM‐5 with regard to defining BED, in neither requiring the amount of food consumed in a binge to be unusually large – that is subjective binge episodes are included – nor requiring the 3/5 additional features of binge eating. 2 These broader criteria are likely to increase the clinical utility of the ICD scheme compared with DSM and are in line with the lived experience of BED, whereby it is the loss of control and perception of overeating that is the distressing quality of the binge episode, much more so than the amount of food eaten.

People with eating disorders that do not meet the behavioural frequency or other criteria of one of the main eating disorders and whose problems are less well conceptualised, previously termed as Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified, may be now classified as OSFED or Unspecified FED (UFED) in the DSM‐5, 1 or as the poorly specified Other Feeding or Eating Disorder in ICD‐11. 2 OSFED includes atypical anorexia nervosa, subthreshold bulimia nervosa and BED, purging disorder and night eating syndrome.

Atypical anorexia nervosa, that is anorexia nervosa where BMI may be in the ‘adequate’ range of 20–25 kg/m 2 or higher, is probably becoming more common as the mean weight of the general population shifts to the right. Management is similar to anorexia nervosa. Night eating syndrome often presents in the context of sleep disturbance. It is similar to BED in assessment and management. Purging disorder (without regular binge eating) is not very common, and its management is similar to that for bulimia nervosa.

Although evidence is limited, the addition of these previously unrecognised eating disorders, such as BED and ARFID, has implications for clinicians, jurisdictions and more broadly public health. Prevention initiatives, clinician awareness and health service infrastructure may need to be expanded to ensure adequate identification and management of the now diverse spectrum of eating disorders.

Epidemiology including distribution and determinants

A systematic review reported weighted population means (and ranges) of lifetime prevalence as: (i) anorexia nervosa 1.4% (0.1–3.6%) for women and 0.2% (0–0.3%) for men, (ii) bulimia nervosa 1.9% (0.3–4.6%) for women and 0.6% (0.1–1.3%) for men and (iii) BED 2.8% (0.6–5.8%) for women and 1.0% (0.3–2.0%) for men. 4 There are few studies on the general population prevalence of DSM‐5 eating disorders. An Australian adult general population study included cases of OSFED and ARFID. 3 It found a 3‐month prevalence of bulimia nervosa (1.2%) and BED (1.5%) respectively. (Note that the study did not, however, apply the DSM‐5 3/5 binge eating specifiers.) The study also examined ARFID and OSFED and found a prevalence of 0.3% and 3.2% respectively. The majority of OSFED had atypical anorexia nervosa. 3 Many people (around 10%) reported weekly binge eating but without marked distress, these were placed in UFED – however, this group did not have high levels of health impairment, casting some doubt on the clinical significance of this group. 3

The true community incidence of eating disorders is unknown. However, cohort and clinical incidence studies suggest a community‐wide increase in bulimia nervosa and in BED.

Increases in anorexia nervosa also have occurred and are greatest in young women. 5 , 6 All three main disorders are also associated with moderate to high levels of psychosocial and work impairment. 3 , 6

The prevalence of eating disorders is higher in women and in young people. However, BED is more common in men. All problems may be more prevalent across socioeconomic groups and in First Australians than previously thought. 7 Risk minimisation may be achieved with improved media literacy, reduced thin idealisation and promoting a positive/healthy relationship with weight and eating. 8 Bulimia nervosa and BED shared intersecting risk factors for overweight/obesity (e.g. a child history of trauma). Therefore, weight loss management, if required, is best in a supervised environment where care can be taken to address and prevent emergence of eating disorders and other psychological co‐morbidities. 9

Management of eating disorders – overview

For all eating disorders (including ARFID), the main treatment as delineated in the current national and international guidelines is a form of psycho‐behavioural therapy which can most usually be provided on an outpatient basis. 9 , 10 , 11 People with more severe symptoms, or who are not improving with less restrictive care may be treated in a partial (day) or full hospital specialist programme. 11 , 12 Evidence‐based therapies delivered by an eating disorders‐informed clinician are considered most efficacious, and are preferred by people with eating disorders. 12 This approach may also be more cost‐effective and reduce hospitalisations. 12

In addition to specific psychological therapy, treatment needs to address important nutritional, physical and mental health co‐morbidities and thus is ideally from a multi‐disciplinary team. These teams at a minimum would comprise a psychological therapist and a family doctor. In more complex cases of eating disorders, such as most people with anorexia nervosa, more severe cases of bulimia nervosa and BED, and those requiring hospital care, additional interdisciplinary supports are required. These include a registered dietitian, specialist physician/paediatrician, psychiatrist, nurse(s), an exercise therapist, activity/occupational therapist and social worker or family therapist. 9 , 10 , 11

Psychological therapies

Specific psychological therapies like the trans‐diagnostic Cognitive Behaviour Therapy – Enhanced (CBT‐E) are the first‐line treatment for all eating disorders with the greatest impact on symptom reduction and other outcomes. 13 This is usually delivered in 20 weekly sessions for bulimia nervosa and BED and in 40 sessions for anorexia nervosa.

Briefer forms (e.g. 10 sessions of online guided self‐help CBT) as a first step in care or for people with less severe illness have been developed. 9 These have a moderate evidence base, comparable to CBT delivered by an eating disorder informed therapist, but many people continue to be symptomatic and require further sessions. ‘Pure’ self‐help, where there is no guidance, is not recommended except as a first step while waiting for care.

The most major recent advances in treatments for eating disorders have come from psychological therapy trials of child/adolescent and adults with anorexia nervosa supported by several systematic reviews and network and other meta‐analyses. 14 In children and adolescents, an atheoretical family‐based treatment (FBT) is the leading modality of care. FBT may be delivered in whole family as well as separated family (where the parents are seen apart from the child). 15 Family therapy has also been adapted for bulimia nervosa. 9 An alternative, but with a weaker evidence base to FBT, is a form of CBT‐E that has been modified to have additional brief family sessions. 16 Similarly, adolescent focal psychotherapy can be used for younger people with anorexia nervosa. 9

Although there is no similar leading therapy for adults with anorexia nervosa, CBT is the most commonly practised therapy in Australia. Other evidence‐based psychological therapies for anorexia nervosa are the Maudsley Anorexia Nervosa Therapy for Adults (MANTRA), 17 Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM) 18 and Focal Psychodynamic Therapy (FPT). 19 Table Table2 2 summarises the key elements of the main evidence‐based therapies for adults and a good description of all psychological therapies is found in the NICE guidelines. 10 All therapies provide psychoeducation and aim to restore the person's physical health with weight monitoring, nutritional counselling and meal planning, often alongside sessions from a registered dietitian. They were developed for individual outpatient care over 8 months or longer. CBT has been adapted for delivery in group settings, which is usual in hospital programmes. All have manuals to provide guidance for therapies and which are used in training. In Australia, the most accessible training is for CBT, followed by SSCM and MANTRA. All have moderate levels of attrition.

Comparative features of evidence based therapies for adults with anorexia nervosa

	CBT‐E	MANTRA	SSCM	FPT
Theoretical model	CBT formulation and trans‐diagnostic maintaining factors	Cognitive/interpersonal	Atheoretical	Psychodynamic formulation
Targets	Dysfunctional beliefs, disordered eating	Intra‐ and interpersonal maintaining factors, for example inflexibility	Undernutrition, other ‘targets’ as personalised goals	Intra‐ and interpersonal maintaining factors, for example low self‐esteem
Therapy tools	Behavioural monitoring, behavioural experiments, cognitive restructuring, chain analyses	Motivational interviewing, social integration and cognitive remediation	Psychoeducation, supportive therapy	Exploration of beliefs/schema; interpersonal therapy, goal setting, new behaviours
Mood symptoms	Core mood intolerance module	Emotion skills training	Symptom management	Exploration/analysis of affective‐emotional experiences

CBT‐E, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy – Enhanced; FPT, Focal Psychodynamic Therapy; MANTRA, Maudsley Anorexia Nervosa Therapy for Adults; SSCM, Specialist Supportive Clinical Management.

Pharmacological therapies

In contrast to psychological care, there have been fewer advances in pharmacological treatments for anorexia nervosa. There are several small trials now of second‐generation antipsychotics, such as olanzapine for anorexia nervosa with mixed results. 11 A recent large ( n = 152) 16‐weeks outpatient placebo‐controlled trial of olanzapine (mean dose 7.77 mg/day) as a primary treatment for adults with anorexia nervosa found a moderate effect size on weight gain favouring the active drug. 20 However, the rate of weight gain was very small (approximately 0.7 kg/month) and negligible with placebo. There were no other significant differences on primary outcomes and only one secondary outcome difference for shape concerns favouring the placebo arm. Importantly, there were no differences on metabolic outcomes. Other psychotropic agents, such as antidepressants, have little direct role or evidence for treatment in anorexia nervosa, but antidepressants may be used where there is co‐morbid major depression. 14

There are several trials supporting agents for the treatment of BED and bulimia nervosa. Since the early trials of higher dose‐selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g. fluoxetine 60 mg daily), there has been a small number of trials of topiramate and (for BED) lisdexamfetamine. 11 , 21 Meta‐analyses support a role for the second‐generation antidepressants and lisdexamfetamine but not as standalone treatments as effect sizes are small to medium and attrition may be higher than with psychological therapies. 21 Most use in Australia is also ‘off label’, with the exception of lisdexamfetamine which is approved for BED that is moderate to severe and under specialist psychiatrist management. The longer term safety of lisdexamfetamine is considered commensurate with that found for its use in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Refeeding and osteopenia

The risks of refeeding too quickly and the refeeding syndrome are now well‐recognised, but programmes may have become overcautious. Research supports optimising hospital care to allow more rapid weight regain protocols and more assertive refeeding protocols have been demonstrated to be safe when combined with assertive medical monitoring and nutritional supplementation of, for example phosphate. 22 However, such regimens need to monitor psychological distress as this may be higher with more rapid weight gain.

Osteopenia in people with sustained periods of low weight and sex steroid suppression continues to be a known medical risk for which treatment remains an ‘unmet critical need’ (Schorr et al ., p. 78). 23 Bone loss may be irreversible, especially if this occurs during the critical growth period of post‐pubertal bone accretion. People with anorexia nervosa thus may not reach their peak bone mass and hence later in life more quickly reach osteopenic levels, especially women in their post‐menopausal years. Thus, there is both increased risk of fracture in youth as well as older age. Management relies on weight restoration and normalisation of endocrine homeostasis. There is a small number of trials of anti‐resorptive and anabolic agents. There has been one positive trial of transdermal oestrogen physiological replacement and teriparatide respectively. Studies into raloxifene, denosumab and other parathyroid hormone analogues, such as abaloparatide, are lacking or are limited to case reports. Most success has been reported for bisphosphonates. However, safety concerns and potential teratogenicity caution against the use of bisphophonates in young women. 23

Outcomes and prognosis

Research supports cautious optimism for recovery from an eating disorder, albeit it may be slow. A recent, large 22‐year follow‐up study of 228 women with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa treated in a specialist centre found the majority (around two‐thirds) recovered, and that most with bulimia nervosa achieved this within 9 years, but only about half of those with anorexia nervosa achieved recovery within 9 years. 24 This is consistent with the body of outcome literature. 6 Less is known about long‐term outcomes for BED and other eating disorders, but treatment is important as spontaneous remission appears to be low and early symptom change is the best predictor of outcome across all eating disorders. 25

A meta‐analysis has reported the presence of binge eating and purging behaviours, lower BMI, early stage of change (low motivation), concurrent depressed mood and other co‐morbidities, higher body image concerns and poorer quality of current relationships to be consistently associated with poorer treatment outcomes both in the medium to longer term across all eating disorders. Attrition was also associated with binge eating and purging behaviours and low motivation to change. However, effect sizes varied highly across studies and were small to moderate indicating many people recover despite having negative prognostic features. 25

A major challenge in improving treatment outcomes is to close the ‘treatment gap’. A majority of people with anorexia nervosa and a large majority with bulimia nervosa and BED delay seeking care for a decade or longer. 10 Many factors contribute to this problem, but important issues are low levels of health literacy, help‐seeking for weight loss management rather than the eating disorder, stigma, shame and poor affordability and access to evidence‐based psychological therapies.

Eating disorders are common in Australians and may be increasing. Effective psychological therapies are the first‐line in care and most people recover in the medium to longer term. Hospital care can be life‐saving and efficient access to care is important – the major challenge is the wide treatment gap and delays. Few pharmacologic agents are helpful in the management of bulimia nervosa and BED. Further research is needed particularly in the management of osteopenia, achieving earlier treatment engagement, an improved understanding of which therapies work best for whom, prognostic factors and outcomes. Research is urgently needed for the newer eating disorders, BED and ARFID.

Funding: Disclosure: P. Hay has received in sessional fees and lecture fees from the Australian Medical Council, Therapeutic Guidelines publication, and New South Wales Institute of Psychiatry and royalties from Hogrefe and Huber, McGraw Hill Education, and Blackwell Scientific Publications, and she has received research grants from the NHMRC and ARC. She is Chair of the National Eating Disorders Collaboration in Australia. In July 2017, she provided a commissioned report for Shire Pharmaceuticals on lisdexamfetamine and binge eating disorders and has received Honoraria from Shire for teaching at educational events for Psychiatrists.

Conflict of interest: None.

A Personal Narrative: My Eating Disorder Found Hope in Recovery

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Eating Disorders are a distorted perception of your body, one often caused by the unreasonable expectations women feel by society. Each image of a slender tall model seen on an advertisement impacts you. Social media influencers of beautiful women and the comments made by their followers impact you. In the back of your brain these cultural beauty standards make you question your self-worth. Am I good enough? Why don’t I look like that? These can slowly root and distort your concept of a perfect body, till it’s firmly a belief accepted and unquestioned, by you. Most women at some point feel like their body isn’t good enough.

The contemporary disorder that I am focusing is Anorexia Nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa is starving yourself. It is a weight loss goal that when surpassed still continues. It is a need for control that slowly feeds on any part of who you were before it. These disorders become your identity, your desire, your passion. As it grows stronger you begin to hide behind it, isolating you from anyone who might ask if you need help. Ultimately leading the disorder as your only companion.

Anorexia became mine.

Although I had never been jealous of my best friends’ looks, I had secretly wished I was as small as her. When we ate junk food I felt resentment in the back of my mind, that I would gain weight, while she would remain the same. None the less, I was a 14-year-old girl, and my confidence wore thick. I was more than comfortable with my body, and how I looked, and yet before I knew it, in what felt like a single moment, I had forgotten was it was like to love myself.

I began to slowly walk down the staircase towards the living room where my mom was sitting watching tv on the couch with our golden retriever. She could tell I wanted something, which only made my tone less confident. Just say it, just say it, repeated in my head as I looked at her with blank stares.

I was able to mumble a few words, explaining that volleyball season made me want to eat more, and since it was over it had been hard for me to stop, I felt hungry all the time. My mother continued to look at me waiting to see what my drawn-out reasoning’s were about. I looked at the ground as I asked for diet pills shamefully. She reacted calmly, only wanting to know why diet and exercise wasn’t the best option. Inside I felt the confidence seep back into my bones and looked up at her explaining that it was only for me to get my cravings under control, and after a week or two I probably wouldn’t even need them. We went back and forth for a while until she agreed to at least go to the store and see what was available.

That night my mom came to my room and pulled out a bottle from a grocery bag and told to me they were only to help suppress my appetite. She told me to take them twice a day, for a couple weeks until I had it under control. I remained calm, but inside I felt powerful, like the world hadn’t truly seen what I was capable of yet.

So much so, I couldn’t sleep. I felt this intense urge to begin my diet immediately. I grabbed my computer and googled weight loss exercises, and quietly slipped out of my bed and started to do abs on my floor. I looked in the mirror. I wanted to remember exactly how I looked in this moment. I pictured myself five pounds lighter and started to smile.

The next morning, I woke up, rushed downstairs, grabbed my first diet pill and took it. I waited anxiously for 30 minutes, then grabbed my cereal. I couldn’t believe it; I had barely touched my bowl. After a few bites and I felt like throwing up. Usually, I was on my second helping. I grabbed the barely eaten bowl of special k chocolate delight and poured it down the sink. As I walked away an incredible rush of confidence flooded my body. I knew that I looked the same. I knew that I hadn’t lost any weight, yet it felt as if everything had already changed. It was like nothing I had ever experienced.

After a few weeks, I had shed off at least five pounds. I stood in my room, looking at myself in jeans that once struggled to get up to my waist and button now slip on, with a slightly loose waistline. Adrenaline swooped over my body with gratification filling every inch. I grabbed all my jeans from my closest. Each pair fit better than the last. I couldn’t get enough. I Imagined what the jeans would look like after another five pounds gone.

It was my little cousin’s birthday, and we were going out to eat for pizza. I begged my mom the night before to let me skip, but she said I had to go. It wasn’t that I didn’t want to see my family, because I did, but going to a pizza place felt like I was asking myself to gain weight.

I asked my mom to back me up if anyone asked if I wanted more than a salad, because I was still on my diet. It was the first time I hid my true feelings. It wasn’t just the desire to not eat pizza I was worried about; I was terrified to. I knew this was not a diet, because I had no intention of stopping at my goal weight, in fact it wasn’t just about the weight anymore. I was hooked on the control it gave me.

I began to feel anxious, praying nobody would say I looked good or skinny. I couldn’t have anyone asking questions that might lead to suspicion. Plus, it wasn’t their business, my eating disorder was personal, they weren’t allowed to have any part of it. Honestly, I had only lost seven pounds, which wasn’t much anyways. I felt ridiculous even worrying.

The salad bar had tones of options, I grabbed a bowl and filled it with lettuce to fill me up. I added a pinch of cheese and a few croutons. I decided to add a couple peanuts on top so the protein would help curb my appetite. I was barely taking my pills. My body got used to me eating so little it didn’t need them anymore. Which was great, because I could tell my mom I stopped using them.

As we ate, I looked around and felt sorry for them. If only they knew the intoxicating pleasure of refusing food. I was the lucky one, because I was able to see the gift of control while other people stuffed their faces with pizza. I knew they would never be as happy as me. How could they when they had no ability to stop eating whatever they wanted knowing the consequences.

I always spent a weekend during Christmas season at my grandma’s house with the rest of my family. The fear of family dinner had worsened since the birthday party, it now outweighed my desire to socialize. It was almost as if I felt a tattoo saying, I have an eating disorder but don’t want anyone to ask me about it, would somehow appear on my face the moment I arrived.

I instantly could feel the sensation of anxiety creep at every cell in my body as I entered the door. I was on constant look out to remain aware of everyone’s consumption and whether mine would stand out.

The night of Christmas dinner was the final stretch. After three long days of avoiding my family shoving Christmas cookies down my throat and asking me if I had enough to eat every 20 minutes, I was exhausted. As I helped myself to a dinner proportion of my acceptance, I felt every eyeball on me, I repeated in my head, it’s the last roadblock, then no more uncomfortable social interaction and back to focusing on my weight loss.

I felt like a criminal by not overindulging myself while everyone else did. I never realized how much food is around, it was like I couldn’t do anything without people wanting to gather around and stuff their faces in the highest calorie food they can find.

I had worked pretty hard to lose more weight before this cotillion dance, where all the 9th graders in school got together to learn dances. I bought a black dress with one strap, and dangle earrings to match. I wasn’t much for high heels but after seeing my legs look slimmer, I was more than convinced it was the right choice. My Mom helped me curl my hair, and for once in my life it actually stayed curled. I looked great and I felt even better. After my weekly self-weigh in I discovered I was down to 105. It wasn’t exactly my goal weight, but I had to give myself credit, I was two pounds away from losing 25 total since September. I can’t believe I ever let myself weigh that much; it was disgusting.

My mom took me to my friend’s where we started to take pictures, a lot of pictures. I was getting tired. I was happy my mom was there; I honestly didn’t want her to leave. Apart of me didn’t want to stay the night anymore, I liked being at home, playing games with my mom. It was the best way to make sure I never ate my food earlier then the set time. Plus, now that I was counting calories, it was harder to spend the night places.

Later at our sleepover I was lying in bed with my friend trying to sleep when my stomach started to growl. Luckily, she had already fallen asleep. I looked through my bag on the floor next to me and grabbed some peppermint gum to suppress my appetite. I felt homesick, why did I stay, I couldn’t wait for this nightmare to end. I never slept over at friends after that.

I was 101 pounds now and didn’t see myself ever stopping.

I was completely alone. Isolated by my own self destruction, I started to feel myself missing my old life. I wanted out, but if I leave who will be? A world where I wake up and eat whatever I want for breakfast? One where I no longer say no to sleepovers with my friends, not that we talk much anymore. Was it worth it? Losing every sense of who I once was, I had forgotten that guys even liked me yet my desire for flirting was depleted. My days were filled with fake surfaced level conversations with people that I wasn’t close with, because I didn’t have the energy to fake a smile for the friends, I used to have deep conversations and eat frozen blueberries out of giant container with. They just wouldn’t get it, and they never even asked. It felt like it was easier for everyone to pretend nothing had changed even as we continued to grow further apart. Each day I waited till I could go home and see my mom. The only one who did listen for hours about the same calories and the same dieting thoughts that continued to circle in my head 24/7. She did so with no complaint or judgement, her patience and ability to show complete strength amazed me, but she cried in the garage behind the closed doors of her car, because she knew I was lost, and felt no desire to change. I was okay with sacrificing friendships because losing weight gave me a high better than any closeness with a person. Except my mom.

My mom told me it was time to get help. I was fragile, the bones on my ribs felt like they would crumble with one touch. My mind was checked out, and I was a shell of a human. I had not cried in months, and conversations with anyone felt like a task, I just wanted to be alone. I really missed myself, the one who didn’t eat grapes at 11pm and look at Instagram judging girls who I once thought were skinny because I had passed their body weight long ago.

Even after rehab, I was not recovered, but I knew I could no longer go back to the girl who ate 400 calories a day. It took year for me to fully let it go. Years went by till I was able to embrace myself for who I am. It took that long to no longer look in a mirror only to see what needed to be fixed. It took that many years for me to not feel shame eating in front of people. Yet the part most don’t get is this disease is yours to carry for life. If you are stressed you want to fall back, if you get your heart broken, it screams at you to reunite itself and it would be so easy.

Present Day

I no longer feel afraid of the part my anorexia had in my life.

I no longer want to go back to a place of loneliness and isolated.

It gives me the strength to listen and be involved with organizations that allow me to be a beacon of hope for someone who might be feeling alone, just like I was. It's essential I use my experience to empower young individuals to be mindful of their self-care and to speak up when they begin to struggle.

It is nothing to be ashamed of and I want those who are struggling right this moment to know that you are not alone, and we are here to help you get the information and help you deserve.

It’s essential that we as individuals choose to let go of comparing ourselves to unrealistic body images that have been distorted and falsely claimed as real.

Not allowing yourself to see the beauty that is internal is depriving yourself of living the life that is your own.

Our bodies hold the beauty inside of us, not the other way around.

I was lucky to have someone on my team.

My mother was my small dim light that kept me alive when I no longer had the strength to feel what happiness was, and because of that I have felt unconditional love, and it gave me the power to love myself unconditionally. There is not a single thing that I could do to repay the humble role she kindly took on during that time, but what I can do is make an impact to change our perception on eating disorders.

Thanks to my anorexia hidden and dim inside me is now my powerful drive for prevention of this disease.

The more we stand in this power to stop this corrupted, deceitful lie from industries and corporations who see eating disorders as their price to pay for all the money, entertainment and jobs they provide.

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Your chance of acceptance, your chancing factors, extracurriculars, talking about eating disorders in college essays.

Hey everyone, I've struggled with an eating disorder in the past and it's been a significant part of my life. Is it okay to write about it in my college essay? I don't want to risk being seen as 'too personal' or oversharing, but it's played a big role in my growth. Thoughts?

Hello! It's understandable that you might be unsure about discussing such a sensitive topic in your college essay. While it is certainly possible to write about an eating disorder, it's important to consider the way you approach the subject. Admissions officers appreciate honesty and personal growth stories, but you should focus on the lessons you learned, how you overcame the obstacle, and more importantly, how this experience has shaped you as a person.

When writing about your eating disorder, avoid graphic details about your darkest moments, as this might make the admissions reader uncomfortable. Instead, discuss how you sought help, how the experience changed your perspective on self-care and wellness, or how it led you to advocate for mental health awareness in your community.

Additionally, keep the essay focused on the positive aspects of your recovery, personal development, or involvement in helping others. Remember, the goal is to paint a picture of who you are as a person and a potential community member at the college you're applying to.

In summary, you can write about your eating disorder in your college essay, as long as you approach the topic thoughtfully, focus on the positive aspects, and avoid oversharing. Good luck with your application!

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Eating Disorders Essay Examples

Unrealistic influences: social media and body image.

Too fat, too skinny, too short, too tall. Am I pretty enough? Why did my friend get more likes on her picture than mine? Nothing is ever good enough. In this generation, media has become a huge influence in our youth and the way we...

Tell Me About Yourself Essay: My Eating Disorder

I never realised how much an eating disorder could control your life, until I had one. I want you to envision a time where you really, truly felt ashamed of who you were. A moment where the people surrounding you didn't get it, and more...

An Overview of Bulimia, Its Symptoms, Causes, Effects, and Treatment Options

Mental disorders consist of a range of ailments that usually have different symptoms. Mental disorders are generally characterized by an expression of abnormal behavior, thoughts, relationship, and emotions with others. There are several mental disorders attributed to general medical conditions, such as catatonia, acquired agraphia,...

Overview of the Causes of Bulimia

There are diverse foundations for bulimia. Ordinarily, when an individual gets a dietary issue a couple of causes are capable in the meantime. It is never only one reason. How about we take a gander at the most widely recognized reasons for bulimia. In opposition...

Eating Disorder: Types, Symptoms and Causes

An eating disorder is a serious and fatal illness that will affect in thoughts and eating behavior. It involves ether eating too little that the person will be thin or eating too much in the same time which will lead to weight gain. Eating disorder...

Eating Disorders in Athletes

Athletes are not immune to mental illness. They suffer from a variety of psychiatric conditions. Ranging from depression and anxiety to eating disorders. Disordered eating in athletes is quite common, especially in female athletes. Many female athletes feel pressured into fitting into the stereotypical appearance...

Eating Disorders and Sweets: Getting Through Halloween

For those with an eating disorder, Halloween is a challenging time. Eating disorders and sweets do not typically go together easily, so all that holiday candy can increase stress and hamper recovery. However, it is possible to enjoy Halloween while in recovery from an eating...

Eating Disorders: Your School Isn’t Safe

On a common Monday of December, with 31 years, Kate Chilver lost the fight against anorexia. The British girl died after suffering almost 20 years of the disease. Her case has been described by the doctors of the United Kingdom as the worst seen ever....

Malnutrition – One of the Urgent Problems Nowadays

Malnutrition is a common Health problem. It is the unhealthy condition that results from not eating enough food or not eating enough healthy food. Also, it is the general term for the medical condition caused by an improper insufficient diet. This is a serious condition...

The Public Health Issue of Malnutrition, and Its Solutions

Malnutrition is a significant public health issue facing the world today. It is seen in every country. Worldwide, nearly 2 billion people are overweight and nearly half a million are underweight (WHO, 2016). Generally defined as “deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in energy intake or nutrients”...

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About Eating Disorders

An eating disorder are behavioral conditions characterized by severe and persistent disturbance in eating behaviors and associated distressing thoughts and emotions.

Types of eating disorders include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, avoidant restrictive food intake disorder, other specified feeding and eating disorder, pica and rumination disorder.

Genetics, psychological issues, personality traits, celiac disease, environmental influences, food insecurity, trauma, heterosexism.

Serious health problems, depression and anxiety, suicidal thoughts or behavior, problems with growth and development, social and relationship problems, substance use disorders, work/education issues, death.

30 million people in the U.S. have an eating disorder and 95 percent of people with eating disorders are between the ages 12 and 25. Eating disorders have the HIGHEST risk of death of any mental illness, they affect all genders, all races, and every ethnic group. Genetics, environmental factors, and personality traits all contribute to the risk of developing an eating disorder.

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